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Betafite

Big Photo

Vakinankaratra Region (Betafo - Antsirabé region), Antananarivo Province, Madagascar
© 2001 John H. Betts

Show Betafite Photos (61)
Formula:
(Ca,U)
 
2
(Ti,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
(OH)
System:IsometricColour:Red; greenish brown, ...
Lustre:Vitreous, Waxy, Sub-MetallicHardness:3 - 5½
Name:For the locality near Betafo, Madagascar.


Pyrochlore Group, Betafite Subgroup. The calcium analogue of the other members of the Betafite Subgroup.

Classification of Betafite

IMA status:Approved 1961
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/C.16-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.DH.15

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
H : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 7th edition ID:8.2.3.1
Dana 8th edition ID:8.2.3.1

8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
2 : A2B2O6(O,OH,F)
Hey's CIM Ref.:18.3.3

18 : Niobates and Tantalates
3 : Niobates and tantalates containing U but not rare earths
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Type Occurrence of Betafite

Type Locality:Ambolotara, Betafo Commune, Betafo District, Vakinankaratra Region (Betafo - Antsirabé region), Antananarivo Province, Madagascar
Year of Discovery:1912

Occurrences of Betafite

Geological Setting:Typically as a primary mineral in granite pegmatites; rare in carbonatites

Physical Properties of Betafite

Lustre:Vitreous, Waxy, Sub-Metallic
Colour:Red; greenish brown, dark brown to black when metamict, commonly superficially altered yellow; almost colourless in transmitted light
Comment:Supeerficially alters to yellow.
Streak:Yellowish White
Hardness (Mohs):3 - 5½
Hardness (Vickers):VHN100=249 - 412
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:None Observed
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density (measured):3.7 - 4.9 g/cm3
Density (calculated):3.9(1) g/cm3

Crystallography of Betafite

Crystal System:Isometric
Class (H-M):m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:Fd3m {F41/d 3 2/m}
Cell Parameters:a = 10.29Å
Unit Cell Volume:V 1 ų
Z:8
Morphology:Crystals commonly octahedra modified by {110}, {100}, {113}, {233} and {230}; some crystals elongated parallel to [001] or [111]
Comment:On heated material
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
2.98 (10)
1.82 (8)
1.55 (6)
3.99 (3)
2.49 (3)
1.154 (3)
Comments:Recorded on material from Antanifotsy, Madagascar, after heating at 1000 °C

Optical Data of Betafite

Type:Isotropic
RI values: n = 1.91 - 2.197
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.000 - Isotropic minerals have no birefringence
Surface Relief:Very High
Type:Isotropic
Reflectivity:
400 nmR=13.5%
420 nmR=13.2%
440 nmR=13.0%
460 nmR=12.8%
480 nmR=12.6%
500 nmR=12.4%
520 nmR=12.3%
540 nmR=12.2%
560 nmR=12.0%
580 nmR=11.9%
600 nmR=11.7%
620 nmR=11.6%
640 nmR=11.6%
660 nmR=11.6%
680 nmR=11.5%
700 nmR=11.5%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 13.5%.

Chemical Properties of Betafite

Formula:
(Ca,U)
 
2
(Ti,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
(OH)
Essential elements:Ca, H, O, Ti
All elements listed in formula:Ca, H, Nb, O, Ti, U
Analytical Data:Chemical analyses of material from (1) Ambolotara, Madagascar, and (2) Ambalahazo, Madagascar;
Emprical formula calculated from data in column (1)
        (1)        (2)

UO3   (26.60)    (27.15)
Nb2O5 (34.80)    (34.80)
Ta2O5             (1.00)
TiO2  (18.30)    (16.20)
SnO2   (0.30)     (0.37)
ThO2   (1.30)     (1.12)
Al2O3  (2.10)     (1.50)
Fe2O3  (2.87)     (0.50)
Y2O3   (0.90)
Ce2O3  (0.60)     (1.00)
MgO    (0.40)
CaO    (3.45)     (3.12)
K2O               (0.38)
H2O    (7.60)    (12.50)

sum    99.22 wt%  99.64 wt%
Empirical Formula:
(U
 
0.32
Ca
 
0.21
Mg
 
0.03
Y
 
0.03
Ce
 
0.01
)
 
=0.60
(Nb
 
0.90
Ti
 
0.79
Al
 
0.14
Fe
 
0.12
Th
 
0.03
Sn
 
0.01
)
 
=1.99
[O
 
4.09
(OH)
 
2.91
]
 
