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Spirorbis

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Description

Spirorbis is a genus of very small (2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in)) polychaete worms, usually with a white coiled shell. Members of the genus live in the lower littoral and sublittoral zones of rocky shores. Spirorbis worms usually live attached to seaweeds, but some species live directly on rocks, shells or other hard substrates. Spirorbis was once thought to have a fossil record extending back into the Early Paleozoic, but now all pre-Cretaceous spirorbins are known to be microconchids. The earliest members of genus appeared in the Miocene, but Oligocene finds mayalso be possible. The genus contains the following species:

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirorbis, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2327769	https://www.gbif.org/species/2327769
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	7229	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=7229

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Annelida : Polychaeta : Sabellida : Serpulidae : Spirorbis

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Annelida	Lamarck 1809
class	Polychaeta	Grube 1850
subclass	Sedentaria	Lamarck 1818
infraclass	Canalipalpata	Rouse and Fauchald 1997
order	Sabellida	Fauchald 1977
family	Serpulidae	Rafinesque 1835
genus	Spirorbis	Daudin 1800

Scientific Name

Spirorbis Daudin, 1800

Name Published In

Daudin, F. M. 1800. Recueil de mémoires et de notes sur des espèces inédites ou peu connues de mollusques, de vers et de zoophytes. Fuchs; Treuttel et Wurtz, Paris.: i-xviii; 19-50; pls. 1-4.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Spirorbis	genus	belongs to Tubicola	stated with evidence	Martin, 1904
Spirorbis	genus	belongs to Serpulidae	stated without evidence	Gall, 1971
Spirorbis	genus	belongs to Serpulimorpha	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Spirorbis	genus	belongs to Serpulidae	stated with evidence	Kiessling, 2009

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

2 (20%)

First Recorded Appearance

485 - 478 Ma
Paleozoic

Motility

stationary, attached, epibiont

Vision

limited (based on Polychaeta)

Diet

suspension feeder

Ecospace Comments

LIFE HISTORY: Data from Leighton (2005).

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Common Name(s)

Posthörnchenwürmer, Spiral Tubeworms

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirorbis

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Serpula omphalotes species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis africana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis albus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis ambiguus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	296 Ma Permian	296 Ma Permian
Spirorbis ambilateralis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis ammonita species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis anguineus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis angulatus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Spirorbis annulatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis annulus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis antarctica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis antillarum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis articulatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis auricularis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis baltica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis bernardi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis bidentatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis bifurcatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis bilineatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis blairi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis calvertensis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirorbis calypso species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis carinatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis catagraphus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis cincinnatiensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	450 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician	450 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician
Spirorbis communis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis conoidea species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis corallinae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis cornuoides species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis corrugatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis cuneatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis dagmar species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis digitus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis dorsatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis echinatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis flabellis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis focalis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis fundatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis gesae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis globosus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirorbis glomeratus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis glossoeides species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis heliciformis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis helix ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Spirorbis homari species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis imbricatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis imprimus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis inaequalis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis incisus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis incongruus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis inconstans species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis incurvatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis indicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis infundibulum species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Spirorbis inornatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis inversus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis jiangsuensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis karaitivuensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis kronsmoorensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis labiatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis langerhansi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis laxus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis leffingwelli species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis levilatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis lineatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis lucidus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis margarita species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis marioni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis mediokeuperinus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis mendosus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis milada species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis mirus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis montagui species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis morchi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis mutabilis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis mutsu species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis nakamurai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis nordenskjoeldi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis nudus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis obliquiannulatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis obstinatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis omphalotes ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		8	393 Ma Early/Lower Devonian	260 Ma Permian
Spirorbis papillatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis patagonicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis perdepressa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis pervius species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis philorthoceras species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis phylactaema species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis placophora species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis platycrepidus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis platydiscus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis plicatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis polyoperculata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis ponticus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis porosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis ptychopleurus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis pusilla species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis pusilloides species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis pusillus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Spirorbis quingyani species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis racemosus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis recta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis regalis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis rothlisbergi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis rugatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis rugosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis rupestris species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis samchokensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis serratus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis simplex species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis spatulatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis spec species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis spirorbis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis strigatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis superminor species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis thirriai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis tranluscens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis transversus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis treadwelli species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis tridentatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis tubanella species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis tuberculatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis tumefactus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis turnoviensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis unicornis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis variabilis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis vastus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis voigti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spirorbis zelandica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Spirirbis Bush, 1910	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Annelida : Polychaeta : Sabellida : Serpulidae : *Spirirbis*
Spirorbus Hall, 1859	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Annelida : Polychaeta : Sabellida : Serpulidae : *Spirorbus*
Spirorba Lamarck, 1838	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Annelida : Polychaeta : Sabellida : Serpulidae : *Spirorba*
Spirobis Verrill, 1882	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Annelida : Polychaeta : Sabellida : Serpulidae : *Spirobis*
Gyromyces H.R.Göppert, 1853	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Annelida : Polychaeta : Sabellida : Serpulidae : *Gyromyces*
Spinorbis Guérin-Ménéville, 1844	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Annelida : Polychaeta : Sabellida : Serpulidae : *Spinorbis*
Gyromices Etheridge, 1880	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Annelida : Polychaeta : Sabellida : Serpulidae : *Gyromices*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1800	Spirorbis Daudin
1904	Spirorbis Martin p. 430
1971	Spirorbis Gall
1999	Spirorbis Wienrich p. 280
2002	Spirorbis Sepkoski, Jr.
2009	Spirorbis Kiessling

