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Ichthyosaurus ✝

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Ichthyosaurus sp.

Whitby, Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England, UK

Ichthyosaurus sp.

Vale of the White Horse, Oxfordshire, England, UK

Ichthyosaurus sp.

Whitby, Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England, UK

Ichthyosaurus sp.

Vale of the White Horse, Oxfordshire, England, UK

Ichthyosaurus sp.

Whitby, Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England, UK

Ichthyosaurus sp.

Vale of the White Horse, Oxfordshire, England, UK

Description

Ichthyosaurus (derived from Greek ιχθυς (ichthys) meaning 'fish' and σαυρος (sauros) meaning 'lizard') is a genus of ichthyosaurs from the late Triassic and early Jurassic (Rhaetian - Pliensbachian) of Europe (Belgium, England, Germany, Switzerland) and Asia (Indonesia). It is among the best known ichthyosaur genera, as it is the type genus of the order Ichthyosauria.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosaurus, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	7682338	https://www.gbif.org/species/7682338
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	36558	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36558

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : Ichthyosaurus

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauria : Ichthyosauridae : Ichthyosaurus

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

doubtful

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Ichthyosauromorpha	Motani et al. 2015
-	Ichthyosauriformes	Motani et al. 2015
-	Ichthyopterygia
-	Eoichthyosauria	Motani 1999
-	Ichthyosauria
-	Parvipelvia	Motani 1999
-	Neoichthyosauria	Sander 2000
-	Thunnosauria	Motani 1999
family	Ichthyosauridae	Bonaparte 1841
genus	Ichthyosaurus	König 1818

Scientific Name

Ichthyosaurus König, 1818

Name Published In

Syn. Contents Brit. Mus., ed. 13

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Enaliosauri	stated without evidence	Parkinson, 1822
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauroidea	stated without evidence	Fitzinger, 1826
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Enaliosauria	stated with evidence	Owen, 1840
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Nexipodes	stated without evidence	Meyer, 1845
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauridae	stated without evidence	d'Orbigny, 1849
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyopterygia	stated without evidence	Owen, 1861
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauridae	stated with evidence	Günther, 1886
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyopterygia	stated with evidence	Lydekker, 1889
Ichthyosaurus	genus	subjective synonym of Proteosaurus	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauridae	stated without evidence	Merriam, 1908
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauridae	stated with evidence	Appleby, 1967
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauridae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Thunnosauria	stated with evidence	Motani, 1999
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Neoichthyosauria	stated with evidence	Sander, 2000
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Thunnosauria	stated with evidence	Maisch and Matzke, 2000
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauria	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauridae	stated without evidence	McGowan and Motani, 2003
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauridae	stated with evidence	Maisch et al., 2008
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Thunnosauria	stated with evidence	Fischer et al., 2011
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauridae	stated with evidence	Bennett et al., 2012
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Thunnosauria	stated with evidence	Fischer et al., 2012
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauria	stated with evidence	Brusatte et al., 2015
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauridae	stated without evidence	Lomax and Massare, 2015
Ichthyosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauridae	stated with evidence	Massare and Lomax, 2018

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

228 - 216 Ma
Late/Upper Triassic

Last Recorded Appearance

122 - 112 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous

Environment

marine (based on Ichthyosauria)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Ichthyosauria)

Diet

carnivore (based on Ichthyosauria)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Ichthyosauria)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite (based on Ichthyosauria)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosaurus

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Ichthyosaurus acutirostris ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	183 Ma Early Jurassic	183 Ma Early Jurassic
Ichthyosaurus arietis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ichthyosaurus breviceps ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	197 Ma Early Jurassic	197 Ma Early Jurassic
Ichthyosaurus communis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		19	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	190 Ma Early Jurassic
Ichthyosaurus conybeari ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	197 Ma Early Jurassic	197 Ma Early Jurassic
Ichthyosaurus cornalianus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Ichthyosaurus entheciodon ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	152 Ma Late Jurassic	152 Ma Late Jurassic
Ichthyosaurus enthekiodon ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	156 Ma Jurassic	156 Ma Jurassic
Ichthyosaurus extremus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Ichthyosaurus hectori species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ichthyosaurus hercnyicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ichthyosaurus indicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ichthyosaurus intermedius species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ichthyosaurus latimanus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ichthyosaurus longimanus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Ichthyosaurus longipennis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ichthyosaurus longipes ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	183 Ma Early Jurassic	183 Ma Early Jurassic
Ichthyosaurus oligostinus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ichthyosaurus paramecostinus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ichthyosaurus platyodon ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	201 Ma Early Jurassic	197 Ma Early Jurassic
Ichthyosaurus polyostinus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ichthyosaurus strongylostinus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	201 Ma Early Jurassic
Ichthyosaurus trigonodon ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Ichthyosaurus trigonus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ichthyosaurus triscissus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Protoichthyosaurus prosostealis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	201 Ma Early Jurassic	201 Ma Early Jurassic

