 | COBBING, J. E., EALES, K., GIBSON, J., LENKOE, K., COBBING, B. L. (2015) OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O&M) AND THE PERCEIVED UNRELIABILITY OF DOMESTIC GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES IN SOUTH AFRICA. South African Journal of Geology, 118 (1) 17-32 doi:10.2113/gssajg.118.1.17 | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | UNRELIABILITY OF DOMESTIC GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES IN SOUTH AFRICA J.E. COBBING Corresponding author: Nelson Mandela...student) PO Box 7700, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa e-mail: jcobbing@gmail.com K. EALES Counterpoint...280 Rotsvygie St, La Montagne, Pretoria, 0184, South Africa e-mail: kea@iafrica.com J. GIBSON Maluti GSM...Ltd, PO Box 8125, Nahoon, East London, 5210, South Africa e-mail: jim@malutiwater.co.za K. LENKOE ERM...Woodlands Drive, Woodmead, Johannesburg, 2148, South Africa e-mail: dithapo@gmail.com B.L. COBBING CSS |  | | Journal (issue) | | from the GachalĂĄ mine, GuaviĂł-GuatĂ©que mining district, BoyacĂĄ Department, Colombia. Gail & Jim Spann...cm, from Stak Nala, Haramosh Mountains, Skardu district, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Zach Goodman collection;...interesting rocks and fossils. Most of what I found was chert with occasional well-formed quartz crystals. I had...dulled several of my fatherâs chisels breaking open chert stones looking for geodes. Years later I saved up...minerals in the Karnes Uranium district near my ancestral home in south Texas. Over time I developed a |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | 960-1004 Precambrian Iron-Formations of Southern Africa N.J. BEUKES Abstract From existing information...1966) and Ierru#inous SOUTHERN Africa is definedas that part of Africa sedimentary rockslessthan 15 percentiron...percentiron. In this southof approximately16Ăž south-latitude and in- paper,the 15 percentboundaryis not...contentbecauseof a generallack of chemicalanalyses. South West Africa, and Mozambique. This rela(2) Iron-formationis...iron-formation in southern Africa variety of iron-formationand consistsof chert mesoare included. Because |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | of the Griqualand West Sequence, Northern Cape Province, South Africa, in comparison with other Precambrian...Universityof Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa Received 30 August 1993;revised versionaccepted...Griquatown and Kuruman Iron Formations of the Asbestos Hills Subgroup (Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa) have...(magnetite chert and magnetite-carbonate chert, riebeckite-carbonate chert and ironsilicate chert) varies... < 4 to 4 ppm Th, < 4 to 19 ppm Pb, < 3 to 4 ppm Ga, < 4 to 33 ppm Zn, < 6 to 69 ppm Cu, < 7 to 17 ppm |  | | Journal (volume) | | Banded Iron Formation-Hosted Hematite Ore Deposits John G. McLellan and Nicholas H. S. Oliver 185 Part...Warren Thorne, Steffen Hagemann, Adam Webb, and John Clout v 197 Chapter 9: The Itabirites of the...Approach to the Sishen South Iron Ore Deposit, Northern Cape Province, South Africa, and Its Implication...Deposit, Simandou Range, Republic of Guinea, West Africa I. L. Cope, J. J. Wilkinson, A. J. Boyce, J. B...ore exploration project in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. He completed his B.Sc. (Hons) |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | Lime Limited, Private Bag, 8410 Lime Acres, South Africa Received: 8 July 1994/Accepted: 9 December 1994...m). There, the largest limestone deposits of South Africa are located. The deposit at Lime Acres and mining...early Proterozoic, the Kaapvaal craton of southern Africa hosted three major sub-basins, in which clastic...Province of South Africa, the Griqualand West basin in the northern Cape Province of South Africa, and the...each lies unconformably on the approximately 2.7 Ga old Ventersdorp Supergroup (Armstrong et al., 1991) |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | development of the Sishen South (Welgevonden) iron ore deposit, South Africa, as deduced from ground gravity...Palaeoproterozoic Transvaal Supergroup in the northern Cape Province of South Africa hosts high grade (.60%Fe) hematitic...structure known as the Maremane dome. The bulk of South Africaâs iron ore production is currently provided...Resources megaton Sishen iron ore mine on the northern end of the dome, and the smaller Assmang Beeshoek...on the southern closure. The undeveloped Sishen South deposit, which contains ,400 Mt of high-grade hematite |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, Republic of South Africa (Received September 27, 1989; revised and accepted...Uitkoms cataclasite of pre-Makganyene age ( > 2.24 Ga) on the craton, and interpreted as a bedding-parallel...pre-date the Westerberg dyke-sheet intrusion. D 3 south-verging folds and thrusts are the oldest post-Matsap...post-Matsap deformations, just less than 2.07-1.88 Ga. D4 are upright to east vergent and N-S-trending folds...along the rim of the craton and occurred around 1.0 Ga. Multiple folding and thrusting with riebeckite mobilization |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg, 2000 (South Africa) 3Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University...iron-formation ( Kuruman Iron Formation) transition of the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa, estimated to...to be 2.5-2.3 Ga years old. The microfossils occur in petrographic thin-sections of a core sample of...of carbonate-chert. They are preserved by permineralization in both chert and in sparry ferroan dolomite...