	Meinert, Lawrence D., Hefton, Kristopher K., Mayes, David, Tasiran, Ian (1997) Geology, zonation, and fluid evolution of the Big Gossan Cu-Au skarn deposit, Ertsberg District, Irian Jaya. Economic Geology, 92 (5) 509-534 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.92.5.509	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	DAVID MAYES*, AND IAN TASIRAN P. T. Freeport Indonesia, Exploration Division,Sampoer•za Plaza89,4th Floor...R.Rasuna SaidX-7,No.6, Kuningan, Jakarta12940,Indonesia* Abstract TheBigGossan Cu-Auskarndeposit isthehighest...isthehighest gradecopperdeposit in theworld-class Ertsberg district, IrianJaya.Currentreserves are37.4millionmetrictons(Mr)...containsnaultipleCu-Au Mineralization intheErtsberg district wasdiscovered in 1936 Jaeque DozynotedtheErtsberg...expedition to elinab ateOreZone)-DOZ(DeepOreZone),Grasberg, Dona,Big nearby-5,000-naPuneak Jaya(fornaerly
	*Porter, T.M. - Ed.* (2005) Super Porphyry Copper and Gold Deposits: A Global Perspective Vol. 2. PGC Publishing.**	Book (volume)
	photograph: Upper benches o fth e Grasberg open pit, Papua, Indonesia, 1999. Photograph by T M Porter......... 287 ， G rasbec^ Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit Papua» In d o n esia:1 .Magmatic History John T' Paterson...313 ，， G rasbcrg Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit Papua Indonesia: 2. Pervasive Hydrotherm al Alteration John...Mineralisation in the Ertsberg Diorite, G unung Bijih (Ertsberg/G rasberg) District, West Papua, Indonesia Kurt C Friehauf...of Porphyry Cu-Mo-Ag Deposits in the Collahuasi District，N orthern Chile Glertton J. Masterman, David R
	Rubin, Jeffrey N., Henry, Christopher D., Price, Jonathan G. (1993) The mobility of zirconium and other “immobile” elements during hydrothermal alteration. Chemical Geology, 110 (1) 29-47 doi:10.1016/0009-2541(93)90246-f	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Three locations in the Trans-Pecos Magrnatic Province, Texas, U.S.A., demonstrate this hydrothermal...Zr, mostly as zircon. Euhedral zircon in quartz-fluorite veins in the quartz monzonite indicates mobility...zirconolite, occur in skarn in the Ertsberg District of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Unlike in Texas, related igneous...alkalic and F-rich igneous systems, mobility at Ertsberg may have been promoted by sulfate complexing....Trans-Pecos Texas, U.S.A., and the Ertsberg District, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, and from the literature. Then
	Frelinger, Stefanie N., Ledvina, Matthew D., Kyle, J. Richard, Zhao, Donggao (2015) Scanning electron microscopy cathodoluminescence of quartz: Principles, techniques and applications in ore geology. Ore Geology Reviews, 65. 840-852 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.10.008	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Deposit, Texas, USA, and the Ertsberg-Grasberg Cu-Au District, NU Papua, Indonesia to aid in vein paragenesis...zircon, diamond, RI corundum, apatite, anhydrite, fluorite, carbonates, etc. (e.g., Götze et al., 2001; Machel...porphyry Mo-Cu, Texas, and the Ertsberg-Grasberg porphyry-skarn Cu-Au, Indonesia deposits utilizing these SEM-CL...near surface effect, that can be used to reveal complex crystal growth histories and cryptic microtextures...from the early Kali stockwork of the Ertsberg-Grasberg district where a bright-CL zone is caused by the
	Sillitoe, R. H. (1997) Characteristics and controls of the largest porphyry copper‐gold and epithermal gold deposits in the circum‐Pacific region. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44 (3) 373-388 doi:10.1080/08120099708728318	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Australia Panguna PNG OkTedi PNG Grasberg Indonesia Batu Hijau Indonesia Santo Tomas II Philippines Far...clearly Grasberg, Bingham and Panguna, all containing > 7001 of gold (Figure 3). However, Grasberg and Far...containing LARGEST CIRCUM-PACIFIC GOLD DEPOSITS Grasberg • 1.2- 1.0- 0.8I Far Southeast o • 0.6- Bingham...contain > 200 t of gold. Note the pre-eminence of Grasberg and Far Southeast grades. •8 10 1000 100 ...la Alumbrera Refugio Cadia Hill Panguna Ok Tedi Grasberg Batu Hijau 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Santo