=7.00
Common Impurities:Al,Fe,K,Mg,Pb,REE,Sn,Ta,Th,W,Zr

Relationship of Betafite to other Species

Member of Group:
Betafite Subgroup:
Pyrochlore Group:
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.DH.05Brannerite
(U
4+
 
,Ca)(Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
O
 
6
4.DH.05Orthobrannerite
U
4+
 
U
6+
 
Ti
 
4
O
 
12
(OH)
 
2
4.DH.05Thorutite
(Th,U,Ca)Ti
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
4.DH.10Kassite
CaTi
 
2
O
 
4
(OH)
 
2
4.DH.10Lucasite-(Ce)
CeTi
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
4.DH.15Alumotungstite
(W,Al)(O,OH)
 
3
4.DH.15Bariomicrolite
Ba(Ta,Nb)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
7
4.DH.15Bariopyrochlore
(Ba,Sr)
 
2-x
(Nb,Ti)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
7
4.DH.15Bismutomicrolite
(Bi,Ca)(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
(OH)
4.DH.15Calciobetafite
(Ca,RE,Th,U)
 
2
(Nb,Ta,Ti)
 
2
O
 
7
4.DH.15Ceriopyrochlore-(Ce)
(Ce,Ca,Y)
 
2
(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
6
(OH,F)
4.DH.15Cesstibtantite
(Cs,Na)SbTa
 
4
O
 
12
4.DH.15Ferritungstite
(W,Fe
3+
 
)(O,OH)
 
3
4.DH.15Jixianite
Pb(W,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
7
4.DH.15Kalipyrochlore
(K,Sr)
 
2-x
Nb
 
2
O
 
6
(O,OH)·nH
 
2
O
4.DH.15Microlite
(Ca,Na)
 
2
Ta
 
2
O
 
6
(O,OH,F)
4.DH.15Natrobistantite
(Na,Cs)Bi(Ta,Nb,Sb)
 
4
O
 
12
4.DH.15Plumbopyrochlore
(Pb,Ca,Y,U)
 
2-x
(Nb,Ta,Ti)
 
2
O
 
6
(OH,O)
4.DH.15Plumbomicrolite
(Pb,Ca,U)
 
2-x
(Ta,Nb,Sn)
 
2
O
 
6
(O,[])
4.DH.15Plumbobetafite
(Pb,U,Ca)(Ti,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
(OH,F)
4.DH.15Pyrochlore
(Ca,Na)
 
2
Nb
 
2
O
 
6
(OH,F)
4.DH.15Stibiomicrolite
(Sb,Ca,Na)
 
2
(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
7
4.DH.15Strontiopyrochlore
(Sr,Ce,Ca)
 
2-x
(Nb,Fe)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
7
4.DH.15Stannomicrolite
(Sn,Fe,Mn)
 
2
(Ta,Nb,Sn)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
7
4.DH.15Stibiobetafite
(Sb,Ca)
 
2
(Ti,Nb,Ta)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
7
4.DH.15Uranmicrolite
(U,Ca,Ce)
 
2
(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
(OH,F)
4.DH.15Uranpyrochlore
(U,Ca,Ce)
 
2
(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
6
(OH,F)
4.DH.15Yttrobetafite-(Y)
(Y,U,Ce)
 
2
(Ti,Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
6
OH
4.DH.15Yttropyrochlore-(Y)
(Y,Ca,U)
 
1-2
(Nb,Ta,Ti)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
7
4.DH.15Fluornatromicrolite
(Na,Ca,Bi)
 
2
Ta
 
2
O
 
6
F
4.DH.15Bismutopyrochlore
(Bi,U,Ca,Pb)
 
1+x
(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
6
(OH)·nH
 
2
O
4.DH.15Thorian Pyrochlore
4.DH.15Elsmoreite
WO
 
3
·0.5H
 
2
O
4.DH.20Bismutostibiconite
Bi(Sb
5+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
O
 
7
4.DH.20Bindheimite
Pb
 
2
Sb
 
2
O
 
6
(O,OH)
4.DH.20Monimolite
(Pb,Ca,Fe)
 
3
Sb
 
2
O
 
7
4.DH.20Partzite
Cu
 
2
Sb
 
2
(O,OH)
 
7
4.DH.20Roméite
(Ca,Fe,Mn,Na)
 
2
(Sb,Ti)
 
2
O
 
6
(O,OH,F)
4.DH.20Stetefeldtite
Ag
 
2
Sb
 
2
(O,OH)
 