(Campbellrand) to the overlying iron-rich sediments of the Kuruman-Griquatown Iron Formations. The average J13C value |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | Printed in The Netherlands SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE KURUMAN AND GRIQUATOWN IRONF O R M A T I O N S , T R A...P E R G R O U P , G R I Q U A L A N D WEST, SOUTH AFRICA N.J. BEUKES Department of Geology, Rand Afrikaans...Afrikaans University, Johannesburg 2001 (South Africa) (Received December 2, 1982; revision accepted August...the Kuruman and Griquatown Iron-formations, Transvaal Supergroup, Griqualand West, South Africa. Precambrian...an iron-formation sequence represented by the Kuruman and Griquatown Iron-formations was deposited. This |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | University, Artillery Road, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa c Department of Physics and Earth Sciences... oxide (predominantly magnetite) and silicate (chert and Fe-silicates). To date, little is known about...in the ca. 2.46 Ga Asbestos Hills IFs from the Griqualand-West Basin in South Africa. These rocks were...depth on REY signatures in seawater from the ca. 2.4 Ga Griqualand West Basin. 1 INTRODUCTION Iron formations...Oxidation Event (GOE; e.g. Canfield, 2005) at ca. 2.3 Ga provide critical data for tracing the evolution of |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | Transvaal carbonate platform, Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa Dawn Y. Sumner Department of Geology, University...Park, 2000 South Africa e-mail: njb@na.rau.ac.za © 2006 March Geological Society of South Africa ABSTRACT...ABSTRACT The ~2.67 to ~2.46 Ga lower Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa, consists of a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate...the Kaapvaal Craton during extrusion of the ~2.7 Ga Ventersdorp lavas. Although depositional patterns...the observed thermal subsidence from ~2.7 to ~2.45 Ga if the thermal diffusivity of the craton was moderately |  | Tsikos, H., Beukes, N. J., Moore, J. M., Harris, C. (2003) Deposition, Diagenesis, and Secondary Enrichment of Metals inthe Paleoproterozoic Hotazel Iron Formation, Kalahari Manganese Field, SouthAfrica. Economic Geology, 98 (7) 1449-1462 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.98.7.1449 | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | Hotazel Iron Formation, Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa HARILAOS TSIKOS,â ,* NICOLAS J. BEUKES, Geology...2006, South Africa JOHN M. MOORE, Geology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa...Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondenbosch 7700, South Africa Abstract The Kalahari manganese...manganese field in the Northern Cape province, South Africa, is a world-class manganese resource (ca. 8 billion...Formation in the uppermost Paleoproterozoic (2.65â2.05 Ga) Transvaal Supergroup and comprises three laminated |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | Transvaal Supergroup (NeoarcheanâPaleoproterozoic, South Africa) Stefan Schröder Paleoproterozoic Mineralization...University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa, e-mail: sts@rau.ac.za Juan Pablo Lacassie...University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa now at: Geological Survey of Chile, Santiago...Park 2006, South Africa, e-mail: njb@na.rau.ac.za © 2006 March Geological Society of South Africa ABSTRACT...carbonates with minor siliciclastic mudstones, chert and banded iron formation (BIF) occurred below storm |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | the Palaeoproterozoic Kuruman Iron Formation, Northern Cape Province, South Africa: evidence for simultaneous...the Palaeoproterozoic Kuruman and Griquatown Iron Formations in the Northern Cape Province. They document...for the top of the Riries Member, and hence the Kuruman Iron Formation is 2460 Ma, where most of the zircon...compacted sedimentation rate (cSR) for the entire Kuruman Iron Formation is 3â4 m per million years, a cSR...suggesting that there are cryptic gaps within the Kuruman stratigraphic record. The latter is comparable |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | oxygen in the Great Oxidation Event at ca. 2.45-2.32 Ga. BIFs hold the key to understanding the chemistry...ferruginous cherts that range in age from 3.45 to ca. 2.4 Ga and that preserve depositional features indicates...modern analogues. They are composed essentially of chert or quartz bands interlayered with bands of a variety...first rise in atmospheric oxygen at ca. 2.45-2.32 Ga, e.g. interlayered with volcanic and sedimentary...Western Australia and the Transvaal basin of South Africa. Major iron formations disappeared from the |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | Griqualand West basin, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa were dated using the Perth Consortium Sensitive...decompacted sedimentation rates of around 20 B. For the Kuruman Banded Iron Formation a decompacted sedimentation...of graniteâ greenstone terranes at around 3.5 Ga to 3.0 Ga from the formation of huge stromatolitic platforms...precipitating microbiota. The Kaapvaal craton of southern Africa hosts three major Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic...the Griqualand West basin in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa and the Kanye basin of Botswana |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | possible