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Gall J.-C. (1971) Faunes et paysages du Grès à Voltzia du Nord des Vosges: Essai paléoécologique sur le Buntsandstein supérieur, Mémoires Service de la Carta Géologique d’Alsace et de Lorraine 34, 1-318

Wienrich G. (1999) Die Fauna des marinen Miozäns von Kevelaer (Niederrhein). Band 2 Bivalvia, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda, Bryozoa, Annelida, Brachiopoda, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 2, 188-384

Kiessling W. (2009) Taxonomic vetting of messy data in the Paleobiology Database

Brunel, P.; Bosse, L.; Lamarche, G. (1998). Catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 126. 405 p. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Day, J. H. (1967). [Sedentaria] A monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa. Part 2. Sedentaria. British Museum (Natural History), London. pp. 459–842. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Fauchald, K. (1977). The polychaete worms, definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County: Los Angeles, CA (USA), Science Series. 28:1-188. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Glasby, C.J.; Read, G.B.; Lee, K.E.; Blakemore, R.J.; Fraser, P.M.; Pinder, A.M.; Erséus, C.; Moser, W.E.; Burreson, E.M.; Govedich, F.R.; Davies, R.W.; Dawson, E.W. (2009). Phylum Annelida: bristleworms, earthworms, leeches, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. pp. 312-358. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Daudin, François Marie. (1800). Receuil de mémoires et de notes sur des espèces inédites ou peu connues de Mollusques, de vers et de zoophytes. xviii & 19-50. Fuchs & Treuttel et Wurtz. Paris. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Hansson, H.G. (1998) NEAT (North East Atlantic Taxa): South Scandinavian marine Annelida Check-List. Internet pdf Ed., Aug. 1998: http://www.tmbl.gu.se/libdb/taxon/neat_pdf/NEAT*Annelida.pdf - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Bellan, G. (2001). Polychaeta, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 214-231. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Hermann Augener. 1922. Litorale Polychaeten von Juan Fernández. En: C. Skottsberg (ed.): The Natural History of Juan Fernández and Easter Island, 3: 161-218 - via Poliquetos de Juan Fernández (Chile)

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Rec. Mém. Moll. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Hartmann-Schröder, 1996, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Bieler, R.; Petit, R. E. (2011). Catalogue of Recent and fossil “worm-snail” taxa of the families Vermetidae, Siliquariidae, and Turritellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda). Zootaxa. 2948, 1-103. - via World Register of Marine Species

Wilson et al 2003 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Lamarck, J. B. (1801). Système des animaux sans vertèbres, ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; Présentant leurs caractères essentiels et leur distribution, d'apres la considération de leurs rapports naturels et de leur organisation, et suivant l'arrangement établi dans les galeries du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, parmi leurs dépouilles conservées; Précédé du discours d'ouverture du Cours de Zoologie, donné dans le Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle l'an 8 de la République. Published by the author and Deterville, Paris: viii + 432 pp. - via World Register of Marine Species

SN2000/Hartmann-Schröder, 1996 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Day, J. H. (1967). [Sedentaria] A monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa. Part 2. Sedentaria. British Museum (Natural History), London. pp. 459–842. - via World Register of Marine Species

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). - via World Register of Marine Species

Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1996) - via Taxa Watermanagement the Netherlands (TWN)

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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