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Gorgonopsia ✝

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	39095	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39095

Rank

suborder (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Gorgodontia : Gorgonopsia

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Theromorpha
-	Eotherapsida
superorder	Dinomorpha	Ivakhnenko 2003
order	Gorgodontia	Ivakhnenko 2003
suborder	Gorgonopsia	Seeley 1894

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Gorgonopsia	suborder	belongs to Therosuchia	stated without evidence	Seeley, 1895
Gorgonopsia	suborder	belongs to Theromorpha	stated with evidence	Kuhn, 1946
Gorgonopsia	suborder	belongs to Therapsida	stated without evidence	Huene, 1954
Gorgonopsia	suborder	belongs to Theriodontia	stated without evidence	Haughton and Brink, 1954
Gorgonopsia	suborder	belongs to Theriodontia	stated with evidence	Boonstra, 1969
Gorgonopsia	suborder	belongs to Therapsida	stated without evidence	Olson, 1974
Gorgonopsia	suborder	belongs to Eotheriodontia	stated without evidence	Kemp, 1982
Gorgonopsia	suborder	belongs to Therapsida	implied	Carroll, 1988
Gorgonopsia	suborder	belongs to Therapsida	stated without evidence	Gauthier et al., 1989
Gorgonopsia	suborder	belongs to Theriodontia	stated with evidence	Sigogneau-Russell, 1989
Gorgonopsia	infraorder	belongs to Eotheriodontia	stated without evidence	Battail and Surkov, 2000
Gorgonopsia	suborder	belongs to Theriodontia	stated without evidence	Rubidge and Sidor, 2001
Gorgonopsia	suborder	belongs to Gorgodontia	stated with evidence	Ivakhnenko, 2003

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

147

First Recorded Appearance

280 - 269 Ma
Permian

Last Recorded Appearance

254 - 252 Ma
Permian

Environment

terrestrial (based on Amniota)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

carnivore (based on Gorgonopsia)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

H. G. Seeley. 1894. Researches on the Structure, Organisation, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. Part IX. Section 1. On the Therosuchia [Abstract]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 55:224-226

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Estemmenosuchida ✝ infraorder	listed (PBDB)	11	280 Ma Permian	268 Ma Permian
Gorgonopida ✝ infraorder	listed (PBDB)	19	280 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian
Ictidorhinida ✝ infraorder	listed (PBDB)	2	268 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian
Nikkasaurida ✝ infraorder	listed (PBDB)	3	273 Ma Permian	273 Ma Permian
Galesuchidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)
Gorgonopidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)	185	272 Ma Permian	254 Ma Permian
Watongiidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cerdodon ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	272 Ma Permian	272 Ma Permian
Cyniscops ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Dixeya ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Eriphostoma ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	16	265 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Nochnitsa ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	265 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian
Viatkogorgon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	265 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1876	Cynodraco Owen
1876	Cynodraco major Owen
1894	Gorgonopsia Seeley pp. 225, 226
1895	Gorgonopsia Seeley
1905	Cyniscodon Broom
1905	Cyniscodon lydekkeri Broom
1913	Cynodraco Broom
1913	Cynodraco serridens Broom
1913	Scymnorhinus planiceps Broom
1920	Broomisaurus planiceps Joleaud
1930	Cynarioides gracilis Broom
1935	Scylacognathus major Broom
1946	Gorgonopsia Kuhn p. 57
1948	Hipposaurus kitchingi Broom
1952	Pseudhipposaurus kitchingi Boonstra p. 145

Year	Name and Author
1954	Gorgonopsia Haughton and Brink p. 6
1954	Gorgonopsia Huene p. 31
1966	Gorgonopsia Olson p. 302
1969	Gorgonopsia Boonstra
1974	Gorgonopsia Olson p. 28
1982	Gorgonopsia Kemp p. 348
1988	Gorgonopsia Carroll
1989	Gorgonopsia Gauthier et al. p. 341
1989	Broomisaurus planiceps Sigogneau-Russell
1989	Gorgonopsia Sigogneau-Russell
2000	Gorgonopsia Battail and Surkov
2001	Gorgonopsia Rubidge and Sidor
2003	Gorgonopsia Ivakhnenko
2016	Gorgonopsia Kammerer

References

Seeley H. G. Researches on the Structure, Organisation, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. Part IX. Section 1. On the Therosuchia [Abstract], Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 55, 224-226

Broom R. (1913) A revision of the reptiles of the Karroo, Annals of the South African Museum 7 6, 361-366

Broom R. (1913) On four new fossil reptiles from the Beaufort Series, South Africa, Records of the Albany Museum 2, 397-401

Broom R. (1935) On some new genera and species of Karroo fossil reptiles, Annals of the Transvaal Museum 18, 55-72

Kuhn O. (1946) Das System der fossilen und rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien [The system of fossil and recent amphibians and reptiles], Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bamberg 29, 49-67

Broom R. (1948) A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Vertebrates of the Karroo Beds of South Africa, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 61 2, 577-629

Boonstra L. D. (1952) Die gorgonopsiër-geslag, Hipposaurus, en die familie, Ictidorhinidae, Tydstrif vir Wetenskap en Kuns 12, 142-149

Haughton S. H., Brink A. S. (1954) A bibliographical list of Reptilia from the Karroo Beds of South Africa, Palaeontologia Africana 2, 1-187

Huene F. v. (1954) , Die Saurierwelt und ihre Geschichtlichen Zusammenhänge [The World of Reptiles and the History of Their Interrelationships]. 2nd, revised edition, 1-66

Olson E. C. (1966) Community evolution and the origin of mammals, Ecology 47 2, 291-302

Boonstra L. D. (1969) The fauna of the Tapinocephalus Zone (Beaufort Beds of the Karoo), Annals of the South African Museum 56 1, 1-73

Olson E. C. (1974) On the Source of Therapsids, Annals of the South African Museum 64, 27-46

Kemp T. S. (1982) , Mammal-like Reptiles and the Origin of Mammals, 1-363

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Gauthier J. A., Cannatella D., et al (1989) Tetrapod phylogeny, In B. Fernholm, K. Bremer, & H. Jörnvall (eds.), The Hierarchy of Life. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, 337-353

Sigogneau-Russell D. S. (1989) Theriodontia I: Phthinosuchia, Biarmosuchia, Eotitanosuchia, Gorgonopsia, Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology

Battail B., Surkov M. V. (2000) Mammal-like reptiles from Russia, The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 86-119

Rubidge B. S., Sidor C. A. (2001) Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32, 449-480

Ivakhnenko M. F. (2003) Eotherapsids from the East European Placket (Late Permian), Paleontological Journal 37 Suppl. 4, S339-S465

Kammerer C. F. (2016) Systematics of the Rubidgeinae (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia), PeerJ 4, e1608 doi:10.7717/ peerj.1608

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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