	McInnes, B. I. A. (2005, January 1st) Application of Thermochronology to Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Vol. 58. Mineralogical Society of America p.467-498. doi:10.2138/rmg.2005.58.18	Report (chapter)
	zircon/titanite (U-Th)/He apatite fission track fluorite (U-Th)/He POST-MINERALIZATION apatite (U-Th)/He...1973); or (ii) slow monotonic cooling (or more complex Hydrothermal Ore Deposits 469 nonmonotonic...deposits. Fluorite (U-Th)/He. While the application of (U-Th)/He thermochronometry to fluorite is in its...preliminary stages, the closure temperature of vein fluorite from Yucca Mountain, Nevada has been determined...hydrothermal ore deposits. Fission-track ages of fluorite mineralization from late hydrothermal veins in
	*Müller, Daniel, Groves, David I. (2016) Potassic Igneous Rocks and Associated Gold-Copper Mineralization* (4th ed.) Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23051-1**	Book (edition)
	Belle Gold Mines in Kalgoorlie; PT North Mining Indonesia in Jakarta; TU Bergakademie in Freiberg; ETH in...thanked for his excellent drafting of the more complex maps displayed in the book. Dr. Annett Büttner.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Roman Province (Italy): Example from a Continental Arc Setting... . . 6.3.1 Ladolam Gold Deposit, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3...de La Alumbrera Copper-Gold Deposit, Catamarca Province, Argentina . . 6.4.2 Bingham Copper-Molybdenum
	*Hedenquist, Jeffrey W. (2012) Geology and genesis of major copper deposits and districts of the world : a tribute to Richard H. Sillitoe.*	Book
	label: Aerial view of the Bingham Canyon copper mine, Kennecott Utah Copper, September 2003. Photo courtesy...Magmatic-Hydrothermal History of the Río Blanco-Los Bronces District, Central Chile: Development of World’s Greatest...Chuquicamata District, Northern Chile Geologic Overview of the Escondida Porphyry Copper District, Northern...± Molybdenum Deposits of the Ertsberg-Grasberg District, Papua, Indonesia Clyde A. Leys, Mark Cloos,...N. Moreto, André Luiz Silva Pestilho, Mineral Province, Brazil Gustavo Henrique Coelho de Melo, Marco
	*Müller, Daniel, Groves, David I. (2019) Potassic Igneous Rocks and Associated Gold-Copper Mineralization* (5th ed.) Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92979-8**	Book (edition)
	Belle Gold Mines in Kalgoorlie, PT North Mining Indonesia in Jakarta, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, ETH Zürich...thanked for their excellent drafting of the more complex maps displayed in this book. Dr. Annett Büttner.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Roman Province (Italy): Example from a Continental Arc Setting... . . 6.3.1 Ladolam Gold Deposit, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...Rica Copper-Gold-Molybdenum Deposit, Catamarca Province, Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.2 Bajo
	*Porter, T.M. - Ed.* (2002) Porphyry and Hydrothermal Copper and Gold Deposits: A Global Perspective (2nd ed.) PGC Publishing.**	Book
	Geology of the Kucing Liar Ore Body, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Sugeng Widodo, Noris Belluz, Nur Wiwoho, Bowo.................... 61 ， The Mankayan Mineral District, .Luzon Philippines. Artemio F Disini, Bruce M...Agua Rica Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au Deposit，Catamarca Province, Northwestern Argentina. Part 1 : Exploration...and Rosario Copper Porphyry Deposits, CoUahuasi District Chile. Claudio Bisso B, Manuel Durdn andAquiles...a deposit, but rather the engineering ability to mine on a large scale at low cost, and simultaneously
