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Turdus merula

Description

The common blackbird (Turdus merula) is a species of true thrush. It is also called Eurasian blackbird (especially in North America, to distinguish it from the unrelated New World blackbirds), or simply blackbird where this does not lead to confusion with a similar-looking local species. It breeds in Europe, Asia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. It has a number of subspecies across its large range; a few of the Asian subspecies are sometimes considered to be full species. Depending on latitude, the common blackbird may be resident, partially migratory, or fully migratory.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)2490719https://www.gbif.org/species/2490719
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)365958https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=365958
Rankspecies
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Turdidae : Turdus : Turdus merula
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Turdidae : Turdus : Turdus merula
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SauropsidaHuxley 1864
classReptiliaLaurenti 1768
subclassEureptilia
-RomeriidaGauthier et al. 1988
-Diapsida
-Eosuchia
-NeodiapsidaBenton 1985
-SauriaGauthier 1984
-Archosauromorpha
-CrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
-EucrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-Archosauria
informalAvemetatarsaliaBenton 1999
-OrnithodiraGauthier 1986
-DinosauromorphaBenton 1985
-DinosauriformesNovas 1992
-Dinosauria
-Saurischia
-Theropoda
-NeotheropodaBakker 1986
-AverostraPaul 2002
-TetanuraeGauthier 1986
orderAvetheropodaPaul 1988
suborderCoelurosauriaHuene 1914
-ManiraptoraGauthier 1986
-ParavesSereno 1997
classAvesLinnaeus 1758
-PygostyliaChiappe 2002
-OrnithothoracesChiappe and Calvo 1994
-OrnithuromorphaChiappe et al. 1999
subclassOrnithuraeHaeckel 1866
subclassNeornithesGadow 1893
-Neognathae
-NeoavesSibley et al. 1988
-TerrestrornithesLivezey and Zusi 2007
-Dendrornithes
-AnomalogonatesGarrod 1874
-PicoclamatoresLivezey and Zusi 2007
superorderPasserimorphaeSibley et al. 1988
orderPasseriformesLinnaeus 1758
familyTurdidaeRafinesque 1815
genusTurdusLinnaeus 1758
speciesTurdus merulaLinnaeus 1758
Generic NameTurdus
Common Namecommon blackbird
Scientific NameTurdus merula Linnaeus, 1758
Name Published InLinnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition], vol. 1: 824 pp. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae.
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Turdus merulaspeciesbelongs to Turdusstated without evidenceLinnaeus, 1758
Turdus merulaspeciesbelongs to Turdusstated with evidenceBoule and De Villeneuve, 1927
Status (PBDB)extant
Taxon Size (PBDB)1
Extant Size (PBDB)1 (100%)
First Recorded Appearance5.33 - 0.78 Ma
Cenozoic
Environmentterrestrial (based on Turdidae)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Theropoda)
Dietinsectivore, frugivore (based on Turdidae)
Reproductionoviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)
Ontogenyaccretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)
Taphonomyhydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)
Primary Reference (PBDB)C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1:1-824
Common Name(s) Amsel, Common Blackbird, Kvørkveggja, Mustarastas, Solsort, Svarttrost, Svartßröstur, Koltrast, Eurasian Blackbird, Merle Noir, Blackbird, Merel, Eurasian Blackbird / Common Blackbird, Mirlo Común, Fekete Rigó, Merlo, Kos, Melro-preto, Zwarte Lijster, Karatavuk, Mulleja, Mullija, Mullizeza, Mwyalchen, Mëllënja, Qofka E Murrme, Qukla, Κοινός Κότσυφας, Кос, Drozd čierny, Juodasis Strazdas, Kos (zwyczajny), Kos černý, Melnais Mežastrazds, Melro, Merla, Musträstas, Чёрный дрозд, 乌鸫, 烏鶇
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdus_merula

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Turdus merula aterrimus
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Turdus merula azorensis
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Turdus merula buddae
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Turdus merula cabrerae
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Turdus merula intermedius
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Turdus merula mallorcae
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Turdus merula mandarinus
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Turdus merula mauritanicus
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Turdus merula merula
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Turdus merula nigropileus
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Turdus merula sowerbyi
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Turdus merula syriacus
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1758Turdus merula Linnaeus
1927Turdus merula Boule and De Villeneuve p. 85
2013Turdus merula Bedetti and Pavia p. 43
2017Turdus merula Clements et al.

References

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542
Boule M., De Villeneuve L. (1927) La grotte de l'Observatoire à Monaco, Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine Mémoire 1, 1-113
Bedetti C., Pavia M. (2013) Early Pleistocene birds from Pirro Nord (Puglia, southern Italy), Palaeontographica Abteilung A 298, 31-53
Clements J. F., Schulenberg T. S., et al (2017) , The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017
Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2003: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Gill, Frank, and Minturn Wright, 2006: null. Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. ix + 259. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
SOF (2007) Holarktis Fåglar, version 2. SOF:s Taxonomikommittés officiella lista över Holarktis fåglar - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas
Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition], vol. 1: 824 pp. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. - via World Register of Marine Species
(1996) database, NODC Taxonomic Code - via Catalogue of Life
(2012) Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource, 2012.01.01 - via Catalogue of Life
Gill, Frank, and Minturn Wright (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names - via Catalogue of Life
(2003) database, http://www.menv.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/centre.htm - via Catalogue of Life
Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner (1987) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada: Resource Publication, no. 166 - via Catalogue of Life
(2005) website, AOU Check-List (07-2005) - via Catalogue of Life
Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes (2003) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada - via Catalogue of Life
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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