diurnal depositions and that microbands of chert/jasper represent possible annual depositions in...2460-Myr BIFs from the Kuruman Iron Formation, Transvaal Supergroup of South Africa; 2480-Myr BIFs from...electron microscopy indicate that hematite and chert were syngenetic, and that there was a hiatus between...thickness, which appear cyclically in the matrix of the chert. Neither the band-bound magnetite and dolomite nor...thinnest microbands (âŒ3ââŒ12 ÎŒm) were observed in the chert and jasper, and indicate depositional rates of 6 |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | margin-basin transition (Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa) Andrew H. Knoll a,â , Nicolas J. Beukes b a...PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received...the Transvaal Supergroup in Griqualand West, South Africa (Fig. 1). The cores enable us to sample the...atmosphere and surface ocean for the ïŹrst time 2.45â2.32 Ga (Bekker et al., 2004; Holland, 2006). Oxygenic photosynthesis...2003a,b) provide presumptive evidence for at least local oxygen, given that plausible anaerobic paths to |  | Steinhoefel, Grit, von Blanckenburg, Friedhelm, Horn, Ingo, Konhauser, Kurt O., Beukes, Nicolas J., Gutzmer, Jens (2010) Deciphering formation processes of banded iron formations from the Transvaal and the Hamersley successions by combined Si and Fe isotope analysis using UV femtosecond laser ablation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74 (9) 2677-2696 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.01.028 | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, 2006 Auckland Park, South Africa e Department of Mineralogy, TU Bergakademie...2.5 billion year old Kuruman Iron Formation (Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa) and Dales Gorges Member...femtosecond laser ablation coupled to a MC-ICP-MS. Chert yields a total range of d30Si between 1.3& and...heavy Si isotopes might have been provided by other chert deposits within the basin. Ă 2010 Elsevier Ltd....age whose peak of deposition between 2.3 and 2.5 Ga encompasses a period of dramatic change in the form |  | Johnson, Clark M., Beard, Brian L., Beukes, Nicolas J., Klein, Cornelis, O'Leary, Julie M. (2003) Ancient geochemical cycling in the Earth as inferred from Fe isotope studies of banded iron formations from the Transvaal Craton. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 144 (5) 523-547 doi:10.1007/s00410-002-0418-x | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | Formations (BIFs) from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa, span nearly the entire range yet measured on...University, P.O. Box 524, Aucklandpark 2006, South Africa C. Klein Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences...Blockley 1970) and the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa (e.g., Beukes 1983), and these are generally...at 3.8 Ga (Isua), 2.5 Ga (TransvaalâHamersley), 2.2â2.0 Ga (SuperiorâLabrador Trough), and 0.7 Ga (Rapitan;...Supergroup that span the ArcheanâProterozoic boundary (2.5 Ga) are equivalent to the Hamersley Basin iron formations |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | (Karatau, Khubsugul, and South China basins), Australia (Georgina basin), Africa Fig. 1. Geological structure...USSR san Ara 1 E N A AS AR Pg2 + 3 aT sa ga ba s -ta r-s To ai 1 Lake Khubsugul Ă Bag...Karatau range (Kazakhstan). (b) Section of the northern Tszyangsi Province (Bushinskii, 1966). (c) Section...Depression (Bushinskii, 1966). (d, e) Sections in the northern Sinan Depression (Bushinskii, 1966). (1) Gneisses...(11) Mn-bearing rocks. (Upper Volta, Benin), and South America (Minas Gerais basin). North America is the |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | geologic record over a wide time span. Beginning at 3.8 Ga (Isua, West Greenland), they are part of Archean...from about 3.5 until 2.5 Ga. Their overall volume reaches a maximum at about 2.5 Ga (iron-formations in the...geologic record at about 1.8 Ga, only to reappear between 0.8 and 0.6 Ga. The stratigraphic sequences...Western Australia and the Transvaal Supergroup of South Africa allow for much better evaluations of original...sedimentation. BIFs ranging in age from 2.2 Ga to about 1.8 Ga (e.g., those of the Lake Superior region |  | | Book | | of Canada, and of the Transvaal Supergroup of South Africa, are syntheses considerably superior t o any...University, Auckland Park, PO 524, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa. J.A. BUNTING Exploration Department, BHP...Australia. E.C. PERRY, J R . Department of Geology, Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, Illinois 60115,...DEPOSITIONAL BASIN O F THE TRANSVAAL SUPERGROUP. SOUTH AFRICA N.J. Beukes Introduction . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kuruman Iron Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |  | | Journal (article/letter/editorial) | | million-year-old banded iron formations from South Africa, Western Australia and North China Si Sun, Yi-Liang...million-year-old banded iron formations from South Africa, Western Australia and North China, Precambrian...million-year-old banded iron formations from South Africa, Western Australia 3 and North China 4 5...million-year-old banded iron formations from South Africa, Western Australia 26 and North China 27...magnetite crystals from the 39 Dales Gorge and Kuruman BIFs all show pure and homogeneous colors in their |
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