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Apenesia

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	4670212	https://www.gbif.org/species/4670212
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	151906	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=151906

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Hymenoptera : Bethylidae : Apenesia

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Ecdysozoa
-	Panarthropoda
phylum	Arthropoda	Latreille 1829
subphylum	Mandibulata
-	Pancrustacea
superclass	Hexapoda	Latreille 1825
-	Cercofilata	Kukalová-Peck 1987
class	Insecta	Linnaeus 1758
-	Dicondylia
-	Paranotalia	Sroka et al. 2014
subclass	Pterygota	Brauer 1885
-	Neopterygota	Crampton 1924
infraclass	Neoptera	Martynov 1923
-	Holometabola
order	Hymenoptera	Linnaeus 1758
-	Unicalcarida	Schulmeister et al. 2002
suborder	Vespina
suborder	Apocrita	Gerstaecker 1867
-	Aculeata
superfamily	Chrysidoidea	Latreille 1802
family	Bethylidae	Forster 1856
subfamily	Pristocerinae	Mocsary 1881
genus	Apenesia	Westwood 1874

Scientific Name

Apenesia Westwood, 1874

Name Published In

Thesaur. Ent. Oxon.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Apenesia	genus	belongs to Bethyllides	stated with evidence	Westwood, 1874
Apenesia	genus	belongs to Pristocerinae	stated with evidence	Sorg, 1988
Apenesia	genus	belongs to Bethylidae	stated without evidence	Carpenter, 1992
Apenesia	genus	belongs to Pristocerinae	stated with evidence	Azevedo and Azar, 2012

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

1 (50%)

First Recorded Appearance

20.4 - 13.8 Ma
Miocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Insecta)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Arthropoda)

Taphonomy

chitin (based on Insecta)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. O. Westwood. 1874. Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis; or, Illustrations of New, Rare, and Interesting Insects, for the most part Contained in the Collections Presented to the University of Oxford by the Rev. F. W. Hope, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., & C. with Forty Plates from Drawings by the Author

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Apenesia acia species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia amoena species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia apicilata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia auricula species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia bicolor species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia brasiliensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia bugabensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia caribbeana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia chitouensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia concavata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia coronata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia crenulata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia curvata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia delicata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia electriphila species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia elongata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia flaviscapus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia formosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia formosimonticola species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia funebris species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia guatemalensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia inca species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia laevigata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia liukueiensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia maya species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia megaventris species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia meifuiae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia membranaceus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia miki ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Apenesia paradoxa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia paraensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia perlonga species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia photophila species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia pingtungensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia quadrata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia rostrum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia sahyadrica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia singularis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia spinipes species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia striatula species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia strigulata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia takasago species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia tenebrosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia transversa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Apenesia truncaticeps species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1874	Apenesia Westwood p. 170
1893	Apenesia Ashmead p. 46
1988	Apenesia Sorg p. 56
1992	Apenesia Carpenter
2004	Archaeopristocera Terayama p. 43
2012	Apenesia Azevedo and Azar p. 217
2012	Archaeopristocera Azevedo and Azar p. 217
2018	Apenesia Azevedo et al. p. 64

References

Westwood J. O. , Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis; or, Illustrations of New, Rare, and Interesting Insects, for the most part Contained in the Collections Presented to the University of Oxford by the Rev. F. W. Hope, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., & C. with Forty Plates from Drawings by the Author, 1-205

Ashmead W. H. Monograph of the North American Proctotrypidae, Bulletin of the United States National Museum 43, 1-463

Sorg M. (1988) Zur Phylogenie und Systematik der Bethylidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea), Sonderveröffentlichungen des Geologischen Instituts der Universität Köln 63, 1-146

Carpenter F. M. (1992) , Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part R, Arthropoda 4: Superclass Hexapoda 3/4, 1-655

Terayama M. (2004) Descriptions of new taxa and distribution records of the family Bethylidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) II. Subfamily Bethylinae and fossil taxa, Academic Reports, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University 27, 39-52

Azevedo C. O., Azar D. (2012) A new fossil subfamily of Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber and its phylogenetic position, Zoologia 29, 210-218

Azevedo C. O., Alencar I. D. C., et al (2018) Global guide of the flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), Zootaxa 4489, 1-294

GBIF/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum: Bishop Museum Natural Sciences Data - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Thesaur. Ent. Oxon. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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