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Spisula

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Description

Spisula is a genus of medium-sized to large marine bivalve mollusks or clams in the family Mactridae, commonly known as surf clams or trough shells.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisula, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2286425	https://www.gbif.org/species/2286425
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	17724	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=17724

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Mactridae : Spisula

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Mactridae : Spisula

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
class	Bivalvia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Eubivalvia	Carter 2011
subclass	Autobranchia
infraclass	Heteroconchia
-	Cardiomorphi	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardioni	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardiidia	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardiata	Ferussac 1822
superorder	Cardiiformii	Ferussac 1822
order	Cardiida	Ferussac 1822
suborder	Cardiidina	Ferussac 1822
-	Veneroidei
-	Veneroitei	Gray 1854
superfamily	Mactroidea
family	Mactridae	Lamarck 1809
genus	Spisula	Gray 1837

Scientific Name

Spisula Gray, 1837

Name Published In

Gray, J.E. (1837). A synoptical catalogue of the species of certain tribes or genera of shells contained in the collection of the British Museum and the author's cabinet. Magazine of Natural History N.S. 1: 370-376.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Hemimactra	subgenus	belongs to Spisula	stated without evidence	Glenn, 1904
Hemimactra	subgenus	belongs to Spisula	stated with evidence	Olsson, 1914
Hemimactra	subgenus	belongs to Spisula	stated without evidence	Clark and Arnold, 1923
Hemimactra	subgenus	belongs to Spisula	stated with evidence	Gardner, 1947
Hemimactra	genus	belongs to Veneroida	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Hemimactra	genus	belongs to Mactridae	stated with evidence	Hendy et al., 2008

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

3 (27%)

First Recorded Appearance

28.1 - 23.0 Ma
Cenozoic

Motility

facultatively mobile (based on Mactridae)

Vision

blind (based on Bivalvia)

Diet

suspension feeder (based on Mactridae)

Taphonomy

aragonite (based on Bivalvia)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Common Name(s)

Trogmuscheln, Surf Clams, Surfclams, Trauskjel, Trauskjell, Trough Shells

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisula

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Hemimactra solidissima species	listed (PBDB)		50	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Mactra arcuata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mactra contortula species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mactra lamberti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mactra laudunensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mactra loustauae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mactra markleyensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mactra obtruncata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mactra parameces species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mactra praetenuis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mactra recondita species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mactra subcuneata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula (Hemimactra) abscissa ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Spisula (Hemimactra) confraga species	listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Spisula (Hemimactra) hannibali ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Spisula (Hemimactra) harrisi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Spisula (Hemimactra) hemphillii species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Spisula (Hemimactra) occidentalis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Spisula (Hemimactra) selbyensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Spisula (Hemimactra) sookensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		3	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Spisula (Hemimactra) subparilis species	listed (PBDB)		17	16.0 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Spisula aequilatera species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula aequilateralis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	5.33 Ma Miocene
Spisula albertantonorum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula austini species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula bowlerensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula brevis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula brombachensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Spisula caleta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula callistaeformis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Spisula capayana ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Spisula craspedota ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		18	20.4 Ma Miocene	13.8 Ma Miocene
Spisula crassitesta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula decisa species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	47.8 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Spisula densa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula discors species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula dodona species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula duplinensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula elliptica species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		23	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Spisula hannibali ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	47.8 Ma Eocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Spisula hualtaca species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula jacksonesis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		35	47.8 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Spisula magnoliana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula modicella species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula mossbeachensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula murchisoni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula nigeriensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula paralis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spisula parilis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		31	56.0 Ma Paleocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Spisula praetanius species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula precursor species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula rappahannockensis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	11.6 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Spisula raveneli species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula sachalinensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula saxadomoides species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula selbyensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula sisquocensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Spisula solida species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula solidissima species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula sookensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	28.1 Ma Oligocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Spisula subquadrata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula subtruncata species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		53	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Spisula summa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula transversa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula trigonella species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula twinensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula veneriformis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula voyi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spisula weaveri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Spisula williamsi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Spissula Mörch, 1853	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Mactridae : *Spissula*
Hemimactra Swainson, 1840	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Mactridae : *Hemimactra*
Spisulina P.Fischer, 1887	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Mactridae : *Spisulina*
Spinula Woodring, 1925	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Mactridae : *Spinula*
Spizula Pictet, 1855	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Mactridae : *Spizula*
Notospisula Iredale, 1930	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Mactridae : *Notospisula*
Hemimaetra Douvillé, 1924	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Mactridae : *Hemimaetra*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1840	Hemimactra Swainson p. 369
1904	Spisula (Hemimactra) Glenn p. 286
1914	Spisula (Hemimactra) Olsson p. 14
1916	Spisula (Hemimactra) Packard p. 283
1923	Spisula (Hemimactra) Clark and Arnold p. 153 figs. Plate 19, Figs 1a, 1b, 4
1947	Spisula (Hemimactra) Gardner p. 220
2002	Hemimactra Sepkoski, Jr.
2008	Hemimactra Hendy et al.

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Glenn L. C. (1904) Pelecypoda, Maryland Geological Survey Miocene Text, 274-401

Olsson A. A. (1914) New and interesting Neocene fossils from the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Bulletins of American Paleontology 5 24, 1-34

Packard E. L. (1916) Mesozoic and Cenozoic Mactrinae of the Pacific Coast of North America, University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology 9 16, 261-360

Clark B. L., Arnold R. (1923) Fauna of the Sooke Formation Vancouver Island, University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences 14 5, 123-234

Gardner J. R. (1947) The Molluscan Fauna of the Alum Bluff Group of Florida, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 142A-H, 1-709

Hendy A. J. W., Buick D. P., et al (2008) Unpublished census data from Atlantic coastal plain and circum-Caribbean Neogene assemblages and taxonomic opinions

Turgeon, D. D., J. F. Quinn, Jr., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, et al., 1998: Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks, 2nd ed.. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26. 526. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Millard, V., 1997: null. Classification of Mollusca: A classification of world wide Mollusca. 1-544. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Coan, E. V.; Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp. - via World Register of Marine Species

Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213. - via World Register of Marine Species

Vaught, K. C. / Abbott, Robert T. and Kenneth J. Boss, 1989: null. A classification of the living Mollusca. xii+195. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Aphia2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363, 1-560. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Karlsson, Anna (2004) Mollusker - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

SN2000/Boss, 1982 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Mag. Nat. Hist., (N. S.) 1 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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