	*Kynicky, J., Smith, M. P., Xu, C. (2012) Diversity of Rare Earth Deposits: The Key Example of China. Elements, 8 (5) 361-367 doi:10.2113/gselements.8.5.361*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Diversity of Rare Earth Deposits: The Key Example of China Banded ore of the Bayan Obo deposit Jindrich Kynicky1... the deposits of rare earth elements (REEs) in China are a world-class phenomenon. The combination of...valuable heavy REEs from residual deposits makes China almost a monopoly producer. Research on a range...enrichment in carbonatites from the Himalayan Mianning–Dechang orogenic belt and in metamorphosed carbonatite...southern China. KEYWORDS : rare earth deposits, Bayan Obo, ion-adsorption clays, carbonatites, China INTRODUCTION
	Guo, Dongxu, Liu, Yan (2019) Occurrence and geochemistry of bastnäsite in carbonatite-related REE deposits, Mianning–Dechang REE belt, Sichuan Province, SW China. Ore Geology Reviews, 107. 266-282 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.02.028	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	carbonatite-related REE deposits, Mianning–Dechang REE belt, Sichuan Province, SW China Dongxu Guo, Yan Liu PII:...carbonatite-related REE deposits, Mianning–Dechang REE belt, Sichuan Province, SW China, Ore Geology Reviews (2019)...carbonatite-related REE deposits, 2 Mianning–Dechang REE belt, Sichuan Province, SW China 3 4 Dongxu Guo, Yan Liu...of 7 Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, PR China* 8 9 10 Corresponding author: Yan Liu E-mail address:...Cenozoic Mianning–Dechang (MD) REE belt in 20 Sichuan* Province, SW China, contains the Maoniuping, Dalucao
	Meng, D., Wu, X., Mou, T., Li, D. (2001) MICROSTRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION OF NEW POLYTYPES OF PARISITE-(Ce) BY HIGH-RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. The Canadian Mineralogist, 39 (6) 1713-1724 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.39.6.1713	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Test Center, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People’s Republic of China DOUXING LI Laboratory...Sinica, Shenyang, 110015, People’s Republic of China ABSTRACT Five new polytypes of parisite-(Ce) [CaCe2(CO3)3F2]...aegirine-bearing granite pluton in Sichuan Province, southwestern China, were found by HRTEM: 6R2, 8H, 14H...electron microscopy, aegirine granite, Sichuan Province, China. SOMMAIRE Nous avons découvert cinq nouveaux...pluton de granite à aegyrine de la province de Sichuan, dans le sud-ouest de la Chine, suite à un examen
	Prokopyev, Ilya, Kozlov, Evgeniy, Fomina, Ekaterina, Doroshkevich, Anna, Dyomkin, Maxim (2020) Mineralogy and Fluid Regime of Formation of the REE-Late-Stage Hydrothermal Mineralization of Petyayan-Vara Carbonatites (Vuoriyarvi, Kola Region, NW Russia) Minerals, 10 (5) 405 doi:10.3390/min10050405	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	concentrated (40–45 wt.%) carbonate fluids (shortite and synchysite–Ce in fluid inclusions) at a temperature above...carbonatitic fluids, e.g., the Mianning–Dechang REE-carbonatite belt, SW China [18–21,23,25], magnetite-apatite...anisotropic crystal daughter phases (40–65 vol.%) of synchysite-(Ce) (Ca(Ce,La)(CO3 )2 F) and/or shortite (Na2...(b) photomicrographs of inclusions spectra of synchysite-(Ce) shortite daughter phases daughter in the...type-iiwith fluidthe inclusions with the spectra ofand synchysite-(Ce) and shortite phases matrix; in the (c) the
	Andersen, Allen K., Clark, James G., Larson, Peter B., Donovan, John J. (2017) REE fractionation, mineral speciation, and supergene enrichment of the Bear Lodge carbonatites, Wyoming, USA. Ore Geology Reviews, 89. 780-807 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.06.025	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Ca-REE fluorocarbonates (bastnäsite, parisite, synchysite, and mixed varieties), with lesser REE phosphates...pronounced in Ca-rich fluorocarbonates (parisite, synchysite, and mixed syntaxial varieties). Peripheral,...complexes of the Kola Peninsula, the Maoniuping REE deposit, China, and lateritically weathered carbonatite...complexes, Namibia; Juquiá, Brazil; Bayan Obo, China; Karonge, Burundi; and the Barra do Itapirapuã carbonatite...fluorocarbonate minerals (bastnäsite, parisite, synchysite, and mixed varieties) corresponds with an increase
