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Perissodactyla

Photos

Photo Gallery

Teleoceras major

Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park, Antelope County, Nebraska, USA

Rhinoceros nebraskensis

Sioux County, Nebraska, USA

Teleoceras major

Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park, Antelope County, Nebraska, USA

Rhinoceros nebraskensis

Sioux County, Nebraska, USA

Teleoceras major

Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park, Antelope County, Nebraska, USA

Rhinoceros nebraskensis

Sioux County, Nebraska, USA

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	42980	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42980

Rank

order (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
-	Placentalia	Owen 1837
order	Perissodactyla	Owen 1848

Common Name

odd-toed ungulate

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Perissodactyla	unranked clade	belongs to Ungulata	stated without evidence	Owen, 1848
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated with evidence	Leidy, 1873
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Ungulata	stated without evidence	Flower, 1883
Perissodactyla	unranked clade	belongs to Diplarthra	stated without evidence	Cope, 1889
Perissodactyla	unranked clade	belongs to Ungulata	stated without evidence	Flower and Lydekker, 1891
Perissodactyla	suborder	belongs to Ungulata	stated with evidence	Gadow, 1898
Perissodactyla	suborder	belongs to Ungulata	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Perissodactyla	suborder	belongs to Mesaxonia	stated without evidence	Gregory, 1910
Perissodactyla	suborder	subjective synonym of Mesodactyli	stated without evidence	Jaekel, 1911
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Ferrusquia-Villafranca, 1969
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Phenacodonta	stated without evidence	McKenna, 1975
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Thurmond and Jones, 1981
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Eutheria	stated without evidence	Hooker, 1986
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	MacFadden, 1986
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Eutheria	implied	Carroll, 1988
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Altungulata	stated without evidence	Prothero and Schoch, 1989
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Eutheria	implied	Nowak, 1991
Perissodactyla	unranked clade	belongs to Zooamata	stated without evidence	Waddell et al., 1999
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Laurasiatheria	stated without evidence	Madsen et al., 2001
Perissodactyla	unranked clade	belongs to Euungulata	stated without evidence	Waddell et al., 2001
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Prothero, 2005
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Mammalia	implied	Hulbert and Whitmore, 2006
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Symeonidis et al., 2006
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Euungulata	stated without evidence	Asher and Helgen, 2010
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2014
Perissodactyla	order	belongs to Placentalia	stated with evidence	Cooper et al., 2014

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

1,506

Extant Size (PBDB)

82 (5.4%)

First Recorded Appearance

59.2 - 56.0 Ma
Paleocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Eutheria)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

browser, grazer (based on Perissodactyla)

Ecospace Comments

life habit and diet based on Nowak 1999

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. Owen. 1848. Description of teeth and portions of jaws of two extinct Anthracotherioid quadrupeds (Hyopotamus vectianus and Hyop. bovinus) discovered by the Marchioness of Hastings in the Eocene deposits on the NW coast of the Isle of Wight: with an attempt to develope Cuvier's idea of the Classification of Pachyderms by the number of their toes. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 4:103-141

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Desmostylia ✝ order	listed (PBDB)	Desmostylian	199	33.9 Ma Oligocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Stereopterna ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
Lophodontomorpha suborder	listed (PBDB)		6,809	56.0 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Mesaxonia suborder	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Solidungula suborder	listed (PBDB)
Titanotheriomorpha suborder	listed (PBDB)
Rhinocerotida superfamily	listed (PBDB)		2	0.78 Ma Pleistocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Anthracobunidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		28	56.0 Ma Paleocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Brontotheriidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Brontothere	550	56.0 Ma Paleocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Cambaytheriidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Hyracotheriidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Triplopodidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)
Equina tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cambaytherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Ghazijhippus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Hallensia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	55.8 Ma Eocene	55.8 Ma Eocene
Mesolambdolophus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Nakusia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Paschatherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		25	59.2 Ma Paleocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Perissobune ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		34	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Skopaiolophus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Teilhardimys ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		18	59.2 Ma Paleocene	55.8 Ma Eocene
Tapiromorpha unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		4,738	56.0 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1848	Perissodactyla Owen p. 131
1873	Perissodactyla Leidy p. 321
1883	Perissodactyla Flower p. 185
1889	Perissodactyla Cope p. 876
1891	Perissodactyla Cope p. 8
1891	Perissodactyla Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1894	Perissodactyla Ameghino p. 13
1897	Hippopotamus iravaticus Noetling
1898	Perissodactyla Gadow p. 46
1902	Perissodactyla Hay p. 607
1908	Perissodactyla Lambe
1910	Perissodactyla Gregory p. 466
1969	Perissodactyla Ferrusquia-Villafranca
1975	Perissodactyla McKenna p. 43
1981	Perissodactyla Thurmond and Jones p. 182
1984	Perissodactyla Schoch p. 3
1985	Perissodactyla Kumar and Sahni p. 153

