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Neornithes

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	39241	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39241

Rank

subclass (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Neornithes

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986
order	Avetheropoda	Paul 1988
suborder	Coelurosauria	Huene 1914
-	Maniraptora	Gauthier 1986
-	Paraves	Sereno 1997
class	Aves	Linnaeus 1758
-	Pygostylia	Chiappe 2002
-	Ornithothoraces	Chiappe and Calvo 1994
-	Ornithuromorpha	Chiappe et al. 1999
subclass	Ornithurae	Haeckel 1866
subclass	Neornithes	Gadow 1893

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Neornithes	subclass	belongs to Aves	stated with evidence	Gadow, 1898
Neornithes	subclass	belongs to Aves	stated without evidence	Jaekel, 1911
Neornithes	subclass	belongs to Aves	stated with evidence	Wetmore, 1960
Neornithes	subclass	belongs to Aves	stated without evidence	Thulborn, 1975
Neornithes	subclass	belongs to Aves	stated with evidence	Walker, 1981
Neornithes	infraclass	belongs to Ornithurae	stated with evidence	Martin, 1984
Neornithes	subclass	belongs to Aves	implied	Carroll, 1988
Neornithes	subclass	belongs to Ornithurae	stated with evidence	Chiappe and Calvo, 1994
Neornithes	subclass	belongs to Euornithes	stated with evidence	Sereno, 1998
Neornithes	infraclass	belongs to Ornithurae	stated without evidence	Kurochkin, 2000
Neornithes	unranked clade	belongs to Ornithurae	stated with evidence	Hope, 2002
Neornithes	unranked clade	belongs to Ornithurae	stated without evidence	Chatterjee, 2002
Neornithes	subclass	belongs to Carinatae	stated without evidence	You et al., 2006
Neornithes	unranked clade	belongs to Aves	stated with evidence	Livezey and Zusi, 2007
Neornithes	subclass	belongs to Euornithes	stated without evidence	Cau and Arduini, 2008
Neornithes	subclass	belongs to Ornithuromorpha	stated without evidence	Naish et al., 2012
Neornithes	subclass	belongs to Ornithuromorpha	stated with evidence	O'Connor and Zelenkov, 2013
Neornithes	subclass	belongs to Ornithurae	stated with evidence	Wang et al., 2014

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

4,043

Extant Size (PBDB)

2,388 (59%)

First Recorded Appearance

136 - 130 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous

Environment

terrestrial (based on Theropoda)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

carnivore (based on Coelurosauria)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

B. C. Livezey and R. L. Zusi. 2007. Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149(1):1-95

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Odontognathae ✝ superorder	listed (PBDB)
Palaeognathae superorder	listed (PBDB)		263	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Alectromorphae order	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cariamiformes order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	17.5 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Cathartiformes order	listed (PBDB)		113	48.6 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Colymbomorphae order	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Coraciomorphae order	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Eurypygiformes order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Galbuliformes order	listed (PBDB)		2	16.3 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Leptosomiformes order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	58.7 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Mesitornithiformes order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Otidiformes order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		16	13.8 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Pelargomorphae order	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Phoenicopteriformes order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Flamingo	71	55.8 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Pterocliformes order	listed (PBDB)		6	1.81 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Yacoraitichnus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Aequornithes unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		1	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Neognathae unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		8,013	136 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Odontolcae ✝ unranked clade	listed (PBDB)
Picocoraciae unranked clade	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1893	Neornithes Gadow
1898	Neornithes Gadow p. 30
1911	Neornithes Jaekel p. 170
1940	Neornithes Wetmore p. 3
1960	Neornithes Wetmore p. 23
1963	Lonchodytes pterygius Brodkorb pp. 58-59
1975	Neornithes Thulborn p. 267
1981	Neornithes Walker p. 51
1984	Neornithes Martin p. 146
1988	Neornithes Carroll
1994	Neornithes Chiappe and Calvo p. 239 fig. 1

Year	Name and Author
1998	Neornithes Sereno p. 65
1999	Neornithes Sereno
2000	Neornithes Kurochkin p. 547
2002	Neornithes Chatterjee p. 128
2002	Neornithes Hope p. 352
2006	Neornithes You et al. p. 1643 figs. Fig. 3
2007	Neornithes Livezey and Zusi p. 89
2008	Neornithes Cau and Arduini
2012	Neornithes Naish et al.
2013	Neornithes O'Connor and Zelenkov
2014	Neornithes Wang et al.

References

Livezey B. C., Zusi R. L. (2007) Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 1, 1-95

Gadow H. , A Classification of Vertebrata Recent and Extinct, xvii-82

Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252

Wetmore A. (1960) A classification for the birds of the world, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 139 11, 1-37

Brodkorb P. (1963) Birds from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming, Proceedings of the XIII International Ornithological Congress, 55-70

Walker C. A. (1981) New subclass of birds from the Cretaceous of South America, Nature 292, 51-53

Martin L. D. (1984) A new hesperornithid and the relationships of the Mesozoic birds, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 87 3/4, 141-150

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Chiappe L. M., Calvo J. O. (1994) Neuquenornis volans, a new Late Cretaceous bird (Enantiornithes, Avisauridae) from Patagonia, Argentina, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 2, 230-246

Sereno P. C. (1998) A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 210 1, 41-83

Sereno P. C. (1999) The evolution of dinosaurs, Science 284, 2137-2147

Kurochkin E. N. (2000) Mesozoic birds of Mongolia and the former USSR, The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, 533-559

Chatterjee S. (2002) The morphology and systematics of Polarornis, a Cretaceous Loon (Aves: Gaviidae) from Antarctica, Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, 125-155

Hope S. (2002) The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes, Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, Berkeley, 339-388

Cau A., Arduini P. (2008) Enantiophoenix electrophyla gen. et sp. nov. (Aves, Enantiornithes) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon and its phylogenetic relationships, Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 149 2, 293-324

Naish D., Dyke G., et al (2012) A gigantic bird from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Asia, Biology Letters 2012 8, 97-100 doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0683

O'Connor J. K., Zelenkov N. V. (2013) The phylogenetic position of Ambiortus: comparison with other Mesozoic birds from Asia, Paleontological Journal 47 11, 1270-1281

Wang X., O'Connor J. K., et al (2014) Insights into the evolution of rachis dominated tail feathers from a new basal enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces), Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113, 806-819

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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