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Alvarezsauridae ✝

Description

Alvarezsauridae is a family of small, long-legged dinosaurs. Although originally thought to represent the earliest known flightless birds, a consensus of recent work suggests that they evolved from an early branch of maniraptoran theropods. Alvarezsaurids were highly specialized. They had tiny but stout forelimbs, with compact, bird-like hands. Their skeletons suggest that they had massive breast and arm muscles, possibly adapted for digging or tearing. They had long, tube-shaped snouts filled with tiny teeth. They may have been adapted to prey on colonial insects such as termites.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)3238995https://www.gbif.org/species/3238995
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)64116https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=64116
Rankfamily
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Alvarezsauridae
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Avetheropoda : Alvarezsauridae
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SauropsidaHuxley 1864
classReptiliaLaurenti 1768
subclassEureptilia
-RomeriidaGauthier et al. 1988
-Diapsida
-Eosuchia
-NeodiapsidaBenton 1985
-SauriaGauthier 1984
-Archosauromorpha
-CrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
-EucrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-Archosauria
informalAvemetatarsaliaBenton 1999
-OrnithodiraGauthier 1986
-DinosauromorphaBenton 1985
-DinosauriformesNovas 1992
-Dinosauria
-Saurischia
-Theropoda
-NeotheropodaBakker 1986
-AverostraPaul 2002
-TetanuraeGauthier 1986
orderAvetheropodaPaul 1988
suborderCoelurosauriaHuene 1914
-ManiraptoraGauthier 1986
familyAlvarezsauridaeBonaparte 1991
Scientific NameAlvarezsauridae
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Alvarezsauriastated without evidenceBonaparte, 1991
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Maniraptorastated without evidenceNovas, 1994
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Alvarezsauriastated with evidenceBonaparte, 1996
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Metornithesstated with evidenceChiappe et al., 1996
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Metornithesstated without evidenceChiappe, 1996
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Metornithesstated with evidenceJi et al., 1999
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Ornithomimoideastated with evidenceSereno, 1999
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Metornithesstated with evidenceHoltz, 2000
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Coelurosauriastated with evidenceNovas and Pol, 2002
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Metornithesstated with evidenceChiappe et al., 2002
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Avialaestated without evidencePadian, 2004
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Maniraptorastated with evidenceNovas et al., 2006
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Alvarezsauroideastated with evidenceChoiniere et al., 2010
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Alvarezsauriastated with evidenceAgnolin et al., 2012
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Maniraptorastated with evidenceMakovicky et al., 2012
Alvarezsauridaefamilybelongs to Maniraptorastated without evidenceLu et al., 2018
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)18
First Recorded Appearance99.6 - 93.5 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Last Recorded Appearance70.6 - 66.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Environmentterrestrial (based on Theropoda)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Theropoda)
Dietcarnivore (based on Coelurosauria)
Reproductionoviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)
Ontogenyaccretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)
Taphonomyhydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)
Primary Reference (PBDB)J. F. Bonaparte. 1991. Los vertebrados fósiles de la Formación Rio Colorado, de la Ciudad de Neuquén y Cercanías, Cretácico Superior, Argentina [The vertebrate fossils of the Rio Colorado Formation, from the city of Neuquén and surrounding areas, Upper Cretaceous, Argentina]. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" e Instituto Nacional de Investigación de las Ciencias Naturales: Paleontología 4(3):17-123
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarezsauridae

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Patagonykinae
subfamily
listed (PBDB)393.5 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
83.5 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Achillesaurus
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
186.3 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
86.3 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Alnashetri
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
199.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
99.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Alvarezsaurus
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
186.3 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
86.3 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Bonapartenykus
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Elopteryx
genus
listed (PBDB)283.5 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
70.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Kol
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
183.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
83.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Patagonykus
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Qiupanykus
genus
listed (PBDB)172.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Alvarezosauridae GBIFfamilyAnimalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Alvarezosauridae

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1991Alvarezsauridae Bonaparte p. 82
1994Alvarezsauridae Novas
1996Alvarezsauridae Bonaparte p. 95
1996Alvarezsauridae Chiappe p. 540
1996Alvarezsauridae Chiappe et al. p. 560 fig. 2
1996Alvarezsauridae Novas p. 676 fig. 1
1997Alvarezsauridae Novas p. 141
1999Alvarezsauridae Ji et al. p. 5
1999Alvarezsauridae Sereno p. 2139 fig. 2
YearName and Author
2000Alvarezsauridae Holtz, Jr. p. 13 fig. 5
2002Alvarezsauridae Chiappe et al. p. 90
2002Alvarezsauridae Novas and Pol pp. 122-123 fig. 5.1
2004Alvarezsauridae Padian p. 211
2006Alvarezsauridae Novas et al. p. 63
2010Alvarezsauridae Choiniere et al. p. 573 fig. 2
2012Alvarezsauridae Agnolin et al. p. 35
2012Alvarezsauridae Makovicky et al. p. 90 fig. 9
2018Alvarezsauridae Lu et al.

References

Bonaparte J. F. (1991) Los vertebrados fósiles de la Formación Rio Colorado, de la Ciudad de Neuquén y Cercanías, Cretácico Superior, Argentina [The vertebrate fossils of the Rio Colorado Formation, from the city of Neuquén and surrounding areas, Upper Cretaceous, Argentina], Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" e Instituto Nacional de Investigación de las Ciencias Naturales: Paleontología 4 3, 17-123
Novas F. E. (1994) Patagonykus puertai n. gen. et sp., and the phylogenetic relationships of the Alvarezsauridae (Theropoda, Maniraptora), VI Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía, R. Cúneo (ed), Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew Abstracts
Bonaparte J. F. (1996) Cretaceous tetrapods of Argentina, Münchner Geowissenschaften Abhandlungen 30, 73-130
Chiappe L. M. (1996) Early avian evolution on the southern hemisphere: the fossil record of birds in the Mesozoic of Gondwana, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 39 3, 533-554
Novas F. E. (1996) Alvarezsauridae, Cretaceous basal birds from Patagonia and Mongolia, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 39 3, 675-702
Novas F. E. (1997) Anatomy of Patagonykus puertai (Theropoda, Avialae, Alvarezsauridae), from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17 1, 137-166
Ji Q., Chiappe L. M., et al (1999) A new late Mesozoic confuciusornithid bird from China, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 1, 1-7
Sereno P. C. (1999) The evolution of dinosaurs, Science 284, 2137-2147
Padian K. (2004) Basal Avialae, In D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska (eds.), The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, 210-231
Novas F. E., Ezcurra M. D., et al (2006) Humerus of a basal abelisauroid theropod from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, nuevo serie 8 1, 63-68
Choiniere J. N., Xu X., et al (2010) A basal alvarezsauroid theropod from the early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China, Science 327 5965, 571-574 doi:10.1126/science.1182143
Agnolin F. L., Powell J. E., et al (2012) New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs, Cretaceous Research 35 1, 33-56 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.014
Makovicky P. J., Apesteguia S., et al (2012) Chapter 7: A New Coelurosaurian Theropod from the La Buitrera Fossil Locality of Río Negro, Argentina, Fieldiana: Life and Earth Sciences 5, 90-98 doi:10.3158/2158-5520-5.1.90
Lu J.-C., Xu L., et al (2018) A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Qiupa Formation of Luanchuan, Henan Province, central China, China Geology 1, 28-35
Benton (2005) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Benton 2005 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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