Year	Name and Author
1986	Perissodactyla Hooker p. 342
1986	Perissodactyla MacFadden p. 467
1988	Perissodactyla Carroll
1989	Perissodactyla Prothero and Schoch p. 530
1991	Perissodactyla Nowak
1997	Selenida McKenna and Bell
1999	Perissodactyla Waddell et al. p. 3
2001	Perissodactyla Madsen et al. p. 610
2001	Perissodactyla Waddell et al. p. 148
2005	Perissodactyla Prothero
2006	Perissodactyla Hulbert and Whitmore p. 13
2006	Perissodactyla Symeonidis et al.
2009	Perissodactyla MacFadden
2010	Perissodactyla Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1
2014	Perissodactyla Cooper et al. p. 3 fig. 3
2014	Perissodactyla Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. p. 204

References

Owen R. Description of teeth and portions of jaws of two extinct Anthracotherioid quadrupeds (Hyopotamus vectianus and Hyop. bovinus) discovered by the Marchioness of Hastings in the Eocene deposits on the NW coast of the Isle of Wight: with an attempt to develope Cuvier's idea of the Classification of Pachyderms by the number of their toes, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 4, 103-141

Leidy J. Part I. Contributions to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the western territories, Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1, 1-358

Flower W. H. On the arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883, 178-186

Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29

Cope E. D. On vertebrata from the Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks of the North West Territory: The species from the Oligocene or Lower Miocene beds of the Cypress Hills, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3, 1-25

Ameghino F. Enumeration synoptique des especes de mammifères fossiles des formations éocènes de Patagonie, Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba (Republica Argentina) 13, 259-452

Gadow H. , A Classification of Vertebrata Recent and Extinct, xvii-82

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Lambe L. M. (1908) The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3 4, 1-65 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61444

Gregory W. K. (1910) The orders of mammals, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 27, 1-524

Ferrusquia-Villafranca I. (1969) Rancho Gaitan Local Fauna, Early Chadronian, Northeastern Chihuahua, Boletín de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana 33 2, 99-138

McKenna M. C. (1975) Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia, Phylogeny of the Primates, Plenum Publishing, New York, 21-46

Thurmond J. T., Jones D. E. (1981) , Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama, 1-244

Schoch R. M. (1984) The Type Specimens of Tapiravus validus and ? Tapiravus rams (Mammalia, Perissodactyla), with a Review of the Genus, and a New Report of Miotapirus {Miotapirus marslandensis Schoch and Prins, new species) from Nebraska, Postilla 195, 1-12

Kumar K., Sahni A. (1985) Eocene mammals from the upper Subathu Group, Kashmir Himalaya, India, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5 2, 153-168

Hooker J. J. (1986) Mammals from the Bartonian (middle/late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 39 4, 191-478

MacFadden B. J. (1986) Late Hemphillian monodactyl horses (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Bone Valley Formation of Central Florida, Journal of Paleontology 60 2, 466-475

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Prothero D. R., Schoch R. M. (1989) Classification of the Perissodactyla, The Evolution of Perissodactyla, 530-537

Nowak R. M. (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II

Waddell P. J., Okada N., et al (1999) Towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals, Systematic Biology 48 1, 1-5

Prothero D. R. (2005) The Evolution of North American Rhinoceroses, 1-218

Hulbert R. C., Whitmore F. C. (2006) Late Miocene mammals from the Mauvilla Local Fauna, Alabama, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 46 1, 1-28

Symeonidis N., Giaourtsakis I., et al (2006) Aivaliki, a New Locality with Fossil Rhinoceroses near Alistrati (Serres, Greece) , Beiträge zur Paläontologie 30, 437-451

MacFadden B. J. (2009) Three-Toed Browsing Horse Anchitherium (Equidae) From the Miocene of Panama, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 83 3, 489-492 doi:10.1666/08-155.1

Asher R. J., Helgen K. M. (2010) Nomenclature and placental mammal phylogeny, BMC Evolutionary BIology 10 102, 1-9

Cooper L. N., Seiffert E. R., et al (2014) Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan are stem perissodactyls, PLoS ONE 9 10, e109232:1-15 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232

Ferrusquía-Villafranca I., Ruiz-González J. E., et al (2014) A new Miocene local fauna from the Sierra Madre Oriental at San Luis Potosí, Central-East Mexico, and its paleontologic significance, Geobios 47 4, 199-220 doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2014.06.004

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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