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Proterozetes ✝

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	4941647	https://www.gbif.org/species/4941647
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	104972	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=104972

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : Proterozetes

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Otariidae : Proterozetes

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

doubtful

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
-	Placentalia	Owen 1837
-	Laurasiatheria	Waddell et al. 1999
-	Scrotifera	Waddell et al. 1999
-	Ferae	Linnaeus 1758
-	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
-	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
order	Carnivora	Bowditch 1821
superfamily	Arctoidea	Flower 1869
-	Pinnipedimorpha	Berta et al. 1989
-	Pinnipedia
superfamily	Otarioidea	Gray 1825
family	Otariidae
genus	Proterozetes	Barnes et al. 2006

Scientific Name

Proterozetes Barnes et al., 2006

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Proterozetes	genus	belongs to Otariini	stated without evidence	Barnes et al., 2006
Proterozetes	genus	belongs to Otariidae	stated with evidence	Boessenecker and Churchill, 2015
Proterozetes	genus	belongs to Otariidae	stated without evidence	Berta, 2017
Proterozetes	genus	belongs to Otariidae	stated with evidence	Berta, 2018
Proterozetes	genus	belongs to Otariidae	stated without evidence	Berta et al., 2018

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

2.59 - 0.13 Ma
Pleistocene

Last Recorded Appearance

0.78 - 0.01 Ma
Pleistocene

Environment

marine (based on Pinnipedia)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

piscivore (based on Otariidae)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Ontogeny

modification of parts (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

L. G. Barnes, C. E. Ray, and I. Koretsky. 2006. A new Pliocene sea lion, Proterozetes ulysses (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Oregon, U.S.A. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Vertebrates and Paleoenvironments

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Proterozetes ulysses ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
2006	Proterozetes Barnes et al. p. 59
2015	Proterozetes Boessenecker and Churchill figs. Fig. 2
2017	Proterozetes Berta p. 156
2017	Proterozetes Poust and Boessenecker
2018	Proterozetes Berta p. 714 figs. Fig. 2
2018	Proterozetes Berta et al. p. 210 figs. Fig. 5

References

Barnes L. G., Ray C. E., et al (2006) A new Pliocene sea lion, Proterozetes ulysses (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Oregon, U.S.A., Mesozoic and Cenozoic Vertebrates and Paleoenvironments, 57-77

Boessenecker R. W., Churchill M. (2015) The oldest known fur seal, Biology Letters doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0835

Berta A. (2017) , The Rise of Marine Mammals: 50 Million Years of Evolution, 1-198

Poust A. W., Boessenecker R. W. (2017) Mandibles of the sea lion Proterozetes ulysses from the middle Pleistocene Port Orford Formation of Oregon, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 3, e1317637 doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1317637

Berta A. (2018) Pinniped evolution, Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 712-722

Berta A., Churchill M., et al (2018) The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 46, 203-228 doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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