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Tremarctos

Description

Tremarctos is a genus of the family Ursidae, subfamily Tremarctinae endemic to Americas from the Pliocene to recent. The northern species, the Florida short-faced bear, was extinct 11,000 years ago. The sole living Tremarctos species is the South American spectacled bear.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)2433400https://www.gbif.org/species/2433400
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)41328https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41328
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Ursidae : Tremarctos
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
subclassTribosphenida
infraclassEutheria
-PlacentaliaOwen 1837
-LaurasiatheriaWaddell et al. 1999
-ScrotiferaWaddell et al. 1999
-FeraeLinnaeus 1758
-CarnivoramorphaWyss and Flynn 1993
-CarnivoraformesFlynn et al.
orderCarnivoraBowditch 1821
superfamilyArctoideaFlower 1869
-UrsidaTedford 1976
superfamilyUrsoideaFischer de Waldheim 1817
familyUrsidaeGray 1825
subfamilyTremarctinaeMerriam and Stock 1925
genusTremarctosGervais 1855
Scientific NameTremarctos Gervais, 1855
Name Published InGervais, Paul. 1855. Histoire naturelle des mammifères: avec l'indication de leurs moeurs, et de leurs rapports avec les arts, le commerce et l'agriculture. L. Curmer, Paris. Vol. 2, (Hist. Nat. Mammifères) Edition: 1-344.
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Tremarctosgenusbelongs to Ursidaestated without evidenceGervais, 1855
Tremarctosgenusbelongs to Tremarctinaestated without evidenceBjork, 1970
Tremarctosgenusbelongs to Ursidaestated without evidenceEwer, 1973
Tremarctosgenusbelongs to Tremarctinistated without evidenceChorn and Hoffman, 1978
Tremarctosgenusbelongs to Tremarctinaestated without evidenceKurten and Anderson, 1980
Tremarctosgenusbelongs to UrsidaeimpliedCarroll, 1988
Tremarctosgenusbelongs to Tremarctinaestated with evidenceTrajano and Ferrarezzi, 1995
Tremarctosgenusbelongs to Tremarctinistated without evidenceHunt, 1998
Tremarctosgenusbelongs to Tremarctinaestated without evidenceWaits et al., 1999
Tremarctosgenusbelongs to Ursidaestated without evidenceAlbright et al., 2019
Status (PBDB)extant
Taxon Size (PBDB)3
Extant Size (PBDB)2 (67%)
First Recorded Appearance4.90 - 1.80 Ma
Cenozoic
Environmentterrestrial (based on Eutheria)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietherbivore, carnivore
Ecospace Commentsnon-vertebrate/meat group (Van Valkenburgh 1988)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)P. Gervais. 1855. Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremarctos

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Arctodus floridanus
species
doubtful (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Florida Cave Bear254.90 Ma
Pliocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Tremarctos ornatus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Spectacled Bear0 Ma
Extant

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Nearctos Gray, 1873GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Ursidae : Nearctos

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1855Tremarctos Gervais
1970Tremarctos Bjork
1973Tremarctos Ewer
1978Tremarctos Chorn and Hoffman p. 3
1980Tremarctos Kurten and Anderson p. 178
1988Tremarctos Carroll
1995Tremarctos Trajano and Ferrarezzi p. 559
1998Tremarctos Hunt, Jr. p. 185
1999Tremarctos Waits et al. p. 86
2019Tremarctos Albright et al. p. 176

References

Gervais P. , Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes, 1-344
Bjork P. R. (1970) The Carnivora of the Hagerman Local Fauna (Late Pliocene) of Southwestern Idaho, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 60 7, 3-54
Ewer R. F. (1973) The Carnivores, Ithaca; Cornell University Press, 1973
Chorn J., Hoffman R. S. (1978) Ailuropoda melanoleuca, Mammalian Species 110, 1-6
Kurten B., Anderson E. (1980) , Pleistocene mammals of North America, 1-442
Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Trajano E., Ferrarezzi H. (1995) A fossil bear from northeastern Brazil, with a phylogenetic analysis of the South American extinct Tremarctinae (Ursidae), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 4, 552-561
Hunt, Jr. R. M. (1998) Ursidae, Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America 1, 174-195
Albright L. B., Sanders A. E., et al (2019) Cenozoic vertebrate biostratigraphy of South Carolina, U.S.A. and additions to the fauna, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 57 2, 77-236
Hist. Nat. Mamm., 2 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (editors). (2005). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd Ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 2,142 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
As per family (except polar bear) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 2005: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 1992: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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