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Spea

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	99680	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=99680

Rank

genus (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Anura : Pelobatidae : Spea

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Temnospondyli
-	Lissamphibia
-	Batrachia
order	Salientia	Laurenti 1768
order	Anura
superfamily	Pelobatoidea	Laurent 1979
family	Pelobatidae	Lataste 1879
genus	Spea	Cope 1866

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Spea	genus	belongs to Scaphiopidae	stated with evidence	Cope, 1875
Spea	subgenus	belongs to Scaphiopus	stated with evidence	Zweifel, 1956
Spea	subgenus	belongs to Scaphiopus	stated without evidence	Estes and Tihen, 1964
Spea	genus	belongs to Pelobatidae	stated with evidence	Henrici, 1994
Spea	genus	belongs to Acosmanura	stated without evidence	Baez, 2013

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

5 (50%)

First Recorded Appearance

30.8 - 26.3 Ma
Oligocene

Environment

brackish,freshwater,terrestrial (based on Tetrapoda)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Temnospondyli)

Diet

carnivore (based on Temnospondyli)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. G. Zweifel. 1956. Two pelobatid frogs from the Tertiary of North America and their relationships to fossil and recent forms. American Museum Novitates 1762:1-45

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Scaphiopus (Spea) alexanderi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	16.0 Ma Miocene	13.6 Ma Miocene
Spea bombifrons species	listed (PBDB)	Plains Spadefoot	22	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Spea diversus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	4.90 Ma Pliocene	4.90 Ma Pliocene
Spea hammondii species	listed (PBDB)	Western Spadefoot Toad	2	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Spea intermontana species	listed (PBDB)	Great Basin Spadefoot Toad			0 Ma Extant
Spea multiplicata species	listed (PBDB)	New Mexico Spadefoot Toad			0 Ma Extant
Spea neuter ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		3	30.8 Ma Oligocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Spea pliobatrachus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	10.3 Ma Miocene	10.3 Ma Miocene
Spea studeri ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	10.3 Ma Miocene	10.3 Ma Miocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1866	Spea Cope
1875	Spea Cope p. 31
1942	Neoscaphiopus Taylor
1956	Scaphiopus (Spea) Zweifel p. 22
1956	Scaphiopus (Neoscaphiopus) Zweifel p. 27
1964	Scaphiopus (Spea) Estes and Tihen p. 460
1994	Spea Henrici
2006	Spea Henrici and Haynes p. 24
2009	Spea Henrici p. 275
2013	Spea Baez

References

Zweifel R. G. (1956) Two pelobatid frogs from the Tertiary of North America and their relationships to fossil and recent forms, American Museum Novitates 1762, 1-45

Cope E. D. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia; with a systematic list of the higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution. Based on the specimens contained in the U. S. National Museum, Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1, 1-109

Estes R., Tihen J. A. (1964) Lower vertebrates from the Valentine Formation of Nebraska, American Midland Naturalist 72 2, 453-472

Henrici A.C. (1994) Tephrodytes brassicarvalis, new genus and species (Anura: Pelodytidae), from the Arikareean Cabbage Patch beds of Montana, USA, and pelodytid-pelobatid relationships, Annals of Carnegie Museum 63 2, 155-183

Henrici A. C., Haynes S. R. (2006) Elkobatrachus brocki, a new pelobatid (Amphibia: Anura) from the Eocene Elko Formation of Nevada, Annals of Carnegie Museum 75 1, 11-35

Henrici A. C. (2009) Reassessment of Scaphiopus neuter Kluge, 1966 (Anura: Pelobatoidea: Pelobatidae), based on new material from Anceney, Montana (early Barstovian), Annals of Carnegie Museum 78 3, 273-287

Baez A. M. (2013) Anurans from the Early Cretaceous Lagerstätte of Las Hoyas, Spain: New evidence on the Mesozoic diversification of crown-clade Anura, Cretaceous Research 41, 90-106 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.11.002

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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