	*Sillitoe, R. H. (2010) Porphyry Copper Systems. Economic Geology, 105 (1) 3-41 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.105.1.3*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	in magmatic arc settings. At the regional and district scales, the occurrence of many deposits in belts...second largest of Au (129 Moz: Grasberg, including contiguous skarn, Indonesia; J. MacPherson, PORPHYRY Cu...Los BroncesRío Blanco El Teniente Mamut Grasberg-Ertsberg Ok Tedi Cerro de Pasco & Colquijirca Choquelimpie...the geology of porphyry Cu systems at regional, district, and deposit scales. The resultant geologic model...El Abra 22° A AL C M E ALT O Regional- and District-Scale Characteristics 0361-0128/98/000/000-00
	*Müller, Daniel, Groves, David I. (1995) Potassic Igneous Rocks and Associated Gold-Copper Mineralization* (1st ed.) Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-00920-8**	Book (edition)
	thanked for his excellent drafting of the more complex maps displayed in the book. Dr Wolfgang Engel of...Igneous Rocks from the Five Tectonic Settings Roman Province (Italy): Example from a Continental Arc Setting...Associations . Ladolam Gold Deposit, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea Emperor Gold Deposit, Viti Levu, Fiji...Arc Associations . Grasberg Copper-Gold Deposit, Indonesia Porgera Gold Deposit, Papua New Guinea Synthesis...Lamprophyres . Shoshonitic Lamprophyres from the Superior Province, Canada (Archaean) Introduction Nature of Mesothermal
	*Gorsel, J. T. van (2020) Bibliography of the Geology of Indonesia and Surrounding Areas* (7th ed.)**	Book (edition)
	BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY OF INDONESIA AND SURROUNDING ARE AS Edition 7.1 – 8 June 2020 J.T. VAN GORSEL...GORSEL Bibliography of Indonesia Geology, Ed. 7.1 1 www.vangorselslist.com 6/8/20 LIST OF CONTENTS........................................ 9 I.1. Indonesia Regional Geology.............................................................. 1507 VIII. WEST PAPUA (WEST NEW GUINEA)...................................... 1516 VIII.1. New Guinea General and West Papua ...............................................
	*Müller, Daniel, Groves, David I. (2000) Potassic Igneous Rocks and Associated Gold-Copper Mineralization* (3rd ed.) Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59665-0**	Book (edition)
	Exploration Inc. in Santiago, PT North Mining Indonesia in Jakarta, and North Limited in Parkes and Kalgoorlie...thanked for his excelIent drafting of the more complex maps displayed in the book. Dr Wolfgang Engel of...Igneous Rocks from the Five Tectonic Settings Roman Province (Italy): Example from a Continental Arc Setting...Associations . Ladolam Gold Deposit, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea Emperor Gold Deposit, Viti Levu, Fiji...de la Alumbrera Copper-Gold Deposit, Catamarca Province, Argentina . Bingham Copper Deposit, Utah, USA
	*Berger, Byron R., Ayuso, Robert A., Wynn, Jeffrey C., Seal, Robert R. (2008) Preliminary model of porphyry copper deposits. Open-File Report* 2008-1321. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/ofr20081321**	Report (issue)
	Introduction Porphyry copper deposits result from the complex interactions and feedbacks of many processes. Owing...from some deposits. Jambor and Owens (1987) found complex tin-bearing sulfide minerals in late-stage veins...Chile, Bajo de la Alumbrera in Argentina, Grasberg in Indonesia, and Bingham in the United States. ...Deformation of magmatic arcs can be exceedingly complex owing to the large variety of mechanisms by which... 2008), such as at the well-studied Grasberg deposit, Indonesia (for example, Sapiie and Cloos, 2004)
	Meffre, Sebastien, Large, Ross R., Steadman, Jeffrey A., Gregory, Daniel D., Stepanov, Aleksandr S., Kamenetsky, Vadim S., Ehrig, Kathy, Scott, Robert J. (2016) Multi-stage enrichment processes for large gold-bearing ore deposits. Ore Geology Reviews, 76. 268-279 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.09.002	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	diffuse enrichment occurs within a particular province that is then upgraded by more focused processes...studies of gold mineralization have proposed more complex models, requiring the formation of multiple vein...Hagemann, 2014)(e.g. Nichols and Hagemann, 2014). Complex relationships are particularly well-documented...grade gold deposits which are characterized by complex parageneses. Despite the very low metamorphic grade...the stockworks are present at the Mt. Charlotte mine. CE P TE D MA A recent study has also highlighted