7
4.DH.20Stibiconite
Sb
3+
 
Sb
5+
2
O
 
6
(OH)
4.DH.25Rosiaite
PbSb
5+
2
O
 
6
4.DH.30Zirconolite
CaZrTi
 
2
O
 
7
4.DH.35Liandratite
U(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
8
4.DH.35Petscheckite
UFe(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
8
4.DH.40Ingersonite
Ca
 
3
MnSb
 
4
O
 
14
4.DH.45Pittongite
Na
 
0.22
(W,Fe
3+
 
)(O,OH)
 
3
 · 0.44H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
18.3.1Liandratite
U(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
8
18.3.2Uranmicrolite
(U,Ca,Ce)
 
2
(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
(OH,F)
18.3.4Plumbobetafite
(Pb,U,Ca)(Ti,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
(OH,F)
18.3.5Petscheckite
UFe(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
8
18.3.6 Hydroxyl-petscheckite
UFe
 
1/3
(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
7
(O,OH)
18.3.7 Oxy-petscheckite
UFe
 
2/3
(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
8
18.3.8Ashanite
(Nb,Ta,U,Fe,Mn)
 
4
O
 
8

Other Names for Betafite

Synonyms:
BlomstranditeMendeleyeviteMendelyeeviteTantalbetafiteTitanbetafite
Other Languages:
German:Betafit
Tantalbetafit
Titanbetafit
Russian:Бетафит
Spanish:Betafita
Tantalbetafita
Titanbetafita
Varieties:
Aluminian BetafiteBarian BetafiteTangenite

Other Information

Health Warning:Contains uranium - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest. Avoid prolonged exposure in proximity of the body. Store away from inhabited areas.

References for Betafite

Reference List:Lacroix (1912), Bull. soc. min.: 35: 84, 233.

Lacroix (1914), Bull. soc. min.: 37: 101.

Niggli and Faesy (1925), Zs. Kr.: 1: 366.

Machatschki (1932), Chem. Erde: 7: 72.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 803-805.

Frondel, C. (1958): Systematic mineralogy of uranium and thorium. U.S. Geol. Sur. Bull. 1064, 320-325.

Hogarth, D. D. (1961): A study of pyrochlore and betafite. Canadian Mineralogist 6, 610-633.

American Mineralogist (1961), 46, 1519.

Vlasov, K. A., Ed. (1966): Mineralogy of rare elements, Vol. 2, 511-519.

Hogarth, D. D. (1977): Classification and nomenclature of the pyrochlore group. American Mineralogist 62, 403-410.

Junge, W., Knoth, J. and Rath, R. (1983): Chemische und optische Untersuchungen von komplexen Titan-Niob-Tantalaten (Betafiten). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, 147, 169-183 (in German with English abstract).

Lumpkin, G. R., Ewing, R.C . and Eyal, Y. (1988): Preferential leaching and natural annealing of alpha-recoil track in metamict betafite and samarskite. Journal of Material Research 3, 357-368.

Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C. (1997) Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume III. Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, AZ, 628pp.: 54.

Internet Links for Betafite

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    Localities for Betafite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • South Australia
      • Flinders Ranges
        • North Flinders Ranges
          • Mawson Plateau - Paralana Hot Springs area
    		Coats & Blissett, 1971, Bull 43, p163, Geol. Surv. S. Australia
    Brazil
     
    • Southeast Region
      • Minas Gerais
    		[MinRec 2:12]
    Cameroon
     
    • South Region
      • Kribi
    		Cesbron et al. (1988)
    Canada
     
    • Ontario
      • Haliburton Co.
        • Cardiff Township
    		GSC Report 39
    Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 39
    Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 39
          • Hall Lake
    		Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 39.
          • Wilberforce
    		GSC misc report 39
        • Glamorgan Township
    		Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 39
        • Monmouth Township
    		geological survey of canada misc report 39; geological survey of canada economic geology report 29
      • Hastings Co.
        • Bancroft District
          • Faraday Township
    		[MinRec 10:153-155, 13:73, 13:76, 13:201]
          • Monteagle Township
    		Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 39.
    Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 39.
            • Hybla
    		No reference listed
    Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 39.
    Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 39.
    GSC misc. report 39
      • Thunder Bay District
    		Mariano, A. N., Roeder, P. L., 1989. Wöhlerite: chemical composition, cathodoluminescence and environment of crystallization. Canadian Mineralogist, 27: 709-720.
    • Québec
      • Abitibi-Témiscamingue
        • Abitibi RCM
          • La Corne
    		Anne P. Sabina, Rocks and Minerals for the Collector Miscellaneous Report 77, 2003, Geological Survey of Canada.
      • Deux-Montagnes Co.
        • Oka complex
          • Oka
    		Can. Min. 42, 1159-1168
    Can. Min. 42, 1159-1168
    China
    [var: Aluminian Betafite] No reference listed
    [var: Aluminian Betafite] No reference listed
    • Jiangxi Province
      • Ganzhou Prefecture
        • Dayu Co.
    		Guoneng Chen and Grapes, R. (2007): Granite Genesis: In-Situ Melting and Crustal Evolution. Springer Verlag, 278 pp.
    • Liaoning Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region)
      • Dandong Prefecture
        • Fengcheng Co.
    		http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of02-189/of02-189.xls
    • Sichuan Province
      • Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture
        • Mianning Co.
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • South Bohemia Region
        • Frymburk
          • Cerna v Posumavi
    		Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)]
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Vysočina Region
        • Třebíč
    		Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)]
    Finland
     