	Pirajno, Franco (2015) Intracontinental anorogenic alkaline magmatism and carbonatites, associated mineral systems and the mantle plume connection. Gondwana Research, 27 (3) 1181-1216 doi:10.1016/j.gr.2014.09.008	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Obo in northern China and the carbonatites of the Mianning–Dechang belt in SW China. It is proposed that...and Gifford complex) and China (Bayan Obo and the carbonatites of the Mianning–Dechang belt) are examined...examined. Except for the Mianning– Dechang belt, I have been involved in various degrees with all of the above...Brandberg, Erongo, Gifford Creek, Bayan Obo and Maoniuping. Igneous Cx Rock/mineral dated Method Age...Creek ferrocarbonatite cx Bayan Obo Maoniuping REE deposit; Mianning–Dechang belt Ar/39Ar 40 Ar/39Ar 40
	Nedosekova, Irina, Vladykin, Nikolay, Udoratina, Oksana, Belyatsky, Boris (2021) Ore and Geochemical Specialization and Substance Sources of the Ural and Timan Carbonatite Complexes (Russia): Insights from Trace Element, Rb–Sr, and Sm–Nd Isotope Data. Minerals, 11 (7) 711 doi:10.3390/min11070711	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	carbonatites: Mountain Pass (USA) and Bayun-Obo (China) provide more than half of the world production...Miaoya, Daluxiang, Maoniuping (Qinling and Mianning-Dechang orogenic belts, China [11,17–19]). In the...Baidashevskoe (Nb), 10—Ishkulskoe (Nb), 11—Ilmenskoe, 97 mine (Nb and REE), 12—Khaldikhinskoe, 13—Sungulskoe....9—Baidashevskoe (Nb), 10—Ishkulskoe (Nb), 11—Ilmenskoe, 97 mine (Nb and The REE),largest 12—Khaldikhinskoe, 13—Sungulskoe...cerianite-(Ce), bastnäsite-Ce, bastnäsite-(La), synchysite-(Ce), röntgenite(Ce), ankylite-(Ce), strontianite
	Van Gosen, Bradley S., Verplanck, Philip L., Seal, Robert R., Long, Keith R., Gambogi, Joseph (2017) Rare-earth elements. Professional Paper Vol. 1802 (1802o) US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/pp1802o	Report (issue)
	able.pdf. Cover. The Mountain Pass Mine, San Bernardino County, California, was the only active producer...............................................O4 China...............................................................................................O21 Mine Waste Characteristics.........................................................................O22 Mine Closure...........................................Figures O1. O2. O3. O4. O5. Graph showing world mine production of rare-earth oxides, by country and
	Broom-Fendley, Sam, Brady, Aoife E., Wall, Frances, Gunn, Gus, Dawes, William (2017) REE minerals at the Songwe Hill carbonatite, Malawi: HREE-enrichment in late-stage apatite. Ore Geology Reviews, 81. 23-41 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.10.019	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Rare earth elements Heavy rare earth elements Synchysite-(Ce) Chilwa Alkaline Province Critical metals...this ﬂuorapatite and the REE ﬂuorocarbonates, synchysite-(Ce) and parisite-(Ce), which are the other principal...succeeded by a light (L)REE mineral assemblage of synchysite-(Ce), strontianite and baryte. Finally, late-stage...are retained in solution, subsequently forming synchysite-(Ce). This model will be applicable to help guide...Deadhorse Creek, Canada; Huanglongpu and Huayangchuan, China; Lofdal, Namibia; Pivot Creek, New Zealand; and
	Alles, Jonas, Ploch, Alexander-Maria, Schirmer, Thomas, Nolte, Nicole, Liessmann, Wilfried, Lehmann, Bernd (2019) Rare-earth-element enrichment in post-Variscan polymetallic vein systems of the Harz Mountains, Germany. Mineralium Deposita, 54 (2) 307-328 doi:10.1007/s00126-018-0847-8	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	to the occurrence of abundant micrometer-sized synchysite inclusions in calcite, identified via Raman spectroscopy...LA-ICPMS) identifies these patterns as dominated by synchysite-(Ce–Nd) with strong Eu enrichment in the weight...fractionation (La/Lu ~ 100, PAAS-normalized). The synchysite component in calcite gangue is detected in polymetallic...(87Sr/86Sri, 0.710–0.718; εNdi, − 3 to − 17). The synchysite MREE enrichment in calcite gangue in the Upper...carbonatite-related LREE-dominated bastnäsite from China and elsewhere and allows an interesting perspective
