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Anhinga

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Description

The anhinga (Anhinga anhinga), sometimes called snakebird, darter, American darter, or water turkey, is a water bird of the warmer parts of the Americas. The word anhinga comes from the Brazilian Tupi language and means devil bird or snake bird. The origin of the name snakebird is apparent when swimming: only the neck appears above water so the bird looks like a snake ready to strike. They do not have external nares (nostrils) and breathe solely through their epiglottis.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhinga, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2482079	https://www.gbif.org/species/2482079
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	39686	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39686

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Anhingidae : Anhinga

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986
order	Avetheropoda	Paul 1988
suborder	Coelurosauria	Huene 1914
-	Maniraptora	Gauthier 1986
-	Paraves	Sereno 1997
class	Aves	Linnaeus 1758
order	Suliformes	Sharpe 1891
family	Anhingidae	Ridgway 1887
genus	Anhinga	Brisson 1760

Scientific Name

Anhinga Brisson, 1760

Name Published In

Brisson, M. J. 1760. Ornithologie ou méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés. A laquelle on a joint une description exacte de chaque espece, avec les citations des auteurs qui en ont traité, les noms qu'ils leur ont donnés, ceux que leur ont donnés les différentes nations, & les noms vulgaires. Ouvrage enrichi de figures en taille-douce. Bauche, Paris. Vol. Tome 1: j-xxiv , 1-526, j-lxxiij , Pl. I-XXXVII.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Anhinga	genus	belongs to Anhingidae	stated without evidence	Alvarez, 1977
Anhinga	genus	belongs to Anhingidae	stated with evidence	Becker, 1986
Anhinga	genus	belongs to Anhingidae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Anhinga	genus	belongs to Anhingidae	stated without evidence	Emslie, 1998
Anhinga	genus	belongs to Anhingidae	stated with evidence	Clements et al., 2017

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

5 (56%)

First Recorded Appearance

20.4 - 16.0 Ma
Miocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Theropoda)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

carnivore (based on Coelurosauria)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

Common Name(s)

Anhingas

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhinga

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Anhinga anhinga species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Anhinga	6	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Anhinga beckeri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Anhinga grandis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	13.8 Ma Miocene	10.3 Ma Miocene
Anhinga melanogaster species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Oriental Darter	6	11.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Anhinga novaehollandiae species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Australasian Darter			0 Ma Extant
Anhinga pannonica ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	11.6 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Anhinga rufa species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	African Darter	2	11.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Anhinga subvolans ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Notoplotus Mathews, 1920	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Anhingidae : *Notoplotus*
Plotus Gunnerus, 1761	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Anhingidae : *Plotus*
Plottus Scopoli, 1777	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Anhingidae : *Plottus*
Plotus Linnaeus, 1766	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Anhingidae : *Plotus*
Plautus Gunnerus, 1761	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Anhingidae : *Plautus*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1760	Anhinga Brisson
1977	Anhinga Alvarez p. 213
1985	Anhinga Olson p. 206
1986	Anhinga Becker p. 804
1988	Anhinga Carroll
1998	Anhinga Emslie pp. 21-22
2008	Anhinga Louchart et al. p. 153
2014	Anhinga del Hoyo et al.
2017	Anhinga Clements et al.

References

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Alvarez R. (1977) A Pleistocene avifauna from Jalisco, Mexico, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan 24 19, 205-220

Olson S. L. (1985) The fossil record of birds, Avian Biology VIII, 79-256

Becker J. J. (1986) Reidentification of "Phalacrocorax" subvolans Brodkorb as the earliest record of Anhingidae, Auk 103 4, 804-808

Emslie S. D. (1998) Avian community, climate, and sea-level changes in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Florida Peninsula, Ornithological Monographs 50, 1-113

Louchart A., Haile-Selassie Y., et al (2008) Fossil birds from the Late Miocene of Chad and Ethiopia and zooge- ographical implications, Oryctos 7, 147-167

del Hoyo J., Collar N. J., et al (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines, 1-904

Clements J. F., Schulenberg T. S., et al (2017) , The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2003: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Monroe Jr. & Sibley, 1993, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

web search (AJR) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Brown, L.H., E.K. Urban & K. Newman. (1982). The Birds of Africa, Volume I. Academic Press, London. - via World Register of Marine Species

Neave, Sheffield Airey. (1939-1996). Nomenclator Zoologicus vol. 1-10 Online. [developed by uBio, hosted online at MBLWHOI Library]. - via World Register of Marine Species

Ornith., 1 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Monroe Jr. & Sibley, 1993 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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