	Wilson, Alan J., Cooke, David R., Harper, Benjamin L. (2003) The Ridgeway Gold-Copper Deposit: A High-Grade Alkalic Porphyry Deposit in the Lachlan Fold Belt, New South Wales, Australia. Economic Geology, 98 (8) 1637-1666 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.98.8.1637	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	intrusive complex of monzonitic composition. The deposit occurs within the Cadia district of New South...zoned around a vertically attenuated intrusive complex of monzodioritic to quartz monzonitic composition...to different intrusive phases of the monzonite complex, with the intensity of alteration and grade of...volcanoplutonic arcs of the circum-Pacific region (e.g., Grasberg, Batu Hijau, Bajo de la Alumbrera, Far South East...four Cadia porphyry deposits (574 t) places the district within the 10 largest known gold-rich porphyry
	*Laznicka, Peter (2014) Giant metallic deposits—A century of progress. Ore Geology Reviews, 62. 259-314 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.03.002*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	soon progressed to shallow depth, resulting in a mine. The numbers of mines and intensity of ACCEPTED...colonialism, modern economic booms (Belich, 2009). Active mine numbers and sizes skyrocketed during two World Wars...rapidly growing number of mineral discoveries and mine establishment was partly driven by the discovery...of conquests and non-military acquisitions. But mine importance and fame did not necessarily correspond...in the world ocean interpreted as a single VMS district. What both groupings of natural metal occurrences
	*Kesler, Stephen E (1997) Metallogenic evolution of convergent margins: Selected ore deposit models. Ore Geology Reviews, 12 (3) 153-171 doi:10.1016/s0169-1368(97)00007-3*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	thrust eastward over continental blocks, creating a complex oceaniccontinental boundary that is much farther...it is not possible to review all aspects of the complex relation between metallogenesis and petrologic...ended with formation of an emergent maar–diatreme complex, even though the stratigraphic thickness of the...Interestingly, another giant porphyry copper deposit, Grasberg, is also associated with feldspar-rich, subalkalic...a cylindrical body of magnetite, fayalite and fluorite in Rooiberg Felsites, the silicic volcanic rocks
	Prokofiev, Vsevolod Yu., Naumov, Vladimir B. (2022) Ranges of Physical Parameters and Geochemical Features of Mineralizing Fluids at Porphyry Deposits of Various Types of the Cu−Mo−Au System: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions Data. Minerals, 12 (5) 529 doi:10.3390/min12050529	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Canyon, USA Coloula, Papua New Guinea Inguaran district, Mexico Panguna, Papua New Guinea Red Mountain...New Mexico, USA Cumobabi, Mexico Wallapai mining district, USA Bingham Canyon, USA Park Premier Stock, USA...Philippines Bajo de la Alumbrera, Argentina Grasberg, Indonesia Shotgun, USA Bingham Canyon, USA Bajo de...Ma References Grasberg, Indonesia № 1, China Kışladağ, Turkey Grasberg, Indonesia Sadaigoumen, China...Uzbekistan Bingham Canyon, USA Coloula, Papua New Guinea Inguaran district, Mexico Red Mountain, USA Washington
	Spry, Paul G., Mathur, Ryan D., Bonsall, Todd A., Voudouris, Panagiotis Ch., Melfos, Vasilios (2014) Re–Os isotope evidence for mixed source components in carbonate-replacement Pb–Zn–Ag deposits in the Lavrion district, Attica, Greece. Mineralogy and Petrology, 108 (4) 503-513 doi:10.1007/s00710-013-0314-2	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	carbonate-replacement Pb–Zn–Ag deposits in the Lavrion district, Attica, Greece Paul G. Spry & Ryan D. Mathur...Springer-Verlag Wien 2013 Abstract The Lavrion ore district contains carbonatereplacement and vein-type Pb–Zn–Ag...centers and the other, intrusive rocks in the district that are less radiogenic. Although the Re and...replacement and vein mineralization in the Lavrion district. Introduction Editorial handling: P. S. Garofalo...Chinkuashi Au–Cu deposit, Taiwan. The Lavrion Pb–Zn–Ag district, Attica, Greece, is one of the oldest mining districts