	Moore, Meghan, Chakhmouradian, Anton R., Mariano, Anthony N., Sidhu, Ravinder (2015) Evolution of rare-earth mineralization in the Bear Lodge carbonatite, Wyoming: Mineralogical and isotopic evidence. Ore Geology Reviews, 64. 499-521 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.03.015	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	primary burbankite, early-stage parisite and synchysite with minor bastnäsite that have high (La/Nd)cn...global REE supply market with the emergence of China as the leading REE producer in the 1990s. This,...by ﬂuorocarbonates (bastnäsite, parisite and synchysite), ancylite, monazite and cerianite; burbankite...well-characterized burbankite from Shaxiongdong (China) and other well-characterized occurrences of this...the presence of REE ﬂuorocarbonates (parisite, synchysite and subordinate bastnäsite) that occur as syntaxially
	Bai, Tian, Chen, Wei, Jiang, Shao-Yong (2019) Evolution of the carbonatite Mo-HREE deposits in the Lesser Qinling Orogen: Insights from in situ geochemical investigation of calcite and sulfate. Ore Geology Reviews, 113. 103069 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103069	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Strategic Mineral Resources, China University of F Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China O 2. Faculty of Earth...Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China O Email Address: baitian_cug@163...the central part of China, which separates the Yangtze Craton and the North China Craton (Chen et al....eastern China, which was induced by underthrusting of the Paleo-Pacific plate beneath eastern China (Mao...collision between the Yangtze Craton and the North China Craton and the subsequent post-collisional extension
	Feng, Meng, Song, Wenlei, Kynicky, Jindrich, Smith, Martin, Cox, Clinten, Kotlanova, Michaela, Brtnicky, Martin, Fu, Wei, Wei, Chunwan (2020) Primary rare earth element enrichment in carbonatites: Evidence from melt inclusions in Ulgii Khiid carbonatite, Mongolia. Ore Geology Reviews, 117. 103294 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103294	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Guilin University of Technology, 532100, Guilin, China Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department...Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China cMendel dBIC University in Brno, 61300, Brno, Czech... Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China Corresponding author. E-mail: wlsong@pku.edu...phlogopite, barite, strontianite, pyrite, quartz, synchysite* and monazite (Fig. 2c-h). The occurrence of the...2e, g). Quartz, pyrite, barite, strontianite, synchysite and monazite are found as small or tiny mineral
	Amores-Casals, Sandra, Gonçalves, Antonio Olimpio, Melgarejo, Joan-Carles, Martí Molist, Joan (2019) Nb and REE Distribution in the Monte Verde Carbonatite–Alkaline–Agpaitic Complex (Angola) Minerals, 10 (1) 5 doi:10.3390/min10010005	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	matrix-supported breccia; alkaline dykes Synchysite group Synchysite-(Ce) Minerals 2020, 10, 5 7 of 27...association of calcite and radial aggregates of synchysite crystals, less than 10 µm in length, replaces...fine-grained (less than 20 µm in length) crystals of synchysite-(Ce), calcioancylite-(Ce), and burbankite (Figure...crystals. Late fine-grained calcioancylite-(Ce) and synchysite-(Ce) also occur as anhedral interstitial grains...new generation of quartz along with hematite, synchysite-(Ce), and barite (Figure 5a, Table 2). Foidolitic:
	Meng, Dawei, Wu, Xiuling, Han, Yujing, Meng, Xin (2002) Polytypism and microstructures of the mixed-layer member B 2 S, CaCe 3 (CO 3 ) 4 F 3 in the bastnaesite-(Ce)–synchysite-(Ce) series. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 203 (3) 817-828 doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(02)00947-0	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	B2 S, CaCe3 (CO3 )4 F3 in the bastnaesite-(Ce)^synchysite-(Ce) series Dawei Meng a; , Xiuling Wu a , Yujing...b a b Testing Center, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China Faculty of Foreign Language...Language, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, PR China Received 5 April 2002; received in revised form 29 August...layer) and synchysite-(Ce) (CeCO3 FWCaCO3 , S layer) mineral series are very complicated in Sichuan Province...Province, Southwest China. Four new polytypes: 6R, 2H2 , 4H and 12H of the mixed-layer member CaCe3 (CO3 )4
