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Elanus caeruleus
| Description | The black-winged kite (Elanus caeruleus), also known as the black-shouldered kite (not to be confused with the closely related Australian species with the same name), is a small diurnal bird of prey in the family Accipitridae best known for its habit of hovering over open grasslands in the manner of the much smaller kestrels. This Palearctic and Afrotropical species was sometimes combined with the Australian black-shouldered kite (Elanus axillaris) and the white-tailed kite (Elanus leucurus) of North and South America which together form a superspecies. This kite is distinctive, with long wings; white, grey and black plumage; and owl-like forward-facing eyes with red irises. The owl-like behaviour is even more pronounced in the letter-winged kite (Elanus scriptus), a nocturnal relative in Australia. Although mainly seen on plains, they are sometimes seen on grassy slopes of hills in the higher elevation regions of Asia. They are not migratory, but show nomadism in response to weather and food availability. They are well adapted to utilize periodic upsurges in rodent populations and can raise multiple broods in a single year unlike most birds of prey. Populations in southern Europe have grown in response to human activities, particularly agriculture and livestock rearing. From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elanus_caeruleus, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Taxonomy (GBIF) | Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae : Elanus : Elanus caeruleus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomic Status (GBIF) | accepted | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Classification (GBIF) |
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| Generic Name | Elanus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Scientific Name | Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Name(s) | Gleitaar, Black-winged Kite, Grijze Wouw, élanion Blanc, Black-shouldered Kite (asian), Sinihaarahaukka, Svartvingeglente, Blå Glente, Svartvingad Glada, Blouvalk (blouvalkie), Elanio Común, Nibbio Bianco, Esparver D'espatlles Negres, Hõbehaugas, Kaniuk (zwyczajny), Kuhi, Lebduh, Liitohaukka, Luniak Sivý, Luněc šedý, Melnplecu Klīja, Paprastasis Palšasis Peslys, Peneireiro-cinzento, Élanion Blac, Дымчатый коршун, เหยี่ยวขาว, カタグロトビ, 黑翅鳶〔黑肩鳶〕, 黑翅鸢, Black-shouldered Kite, Elano Urdina, Esparver D´espatlles Negres, Lagarteiro Cincento, Elanio Azul, Élanion Blanc, Kaniuk | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elanus_caeruleus |
Subtaxa
| Name | Status | Common Name(s) | Fossil Occurrences | Oldest | Youngest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elanus caeruleus caeruleus subspecies | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Elanus caeruleus hypoleucus subspecies | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Elanus caeruleus vociferus subspecies | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Elanus caeruleus wahgiensis subspecies | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
Obsolete Names
| Name | Source | Taxon Rank | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Falco caeruleus Desfontaines, 1789 | GBIF | species | Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae : Elanus : Falco caeruleus |
References
| SOF (2007) Holarktis Fåglar, version 2. SOF:s Taxonomikommittés officiella lista över Holarktis fåglar - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas |
| (1996) database, NODC Taxonomic Code - via Catalogue of Life |
| Gill, Frank, and Minturn Wright (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names - via Catalogue of Life |
| (2011) IOC World Bird List, Master List v2.9 - via Catalogue of Life |
| Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner (1987) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada: Resource Publication, no. 166 - via Catalogue of Life |
| (2011) Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource, 2011.02.25 - via Catalogue of Life |
| Gill, Frank, and Minturn Wright, 2006: null. Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. ix + 259. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| ALAMANY, O. et al. (1984): Situació actual des rapinyaires diurnes a Catalunya. En CRPR (ed.): Rapinyaires Mediterranis II. Centre de Recerca i Protecció de Rapinyaires. Barcelona...ARAÚJO, J., B. ARROYO, J. MUÑOZ-COBOS & M. RODERO (1977): Nidificación en Cáceres del elanio azul. Ardeola, 22:123-124...BERNIS, F. (1980): La migración de las aves en el Estrecho de Gibraltar, I. Aves planeadoras. Univ. Complutense. Madrid...CARBAJO, F. & J. FERRERO (1985): Ecology and status of the black-shouldered kite in Extremadura. En Newton, I. & R.D. Chancellor (eds.): Conservation studies on raptors, pp. 137-141. ICBP. Cambridge...DE JUANA, E., F. DE JUANA & S. CALVO (1988): La invernada de las aves de presa (Falconiformes) en la Península Ibérica. En: Tellería, J.L. (ed.): Invernada de aves en la Península Ibérica, pp. 97-122. SEO. Madrid...DE JUANA, F. (1989): Situación actual de las rapaces diurnas (Falconiformes) en España. Ecología, 3: 237-292...ELÓSEGUI, J. (1985): Navarra. Atlas de aves nidificantes. Caja de Ahorros de Navarra. Pamplona...FERRERO, J.J. & A. ONRUBIA (2003): Elanio común Elanus caeruleus En: Martí y del Moral (Eds.): Atlas de las Aves reproductoras de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid...FERRERO, J.J. & A. ONRUBIA (2004): Elanio común Elanus caeruleus. Libro Rojo de la Aves de España. DGCN/SEO. Madrid...GARCÍA MIGUEL, C. & J.L. RODRÍGUEZ (1977) Nidificación en Salamanca del elanio azul. Ardeola, 22: 124-125...GARZÓN, J. (1977): Birds of prey in Spain, the present situation. En Chancellor, R. (ed.): I World Conference on birds of prey, pp. 159-170. ICBP. Cambridge...MÁÑEZ, M. (2001): Elanio común, p.111-112, in: Libro Rojo de los Vertebrados Amenazados de Andalucía. Consejería de Medio Ambiente. Junta de Andalucía. 336 pp...NOVAL, A. (1986): Guía de las aves de Asturias. Noval ed. Gijón...PÉREZ OLEA, P. & GARCÍA FERNÁNDEZ, J. (1993) Noticiario ornitológico. Elanio azul. Ardeola, 40: 92...PONT, F.; BONFIL, J. y G. BOTA (2004), Esparver dèspatlles negres. Elanus caeruleus. In: Estrada, Pedrochi, Brotons y Herrando (eds.) Atles dels ocells nidificants de Catalunya 1999-2002- ICO/Lynx Ed. Barcelona...SUETENS, W. & P. VAN GROENENDAEL (1977) Observaciones en un par de nidos extremeños de elanio azul. Ardeola, 22: 113-123. - via Inventario Nacional Biodiversidad Especies amenazadas (España) |
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