    • Etelä-Suomen Lääni
      • Southern Karelia
        • Luumäki
          • Kännätsalo
    Germany
     
    • Bavaria
      • Lower Bavaria
        • Bavarian Forest
          • Hauzenberg
            • Kropfmühl
    		Mineralien-Welt 18 (5) (2007) 20-26.
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Eifel Mts
        • Daun
          • Üdersdorf
    		Blass, G., Graf, HW., Kolitsch, U., Neue Funde aus der Vulkaneifel - ein Rückblick auf die Sammelsaison 2002, Mineralien-Welt 5/2003
        • Laach lake volcanic complex
          • Kruft
    		Blass, G., Graf, H.W., Kolitsch,U., Neue Funde und Mineralien aus der Vulkaneifel, Mineralien-Welt 13/1, 52-57, 2002
          • Mendig
            • Niedermendig
    		Blass, G., Graf, H.W., Kolitsch,U., Neue Funde und Mineralien aus der Vulkaneifel, Mineralien-Welt 13/1, 52-5, 2002
    Blass, G., Graf, H.W., Kolitsch,U., Neue Funde und Mineralien aus der Vulkaneifel, Mineralien-Welt 13/1, 52-57, 2002
              • Wingertsberg Mt.
    		Blass, G., Graf, H.W., Kolitsch,U., Neue Funde und Mineralien aus der Vulkaneifel, Mineralien-Welt 13/1, 52-57, 2002
    Greenland
     
    • Kitaa (West Greenland) Province
      • Maniitsoq (Sukkertoppen)
    		Petersen, O. V. and Secher, K. (1993): The minerals of Greenland, The Mineralogical Record, Vol. 24(2), 1-65
    Guyana
     
    • Barima-Waini
    Italy
     
    • Campania
      • Naples Province
    		Pascal, M.-L., Di Muro, A., Boudouma, O., Fointeilles, M., Principe, C. (2008): Zirconlite, calzirtite, baddeleyite, betafite, geikielite and qandilite in skarn ejecta from Vesuvius - inferences for the magma-wallrock interactions. EGU General Assembly 2008. Geophysical Research Abstract, 10, EGU2008-A-06674, 2008. ; Pascal, M.-L., Di Muro, A., Boudouma, O., Fointeilles, M., Principe, C. (2008): Zirconolite, calzirtite, baddeleyite, betafite, geikielite and qandilite in skarn ejecta from Vesuvius - inferences for the magma-wallrock interactions. EGU General Assembly 2008. Geophysical Research Abstract, 10, EGU2008-A-06674, 2008.
          • Monte Somma
            • Pollena - Trocchia area
    		Russo, M., Punzo, I. (2004): I Minerali del Somma-Vesuvio, AMI
    • Latium
      • Viterbo Province
    		Camara, F., Oberti, R., Ottolini, L., Ventura, G. D., Bellatreccia, F. (2008): The crystal chemistry of Li in gadolinite. American Mineralogist, 93, 996-1004.
          • Vetralla
    		AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
    Carlini, R., Signoretti, E., 2003. Località minori del vulcano Vicano: Villa S.Giovanni in Tuscia e Mazzocchio. Il Cercapietre. Not. del Gruppo Mineralogico Romano, 1-2: 33-41
    • Lombardy
      • Brescia Province
        • Adamello-Brenta Natural Park
          • Adamello Massif
            • Mt. Foppa
    		Pezzotta, Federico and Guastoni, Alessandro, The New Discovery of a LCT Pegmatite in the Adamello Massif, Central Southern Alps, Italy; Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan, Italy.
      • Sondrio Province
    		AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
        • Novate Mezzola
    		AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
    Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp.
    Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp.
    • Piedmont
      • Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province
        • Ossola Valley
          • Domodossola
            • Cosasca
    		Daniele Ravagnani - I giacimenti uraniferi italiani - Gruppo Min. Lombardo - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 1974
          • Vigezzo Valley
            • Craveggia
    		Daniele Ravagnani - I giacimenti uraniferi italiani - Gruppo Min. Lombardo - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 1974
            • Druogno
              • Orcesco
    		Daniele Ravagnani - I giacimenti uraniferi italiani - Gruppo Min. Lombardo - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 1974
            • Trontano
    		Mattioli V. (1987) - Novità mineralogiche in Val d'Ossola - Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, Milano, fasc. 1, pp.1-11
    Madagascar
     