	Kozlov, Evgeniy, Fomina, Ekaterina, Sidorov, Mikhail, Shilovskikh, Vladimir, Bocharov, Vladimir, Chernyavsky, Alexey, Huber, Miłosz (2020) The Petyayan-Vara Carbonatite-Hosted Rare Earth Deposit (Vuoriyarvi, NW Russia): Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Minerals, 10 (1) 73 doi:10.3390/min10010073	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	lesser extent, strontianite, bastnäsite, and synchysite. Varieties of carbonatite that contain the highest...published Brazilfocus [10,11], Canada [12–17], China India [39–42], Italy have [43,44], Malawi [45–51]...South Africa [65,66], [10,11], Canada [12–17], China [18–37], Finland [38], India [39–42], Italy [43...La)CO3 F Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce), (Ce,La)CO3 (OH) Synchysite-(Ce), CaCe(CO3 )2 F Baryte, BaSO4 Fluorapatite...accessory phases in this assemblage are bastnäsite, synchysite, monazite, and thorite. The accessory phases
	Cangelosi, Delia, Smith, Martin, Banks, David, Yardley, Bruce (2020) The role of sulfate-rich fluids in heavy rare earth enrichment at the Dashigou carbonatite deposit, Huanglongpu, China. Mineralogical Magazine, 84 (1) 65-80 doi:10.1180/mgm.2019.78	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	the Dashigou carbonatite deposit, Huanglongpu, China Delia Cangelosi a,, Martin Smith b, David Banks...north-western part of the Qinling orogenic belt in central China. Calcite carbonatite dykes at the Dashigou open...such as Huanglongpu, (central Shanxi Province, China), the Lofdal complex, (north-western Namibia) and...THE DASHIGOU CARBONATITE DEPOSIT, HUANGLONGPU, CHINA* (e.g. Smith et al., 2000; Smith et al., 2015; Shu...considered to be part of a key REE-producing area of China, although its reserves and grades for the REE are
	Vrublevskii, V.V., Bukharova, O.V., Nebera, T.S., Sveshnikova, V.L. (2019) Composition and origin of rare-metal (Nb–Ta, REE) and sulfide mineralization in magnesiocarbonatites from the Yenisei Ridge, Central Siberia. Ore Geology Reviews, 111. 102949 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.102949	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	hessite, monazite-(Ce) and REE-carbonates of synchysite, cordylite, cebaite, and ancylite), as well as...Patti in Pakistan; Qinling orogen carbonatites in China (Puustinen, 1971; Glevasskii and Krivdik, 1981;...carbonatite magma. Ca-REE fluorocarbonate is synchysite-(Cе) with 14.9–16.3 wt. % CаO, ≈ 53 wt. % ΣLn2O3...ancylite (Fig. 6 p, q). Compositionally similar synchysite is known from late magmatic carbonatites in the...Late Permian carbonatites of the Tarim Block, NW China (εNd(t) ~ 1–4; 87Sr/86Sr(t) 0.7037– 0.7041; after
	*Mariano, A. N., Mariano, A. (2012) Rare Earth Mining and Exploration in North America. Elements, 8 (5) 369-376 doi:10.2113/gselements.8.5.369*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	currently being investigated. The continent’s only hard China, which control the world market for HREEs but have...their exploitaREE ore mineral include Bayan Obo, Maoniuping, and a tion. Many REE occurrences that are currently...deposits in China, and the explored have been considered to be attractive targets by Mountain Pass mine in California...substitutional REE in apatite •4 Springer Lavergne, ON Synchysite •5 Wicheeda Lake, BC Bastnäsite, monazite...Baringer Hill, TX Xenotime, etc. • 25 Harding Mine, NM Xenotime, etc. • 26 Maw Zone/Athabaska, SK
	Trofanenko, J., Williams-Jones, A. E., Simandl, G. J., Migdisov, A. A. (2016) The Nature and Origin of the REE Mineralization in the Wicheeda Carbonatite, British Columbia, Canada. Economic Geology, 111 (1) 199-223 doi:10.2113/econgeo.111.1.199	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Examples include Mountain Pass (Castor, 2008), Maoniuping (Xu et al., 2003, 2004; Kynicky et al., 2012)...Cordylite-(Ce) Dolomite Parisite-(Ce) Strontianite Synchysite-(Ce) Anc Ank Bsn Bur Cal Cor Dol Par Str Syn...minerals, including bastnäsite-(Ce), parisite-(Ce), synchysite-(Ce), ancylite-(Ce), cordylite-(Ce), and monazite-(Ce)...intergrowths in these large crystals (Fig. 7A). Rare synchysite-(Ce) (<1 vol %) occurs as very fine lamellae...finally, bastnäsite-(Ce), parisite-(Ce), and synchysite-(Ce) (Fig. 7A-F). Carbonatite Composition A total
