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Loxonematoidea ✝

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	57122	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=57122

Rank

superfamily (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Murchisoniina : Loxonematoidea

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
class	Gastropoda	Cuvier 1797
subclass	Orthogastropoda	Ponder and Lindberg 1997
order	Murchisoniina	Cox and Knight 1960
superfamily	Loxonematoidea	(Koken 1889)

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Loxonematoidea	superfamily	belongs to Caenogastropoda	stated with evidence	Knight et al., 1960
Loxonematoidea	superfamily	belongs to Heterostropha	stated without evidence	Golikov and Starobogatov, 1975
Loxonematoidea	superfamily	belongs to Discopoda	stated with evidence	Ponder and Warén, 1988
Loxonematoidea	superfamily	belongs to Stylogastropoda	stated without evidence	Frýda and Bandel, 1997
Loxonematoidea	superfamily	belongs to Murchisoniina	stated with evidence	Wagner, 1999
Loxonematoidea	superfamily	belongs to Stylogastropoda	stated without evidence	Heidelberger and Bandel, 1999
Loxonematoidea	superfamily	belongs to Murchisoniina	stated with evidence	Jeffery, 2003
Loxonematoidea	superfamily	belongs to Gastropoda	stated without evidence	Bouchet et al., 2005
Loxonematoidea	superfamily	belongs to Murchisoniina	stated with evidence	Wagner, 2017

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

695

First Recorded Appearance

485 - 470 Ma
Paleozoic

Last Recorded Appearance

47.8 - 41.3 Ma
Eocene

Motility

facultatively mobile (based on Loxonematoidea)

Vision

limited (based on Gastropoda)

Diet

suspension feeder (based on Loxonematoidea)

Ecospace Comments

LIFE HISTORY: Surficial, fac.-motile unattached, suspension feeding according to Bambach et al (2007).

Taphonomy

aragonite (based on Gastropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

M. Cossmann. 1909. Revue critique de paléozoologie 13

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Abyssochrysidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	5	145 Ma Late Jurassic	47.8 Ma Eocene
Crassimarginatidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	8	416 Ma Early/Lower Devonian	403 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Loxonematidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	673	485 Ma Cambrian	212 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Palaeozygopleuridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	258	427 Ma Silurian	265 Ma Permian
Scoliostomatidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	22	411 Ma Early/Lower Devonian	388 Ma Middle Devonian
Soleniscidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	838	431 Ma Silurian	232 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Spirostylidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	57	254 Ma Permian	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Zygopleuridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	378	339 Ma Carboniferous	59.2 Ma Paleocene
Acrospira ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	279 Ma Permian	279 Ma Permian
Vetotuba ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	17	419 Ma Early/Lower Devonian	411 Ma Early/Lower Devonian

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1889	Loxonematacea Koken
1960	Loxonematacea Knight et al. p. 311
1975	Loxonematoidea Golikov and Starobogatov p. 214
1988	Loxonematoidea Ponder and Warén p. 292
1997	Loxonematoidea Frýda and Bandel
1997	Stylogastropoda Frýda and Bandel

Year	Name and Author
1999	Loxonematoidea Heidelberger and Bandel p. 138
1999	Loxonematoidea Wagner p. 82
2003	Loxonematoidea Jeffery
2005	Loxonematoidea Bouchet et al. p. 242
2020	Loxonematoidea Wagner p. H232

References

Cossmann M. (1909) , Revue critique de paléozoologie 13

Knight J. B., Cox L. R., et al (1960) Systematic descriptions, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Mollusca I 1, 169-339

Golikov A. N., Starobogatov Y. I. (1975) Systematics of prosobranch gastropods, Malacologia 15 2, 185-232

Ponder W. F., Warén A. (1988) Appendix: classification of the Caenogastropoda and Heterostropha - a list of the family-group names and higher taxa, Malacological Review Suppl. 4, 288-326

Frýda J., Bandel K. (1997) New Early Devonian gastropods from the Plectonotus (Boucotonotus) - Palaeozygopleura community in the Prague Basin (Bohemia), Mitteilungen Geologie-Paläontologie Institut der Universitat Hamburg 80, 1-57

Heidelberger D., Bandel K. (1999) Micromorph Gastropoda from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) limestone of the Sötenich Syncline (Eifel), Mitteilungen Geologie-Paläontologie Institut der Universitat Hamburg 83, 129-162

Wagner P. J. (1999) Phylogenetics of the earliest anisostrophically coiled gastropods, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 88, 1-132

Jeffery P. (2003) GastroClass: Gastropod Classification Website

Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P, et al (2005) A nomenclator and classification of gastropod family-group names, Malacologia 47 1-2, 1-368

Wagner P. J. (2017) Paleozoic Gastropod, Rostroconch, Helcionelloid and Tergomyan Database

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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