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Ichthyosaurus normanniae Valenciennes, 1861	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus normanniae*
Ichthyosaurus latifrons (Konig, 1825)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus latifrons*
Ichthyosaurus bodenbenderi Dames, 1893	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus bodenbenderi*
Ichthyosaurus dilatatus (Phillips, 1871)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus dilatatus*
Ichthyosaurus immanis Phillipi, 1895	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus immanis*
Ichthyosaurus advena Phillips, 1871	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus advena*
Ichthyosaurus hildesiensis Koken, 1883	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus hildesiensis*
Ichthyosaurus hygrodeirus Seeley, 1969	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus hygrodeirus*
Ichthyosaurus brachyspondylus Owen, 1881	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus brachyspondylus*
Ichthyosaurus aequalis Phillips, 1871	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus aequalis*
Ichthyosaurus zollerianus Quenstedt, 1858	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus zollerianus*
Ichthyosaurus cuvieri Valenciennes, 1861	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus cuvieri*
Icthiosaurus Gray, 1825	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Icthiosaurus*
Ichthyosaurus chalarodeirus Seeley, 1869	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus chalarodeirus*
Ichthyosaurus californicus Camp, 1942	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus californicus*
Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus (Owen, 1840)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus*
Ichthyosaurus ovalis (Phillips, 1871)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus ovalis*
Ichthyosaurus steleodon Bogolubow, 1909	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus steleodon*
Ichtyosaurus Latreille, 1825	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichtyosaurus*
Ichthyosaurus lacunosae Quenstedt, 1885	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus lacunosae*
Icthyosaurus Conybeare, 1821	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Icthyosaurus*
Ichthyosaurus posthumus Wagner, 1851	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus posthumus*
Ichthyosaurus franciscanus Camp, 1942	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Ichthyosaurus franciscanus*
Leptopterygius latifrons (Konig, 1825)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Leptopterygius latifrons*
Macropterygius dilatatus (Phillips, 1871)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Macropterygius dilatatus*
Macropterygius ovalis (Phillips, 1871)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Macropterygius ovalis*
Macropterygius thyreospondylus (Owen, 1840)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Ichthyosauridae : *Macropterygius thyreospondylus*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1818	Ichthyosaurus Koenig
1819	Proteosaurus Home p. 212
1822	Ichthyosaurus Parkinson p. 296
1824	Ichthyosaurus coniformis Harlan
1825	Ichthyosaurus latifrons Konig figs. Pl. 19, fig. 250
1826	Ichthyosaurus Fitzinger p. 9
1830	Gryphus Wagler p. 60
1840	Ichthyosaurus giganteus Leach
1840	Ichthyosaurus Owen p. 86
1840	Ichthyosaurus latifrons Owen p. 122
1840	Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus Owen p. 124
1840	Ichthyosaurus trigonus Owen p. 124
1845	Ichthyosaurus Meyer p. 281
1849	Ichthyosaurus d'Orbigny p. 209
1851	Ichthyosaurus latifrons Mantell p. 385
1851	Ichthyosaurus posthumus Wagner p. 702
1854	Ichthyosaurus crassicostatus Theodori
1854	Ichthyosaurus hexagonus Theodori
1854	Ichthyosaurus planartus Theodori
1854	Ichthyosaurus sinuatus Theodori p. 50
1856	Ichthyosaurus nasimowii Fahrenkohl
1856	Ichthyosaurus amalthei Quenstedt
1858	Ichthyosaurus zollerianus Quenstedt p. 371
1861	Ichthyosaurus Owen p. 220
1861	Ichthyosaurus normanniae Valenciennes p. 101
1861	Ichthyosaurus cuvieri Valenciennes p. 273
1862	Ichthyosaurus leucopetraeus Burmeister and Giebel
1869	Ichthyosaurus angustidens Seeley
1869	Ichthyosaurus bonneyi Seeley
1869	Ichthyosaurus platymerus Seeley
1869	Ichthyosaurus walkeri Seeley
1869	Ichthyosaurus chalarodeirus Seeley p. 106
1871	Ichthyosaurus aequalis Phillips
1871	Ichthyosaurus dilatatus Phillips
1871	Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus Phillips pp. 307, 337
1871	Ichthyosaurus advena Phillips p. 339
1871	Ichthyosaurus ovalis Phillips p. 339
1876	Ichthyosaurus biscissus Wurstemberger
1879	Ichthyosaurus indicus Lydekker p. 28 figs. Pl. 5:6-7
1881	Ichthyosaurus brachyspondylus Owen p. 127
1883	Ichthyosaurus hildesiensis Koken
1885	Ichthyosaurus aduncus Quenstedt
1885	Ichthyosaurus lacunosae Quenstedt
1885	Ichthyosaurus torulosi Quenstedt
1886	Ichthyosaurus Günther p. 442
1886	Ichthyosaurus pottsi Hector
1888	Ichthyosaurus ceramensis Martin
1889	Ichthyosaurus Lydekker p. 12
1889	Ichthyosaurus indicus Lydekker p. 22
1889	Ichthyosaurus trigonus Lydekker p. 22 figs. 12-14
1889	Ichthyosaurus ovalis Lydekker p. 29 fig. 15

