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Toxodontidae ✝
| Description | Toxodontidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals, known from the Oligocene to the Holocene (5,000 BP) of South America, with one genus, Mixotoxodon, also known from the Pleistocene of Central America and southwestern North America (Texas). They somewhat resembled rhinoceroses, and had teeth with high crowns and open roots, suggesting that they often fed on tough pampas grass. However, isotopic analyses have led to the conclusion that the most recent forms were grazing and browsing generalists. From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodontidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Source Data |
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| Rank | family | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy (GBIF) | Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Toxodontidae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy (PBDB) | Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Notoungulata : Toxodontidae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomic Status (GBIF) | accepted | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Classification (PBDB,GBIF) |
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| Scientific Name | Toxodontidae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Opinions (PBDB) |
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| Status (PBDB) | extinct | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxon Size (PBDB) | 131 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First Recorded Appearance | 29.0 - 23.0 Ma Cenozoic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Last Recorded Appearance | 0.01 Ma Pleistocene | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Environment | terrestrial (based on Eutheria) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Motility | actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diet | herbivore (based on Notoungulata) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taphonomy | phosphatic (based on Vertebrata) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary Reference (PBDB) | F. Ameghino. 1889. Contribución al conocimiento de los mamíferos fósiles de la República Argentina [Contribution to the knowledge of the fossil mammals of the Argentine Republic]. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de la República Argentina en Córdoba 6:xxxii-1027 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodontidae |
Fossil Distribution
Subtaxa
| Name | Status | Common Name(s) | Fossil Occurrences | Oldest | Youngest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dinotoxodontinae ✝ subfamily | listed (PBDB) | 23 | 16.3 Ma Miocene | 5.33 Ma Miocene | |
| Nesodontinae ✝ subfamily | listed (PBDB) | 77 | 29.0 Ma Oligocene | 9.00 Ma Miocene | |
| Toxodontinae ✝ subfamily | listed (PBDB) | 14 | 11.6 Ma Miocene | 0.01 Ma Pleistocene | |
| Adinotherium ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 38 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 9.00 Ma Miocene | |
| Alitoxodon ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 3 | 6.80 Ma Miocene | 5.33 Ma Miocene | |
| Calchaquitherium ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 9.00 Ma Miocene | 9.00 Ma Miocene | |
| Dilobodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 9.00 Ma Miocene | 9.00 Ma Miocene | |
| Dinotoxodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 9.00 Ma Miocene | 9.00 Ma Miocene | |
| Eutomodus genus | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
 Eutrigonodon ✝genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 6 | 11.6 Ma Miocene | 6.80 Ma Miocene | |
| Gronotherium ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| Gyrinodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 5 | 11.6 Ma Miocene | 5.33 Ma Miocene | |
| Hemixotodon ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 2 | 10.00 Ma Miocene | 10.00 Ma Miocene | |
| Hoffstetterius ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 9.00 Ma Miocene | 9.00 Ma Miocene | |
| Hyperoxotodon ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| Mixotoxodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 19 | 2.59 Ma Pleistocene | 0.13 Ma Pleistocene | |
| Nesodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 35 | 29.0 Ma Oligocene | 16.0 Ma Miocene | |
| Nesodonopsis ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| Ocnerotherium ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 4 | 11.6 Ma Miocene | 5.33 Ma Miocene | |
| Oriadubitherium ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| Palaeotoxodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 6 | 11.6 Ma Miocene | 9.00 Ma Miocene | |
| Palyeidodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 3 | 21.0 Ma Miocene | 15.5 Ma Miocene | |
| Paratrigodon ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 4 | 13.8 Ma Miocene | 10.00 Ma Miocene | |
| Pericotoxodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 17 | 16.3 Ma Miocene | 13.8 Ma Miocene | |
| Phobereotherium ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| Pisanodon ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 2 | 10.00 Ma Miocene | 9.00 Ma Miocene | |
| Posnanskytherium ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 9 | 6.80 Ma Miocene | 4.00 Ma Pliocene | |
| Proadinotherium ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 6 | 29.0 Ma Oligocene | 21.0 Ma Miocene | |
| Probereotherium ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| Pronesodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| Prototrigodon ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 16.3 Ma Miocene | 16.3 Ma Miocene | |
| Stenotephanos ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 9.00 Ma Miocene | 9.00 Ma Miocene | |
| Stereotoxodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| Toxodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 63 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 0.13 Ma Pleistocene | |
| Xotodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 13 | 11.6 Ma Miocene | 4.00 Ma Pliocene | |
| Xotoprodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
Obsolete Names
| Name | Source | Taxon Rank | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Morphippus corrugatus Ameghino, 1899 | GBIF | species | Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Morphippus corrugatus |
Synonymy List
| Year | Name and Author |
|---|---|
| 1887 | Toxodontidae Ameghino p. 30 |
| 1889 | Toxodontidae Ameghino p. 375 |
| 1889 | Toxodontidae Cope p. 876 |
| 1891 | Toxodontidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90 |
| 1894 | Toxodontidae Lydekker p. 12 |
| 1899 | Morphippus corrugatus Ameghino |
| 1907 | Toxodontidae Ameghino p. 90 |
| Year | Name and Author |
|---|---|
| 1910 | Toxodontidae Gregory p. 466 |
| 1956 | Toxodontidae Paula Couto p. 102 |
| 1988 | Toxodontidae Carroll |
| 1993 | Toxodontidae MacFadden et al. p. 235 |
| 2011 | Toxodontidae Billet |
| 2016 | Toxodontidae Deraco and GarcÍa-López |
References
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
