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Gymnura

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Description

The butterfly rays are the rays forming the genus Gymnura and the family Gymnuridae. They are found in warm oceans worldwide, and occasionally in estuaries.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnura, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2420504	https://www.gbif.org/species/2420504
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	34732	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=34732

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Myliobatiformes : Gymnuridae : Gymnura

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Chondrichthyes : Myliobatiformes : Gymnuridae : Gymnura

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
class	Chondrichthyes	Huxley 1880
subclass	Elasmobranchii	Bonaparte 1838
infraclass	Euselachii
-	Neoselachii	Compagno 1977
-	Batoidea
order	Myliobatiformes	Compagno 1973
family	Gymnuridae	Fowler 1934
genus	Gymnura	van Hasselt 1823

Scientific Name

Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823

Name Published In

van Hasselt, Johan C. 1823. Uittreksel uit een’ brief van Dr. J.C. van Hasselt, aan den Heer C.J. Temminck. Algemeene Konst- en Letter-Bode 1: 315-317.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Gymnura	genus	belongs to Dasyatidae	stated without evidence	Jordan, 1963
Gymnura	genus	subjective synonym of Echinosorex	stated without evidence	Van Valen, 1967
Gymnura	genus	belongs to Gymnuridae	stated without evidence	Cappetta, 1984
Gymnura	genus	belongs to Myliobatiformes	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Gymnura	genus	belongs to Gymnuridae	stated without evidence	Cicimurri and Knight, 2009
Gymnura	genus	belongs to Gymnuridae	stated with evidence	Underwood and Schlogl, 2013

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

2 (29%)

First Recorded Appearance

58.7 - 48.6 Ma
Paleogene

Environment

marine (based on Vertebrata)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Myliobatiformes)

Diet

carnivore (based on Myliobatiformes)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Common Name(s)

Butterfly Rays, Stingrays, ツバクロエイ

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnura

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Gymnura afuerae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura altavela species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Gymnura australis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura bimaculata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura crebripunctata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura crooki species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura delpiti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Gymnura grootaerti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Gymnura hirundo species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura hovestadti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Gymnura japonica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura lessae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura marmorata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura micrura species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura micura ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Gymnura natalensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura poecilura species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura sereti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura tentaculata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gymnura zonura species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pteroplatea lapislutosa ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Gymmura	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Myliobatiformes : Gymnuridae : *Gymmura*
Pteroplataea Alcock, 1892	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Myliobatiformes : Gymnuridae : *Pteroplataea*
Gymmnura	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Myliobatiformes : Gymnuridae : *Gymmnura*
Aetoplatea Valenciennes, 1841	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Myliobatiformes : Gymnuridae : *Aetoplatea*
Dasyatis Gray, 1851	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Myliobatiformes : Gymnuridae : *Dasyatis*
Pteroplatea Müller & Henle, 1837	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Myliobatiformes : Gymnuridae : *Pteroplatea*
Planerocephalus Gratzianov, 1906	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Myliobatiformes : Gymnuridae : *Planerocephalus*
Phanerocephalus Gratzianov, 1906	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Myliobatiformes : Gymnuridae : *Phanerocephalus*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1823	Gymnura Van Hasselt
1837	Pteroplatea Muller and Henle
1841	Aetoplatea Vallencienes
1894	Pteroplatea Jaekel p. 63
1943	Pteroplatea David p. 81
1963	Gymnura Jordan p. 604
1963	Pteroplatea Jordan p. 604

Year	Name and Author
1963	Aetoplatea Jordan p. 605
1984	Aetoplatea Cappetta
1984	Gymnura Cappetta
1987	Gymnura Cappetta p. 165
2002	Gymnura Sepkoski, Jr.
2009	Gymnura Cicimurri and Knight p. 639
2013	Gymnura Underwood and Schlogl p. 501

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Jaekel O. , Die eocanen Selachier vom Monte Bolca, 1-176

David L. R. (1943) Miocene Fishes of Southern California, Geological Society of America Special Paper 43, 1-187

Jordan D. S. (1963) The Genera of Fishes and a Classification of Fishes, Stanford University Press, 1-816

Cappetta H. (1984) Découverte du genre Gymnura (Batomorphii, Myliobatiformes) dans le Thanétien des Ouled Abdoun, Maroc. Observations sur la denture de quelques espèces actuelles [Discovery of the genus Gymnura (Batomorphii, Myliobatiformes) in the Thanetian of the Ouled Abdoun, Morocco. Observations on the dentition of some modern species], Geobios 17, 631-635

Cappetta H. (1987) , Handbook of Paleoichthyology: Chondrichthyes II Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii, 1-193

Cicimurri D. J., Knight J. L. (2009) Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54 4, 627-647

Underwood C. J., Schlogl J. (2013) Deep-Water Chondrichthyans from the Early Miocene of the Vienna Basin (Central Paratethys, Slovakia), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 3, 487-509

Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & Van der Laan, R. (eds). (2019). Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. Electronic version accessed dd mmm 2019. - via World Register of Marine Species

Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2019). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2019). - via World Register of Marine Species

Shiino, Sueo M., 1976: List of Common Names of Fishes of the World, Those Prevailing among English-speaking Nations. Science Report of Shima Marineland, no. 4. 262. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Compagno, Leonard J. V. / Hamlett, William C., ed., 1999: Checklist of Living Elasmobranchs. Sharks, Skates, and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes. 471-498. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Eschmeyer, William N., 1990: null. Genera of Recent Fishes. iii + 697. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

van der Land, J.; Costello, M.J.; Zavodnik, D.; Santos, R.S.; Porteiro, F.M.; Bailly, N.; Eschmeyer, W.N.; Froese, R. (2001). Pisces, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 357-374 - via World Register of Marine Species

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Eschmeyer online (Jun 2012) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Eschmeyer, 1998 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363, 1-560. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Alg. Konst. Letter-Bode - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Eschmeyer online (February 2010) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

FishBase - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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