Year	Name and Author
1889	Ichthyosaurus latifrons Lydekker p. 89 figs. 31-33
1889	Ichthyosaurus hectori Lydekker p. 355
1890	Ichthyosaurus quenstedti Zittel
1891	Ichthyosaurus arietis Fraas
1891	Ichthyosaurus psilonoti Fraas
1892	Ichthyosaurus numismalis Fraas
1893	Ichthyosaurus bodenbenderi Dames p. 23 figs. Pl. 1 (1, 2)
1895	Ichthyosaurus immanis Phillipi
1901	Ichthyosaurus bambergensis Bauer
1902	Proteosaurus Hay p. 462
1903	Ichthyosaurus volgensis Kasansky
1904	Eurypterygius Jaekel
1908	Ichthyosaurus kokeni Broili
1908	Ichthyosaurus Merriam p. 88
1908	Ichthyosaurus hectori Merriam p. 154
1909	Ichthyosaurus steleodon Bogolubow
1914	Ichthyosaurus hectori Chapman p. 277
1939	Ichthyosaurus torrei Torre and Cuervo
1942	Ichthyosaurus franciscanus Camp p. 362 figs. 1, 2A
1942	Ichthyosaurus californicus Camp p. 367 figs. 3, 4
1949	Ichthyosaurus saladensis Rusconi
1949	Ichthyosaurus sanjuanensis Rusconi
1960	Macropterygius trigonus Delair p. 64
1960	Macropterygius dilatatus Delair p. 65
1960	Macropterygius ovalis Delair p. 65
1960	Macropterygius thyreospondylus Delair p. 66
1960	Leptopterygius latifrons Delair p. 73
1967	Ichthyosaurus Appleby p. 137
1969	Ichthyosaurus hygrodeirus Seeley p. 106
1974	Ichthyosaurus McGowan p. 6
1979	Protoichthyosaurus prosostealis Appleby p. 942
1982	Tibetosaurus Dong
1982	Tibetosaurus tingjiensis Young et al.
1988	Ichthyosaurus Carroll
1994	Macropterygius trigonus Frickhinger p. 249 fig. 514
1999	Ichthyosaurus Motani p. 484
2000	Ichthyosaurus Maisch and Matzke pp. 74, 98
2000	Ichthyosaurus Sander
2002	Ichthyosaurus Sepkoski, Jr.
2003	Ichthyosaurus McGowan and Motani
2008	Ichthyosaurus Maisch et al.
2010	Ichthyosaurus Maisch
2011	Ichthyosaurus Fischer et al.
2012	Ichthyosaurus Bennett et al.
2012	Ichthyosaurus Fischer et al.
2013	Ichthyosaurus Fischer et al.
2014	Ichthyosaurus Arkhangelsky and Zverkov
2015	Ichthyosaurus Brusatte et al.
2015	Ichthyosaurus Lomax and Massare
2018	Ichthyosaurus Massare and Lomax