	*Taylor, Roger (2009) Ore Textures. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01783-4*	Book
	Mining Phelps Dodge Australia Inc P. T. Freeport Indonesia Reynolds Australia Metals Ltd RGC Ltd Rio Tinto...process of field observation as an industry-based mine and exploration geologist. The opportunity to visit...textural observational methodology. A few more complex plates have been sporadically included to add appeal...Specimen of vein material from the St Patrick tin mine, near lrvinebank, Queensland (Herberton tinfield)...paragenesis (depositional sequence) is obviously complex, with the many different forms of silica presumably
	Forster, D. B., Seccombe, P. K., Phillips, D. (2004) Controls on Skarn Mineralization and Alteration at the Cadia Deposits, New South Wales, Australia. Economic Geology, 99 (4) 761-788 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.99.4.761	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	the Late Ordovician, shoshonitic Cadia Intrusive Complex, which hosts the largest mineralized, intrusion-related...quartz monzonite phases of the Cadia Intrusive Complex at Cadia Quarry. At Little Cadia, skarn formation...related to fluids derived from the Cadia Intrusive Complex that migrated vertically and laterally within permeable...late mineralizing phases of the Cadia Intrusive Complex. Introduction THE ASSOCIATION of Au and Cu with...Cu-Au mineralization in the Goonumbla porphyry district (Fig. 1) to multiphase, fluid-rich, fractionated
	Soloviev, Serguei G., Kryazhev, Sergey G., Dvurechenskaya, Svetlana S., Uyutov, Victor I. (2019) Geology, mineralization, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope characteristics of the Sinyukhinskoe Cu-Au skarn deposit, Russian Altai, SW Siberia. Ore Geology Reviews, 112. 103039 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103039	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	1972). AL Then, part of the deposit (“Veselyi Mine”) was described by Ettlinger and Meinert (1991)...Neoproterozoic-middle Cambrian subduction- R N accretionary complex, (2) Ordovician-early Devonian passive margin,...Devonian to Carboniferous-Permian collisional complex (Safonova, 2014). The late Neoproterozoic-middle...Neoproterozoic-middle Cambrian subduction-accretionary complex comprises late Neoproterozoic U ophiolites, early Neoproterozoic-early... collisional) processes. 3. District geology The mineralized district that hosts the Sinyukhinskoe deposit
	Welch, M. D. (2001) Transformation Processes in Minerals.: S.A.T. Redfern and M.A. Carpenter, editors. Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 39, Short Course, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 361 pages. US$32 for non-members, US$24 for members. ISBN 0 93 9950510. The Canadian Mineralogist, 39 (1) 215 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.39.1.215	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	including Ladolam (Papua New Guinea), Bingham, El Indio (Chile), Grasberg (Indonesia), Yilgarn Block and...and Superior Province. The authors also discuss the possible geochemical differences between mineralized...orthoclase and cordierite (both have “low relief”), and fluorite resembles garnet in that both are isotropic minerals...either, by the woefully inadequate diagrams of fluorite (n = 1.43) and grossular (n = 1.75) used to demonstrate...addition to the literature on a world-famous ore district, that at Dalnegorsk (formerly Tetyukhe), in Primorie

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Fluorite from Grasberg Mine, Ertsberg Complex, Gunung Bijih District (Grasberg District), Mimika Regency, Papua Province, Indonesia

Fluorite from
Grasberg Mine, Ertsberg Complex, Gunung Bijih District (Grasberg District), Mimika Regency, Papua Province, Indonesia