	*(2019) Rare earth element mineral deposits in the United States. Circular* 1454. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/cir1454**	Report (issue)
	https://geology.com/. Photograph of Mountain Pass mine by Bradley Van Gosen. Rare Earth Element Mineral...................................3 Mountain Pass mine, southeastern California, June 2018...............States discussed in this report..............6 World mine production of rare-earth oxides, by country and...supply of REEs from one Nation, China. Between 2011 and 2017, China produced approximately 84 percent...production came entirely from the Mountain Pass mine in California, providing only about 4 percent of
	Prokopyev, Ilya, Doroshkevich, Anna, Redina, Anna (2023) Brine–Melts and Fluids of the Fe-F-P-(Ba)-(Sr)-REE Central Asian Carbonatite Province (Southern Siberia and Mongolia): The Petrogenetic Aspects. Minerals, 13 (4) 573 doi:10.3390/min13040573	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	examples of carbonatite complexes are Bayan Obo, Maoniuping, and Minerals 2023, 13, 573. https://doi.org/10... Minerals 2023, 13, 573 2 of 17 Dalucao deposits in China [7,8]; Amba Dongar in India [9]; Kangankunde in...an admixture of 0.5–2.3 wt.% SrO) and parisite/synchysite (?) (Figure 2j,k). Therefore, the fluorite–bastnaesite...(Italy) well-known complexes such as Bayan Obo, Maoniuping, and Dalucao [22,65], and alkaline–carbonatite...alkaline–carbonatite complexes such as Bayan Obo, Maoniuping, (China) [7,8], as well as[7,8], carbonate-rich rocks
	Petrella, L., Williams-Jones, A. E., Goutier, J., Walsh, J. (2014) The Nature and Origin of the Rare Earth Element Mineralization in the Misery Syenitic Intrusion, Northern Quebec, Canada. Economic Geology, 109 (6) 1643-1666 doi:10.2113/econgeo.109.6.1643	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	rare-earth deposits, e.g., Bayan Obo, China (Yang et al., 2009); Maoniuping, China (Xie et al., 2009); Mountain...Carbonates Bastnäsite-(Ce) Calcite Parisite-(Ce) Synchysite-(Ce) Ce(La,Ce)(CO3)F CaCO3 Ca(Ce,La)2(CO3)2F2...ferromagnesian silicate minerals. Parisite-(Ce) and synchysite-(Ce) are observed mainly as replacements of the...13 Bastnaesite-(Ce) n=8 Parisite-(Ce) n=4 Synchysite-(Ce) n=3 ZrO2 n.a. n.a. b.l. b.l. b.l. SiO2...replaced. The bastnäsite-(Ce), parisite-(Ce), and synchysite-(Ce) are preferentially enriched in the LREEs
	*Mitchell, R. H. (2005) CARBONATITES AND CARBONATITES AND CARBONATITES. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43 (6) 2049-2068 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.43.6.2049*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	occurrences, e.g., Bulhoek (South Africa), Laiwu–Zibo (China; Ying et al. 2004), is that there really are no...granite have been described from the Maoniuping deposit (Sichuan, China) by Wang et al. (2001). At the Rock...exsolved strontianite, siderite, ankerite, dolomite, synchysite-(Ce), bastnäsite, ancylite-(Ce), ancylite-(Nd)...including: burbankite, carbocernaite, ancylite-(Ce), synchysite-(Ce), and kukharenkoite-(Ce). Zaitsev et al....Canyon Creek (British Columbia), and Bayan Obo (China). Heinrich (1966) has been the principal advocate
	Xu, Cheng, Kynicky, Jindrich, Chakhmouradian, Anton R., Campbell, Ian H., Allen, Charlotte M. (2010) Trace-element modeling of the magmatic evolution of rare-earth-rich carbonatite from the Miaoya deposit, Central China. Lithos, 118 (1) 145-155 doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2010.04.003	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	rare-earth-rich carbonatite from the Miaoya deposit, Central China Cheng Xu a,⁎, Jindrich Kynicky b, Anton R. Chakhmouradian...Crustal Evolution, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Department of Geology and Pedology, Mendel University...Fractional crystallization REE deposits Miaoya China a b s t r a c t Carbonatites are known to contain...conjecture, calcite from the Miaoya carbonatite (China), analyzed in situ by laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma...et al., 2008). The Miaoya carbonatite stocks in China consist predominantly of calcite and contain abundant

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Synchysite from Maoniuping Mine, Mianning County, Liangshan Yi, Sichuan, China

Synchysite from
Maoniuping Mine, Mianning County, Liangshan Yi, Sichuan, China