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Parkinson J. , Outlines of Oryctology. An Introduction to the Study of Fossil Organic Remains; Especially of Those Found in the British Strata: Intended to Aid the Student in His Inquiries Respecting the Nature of Fossils, viii-350

Fitzinger L. I. Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren Natürlichen Verwandtschaften. Einer Verwandtschafts-Tafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien-Sammlung des K. K. Zoologischen Museum’s zu Wien [New Classification of Reptiles According to their Natural Relationships. A Kinship Panel and a Directory of the Reptile Collection of the K. K. Zoological Museum in Vienna], 1-66

Owen R. Report on British fossil reptiles, Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 8, 43-126

Meyer H. v. System der fossilen Saurier [Taxonomy of fossil saurians], Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefakten-Kunde 1845, 278-285

Mantell G. A. , Petrifactions and Their Teachings; or, a Hand-Book to the Gallery of Organic Remains of the British Museum, xi-496

Owen R. , Palaeontology, or a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and their Geological Relations. Second Edition. Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh, 1-463

Phillips J. , Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1-523

Lydekker R. Fossil Reptilia and Batrachia, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palaeontologia Indica, Series IV. Indian Pretertiary Vertebrata 1 3, 1-36

Koken E. Die Reptilien der norddeutschen unteren Kreide, Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft 35, 735-827

Lydekker R. , Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia, Part II. Containing the orders Ichthyopterygia and Sauropterygia

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Merriam J. C. (1908) Triassic Ichthyosauria, Memoirs of the University of California 1 1, 1-155

Chapman F. (1914) , Australasian Fossils. A Students’ Manual of Palaeontology, 1-341

Camp C. L. (1942) Ichthyosaur rostra from central California, Journal of Paleontology 16 3, 362-371

Delair J. B. (1960) The Mesozoic reptiles of Dorset. Part three: conclusion, Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 81, 59-85

Appleby R. M. (1967) The reptile families Ichthyosauridae and Ophthalmosauridae, Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 1640, 137-138

McGowan C. (1974) A revision of the latipinnate ichthyosaurs of the Lower Jurassic of England (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), Life Sciences Contribution Royal Ontario Museum 100, 1-30

Appleby R. M. (1979) The affinities of Liassic and later ichthyosaurs, Palaeontology 22 4, 921-946

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Motani R. (1999) Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 3, 473-496

Maisch M. W., Matzke A. T. (2000) The Ichthyosauria, Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Palaontologie) 298, 1-159

Sander P. M. (2000) Ichthyosauria: their diversity, distribution and phylogeny, Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 74 1/2, 1-35

Maisch M. W., Reisdorf A. G., et al (2008) A large skull of Ichthyosaurus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of Frick (NW Switzerland), Swiss Journal of Geoscience 101, 617-627

Maisch M. W. (2010) Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria - the state of the art, Palaeodiversity 3, 151-214

Fischer V., Masure E., et al (2011) A new Barremian (Early Cretaceous) ichthyosaur from western Russia, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 5, 1010-1025

Bennett S. P., Barrett P. M., et al (2012) A new specimen of Ichthyosaurus communis from Dorset, UK, and its bearing on the stratigraphical range of the species, Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 123, 146-154

Fischer V., Maisch M. W., et al (2012) New ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs from the European Lower Cretaceous demonstrate extensive ichthyosaur survival across the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary, PLoS One 7 1, e29234 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029234

Fischer V., Appleby R. M., et al (2013) A basal thunnosaurian from Iraq reveals disparate phylogenetic origins for Cretaceous ichthyosaurs, Biology Letters 98 4, 20130021 doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0021

Arkhangelsky M. S., Zverkov N. G. (2014) On a new ichthyosaur of the genus Undurosaurus, Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 318 5, 187-196

Brusatte S. L., Young M. T., et al (2015) Ichthyosaurs from the Jurassic of Skye, Scotland, Scottish Journal of Geology doi:10.1144/sjg2014-018

Lomax D. R., Massare J. A. (2015) A new species of Ichthyosaurus from the Lower Jurassic of west Dorset, England, U.K, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e903260, 1-14 doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.903260

Massare J. A., Lomax D. R. (2018) A taxonomic reassessment of Ichthyosaurus communis and I. intermedius and a revised diagnosis for the genus, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 16 3, 263-277 doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1291116

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363, 1-560. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Syn. Contents Brit. Mus., ed. 13 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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