    • Antananarivo Province
      • Analamanga Region
        • Ankazobe Pegmatite Field
          • Ankazobe District
    		Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Pezzotta, F.(1999): Madagaskar. Das Paradies der Mineralien und Edelsteine. ExtraLapis nr 17, p. 44 (in german, short notice)
      • Bongolava Region
        • Mahasolo District
          • Mahasolo Commune
    		Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
      • Itasy Region
        • Soavinandriana District
    		Besairie H. (1966): Les Gites Minéraux de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar, Tananarive, 34, 92p
          • Mahavelona Commune
    		Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
          • Tamponala Commune
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 54; Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
      • Vakinankaratra Region (Betafo - Antsirabé region)
        • Antsirabé 2 District
          • Sahanivotry Commune
    		Besairie H. (1966): Les Gites Minéraux de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar, Tananarive. 34, p. 71
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
          • Ambohimanambola Commune
            • Mount Ikaka
              • Anjanabonoina pegmatites
    		De Vito et al (2006): Nb-Ti-Ta oxides in the gem-mineralized and "hybrid" Anjanabonoina granitic pegmatite, central Madagascar: A record of magmatic and postmagmatic events. Canadian Mineralogist. 44: 87-103.
    Besairie, H. (1966): Les Gites Minéraux de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar, Tananarive, 34, p 390
    - Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
          • Andrembesoa Commune
    		Behier, J. (1963): Carte minéralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
          • Betafo Commune
    		C.R.Acad.Sci. Paris (1912) 154, 1042/ . Lacroix, A. (1922): Mineralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. A.Challamel (Éditeur), Paris. 624p , p 379
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 54/ Lacroix, A. (1922): Mineralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. A.Challamel (Éditeur), Paris. p 379
    Lacroix, A. (1922): Mineralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. A.Challamel (Éditeur), Paris.p 379
    Lacroix, A. (1912): Sur un groupe de niobotantalates cubiques, radioactifs, des pegmatites du Vakinankaratra . Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie, Paris 35 , 85-92
        • Faratsiho District
    		Lacroix, A. (1922): Mineralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. A.Challamel (Éditeur), Paris. p 379
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Gélogique Madagascar. A 1871
    Lacroix, A. (1922): Mineralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. A.Challamel (Éditeur), Paris. p 379
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
        • Sahatany Pegmatite Field (Mt Bity (Ibity) area)
          • Sahatany Valley
    		Knut Edvard Larsen collection (selfcollected)
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Behier, J (1953): Les mineraux de la pegmatite de Manjaka, Vallee de la Sahatany. Archive Service Gélogique Madagascar. A.581
    • Fianarantsoa Province
      • Matsiatra Region
        • Ikalamavony District
          • Ikalamavony Pegmatite Field
    		Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Gélogique Madagascar. A 1871
    • Mahajanga (Majunga) Province
      • Betsiboka Region
        • Tsaratanàna District
          • Berere Pegmatite Field
    		Besaire, H. (1966): Gites mineraux de Madagascar. Annales Geologique de Madagascar, Tananarive, Fascicule XXXIV,p 59
      • Melaky Region
    		Arliguie M.
    Arliguie M collection
    • Tuléar (Toliara) Province
      • Menabe Region
        • Miandrivazo District
    		Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
    Malawi
     
    • Chitipa District
      • Songwe Complex
    		Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
    Mexico
     
    • Oaxaca
      • Mun. de San Francisco Telixtlahuaca
        • San Francisco Telixtlahuaca
    		Panczner(1987):112.
    Mozambique
     
    • Zambezia Province
      • Alto Ligonha District
    		No reference listed
    Martins da Pedra.
    North Korea
     
    • Kangwon Province
      • Pyonggang-gun
    		Pavel M. Kartashov data
    Norway
     
    • Aust-Agder
      • Evje og Hornnes
        • Landsverk
    		Bjørlykke (1931); Neumann (1985, p. 69).
      • Iveland
    		Bjørlykke (1934b, p. 268); Neumann (1985, p. 69).
    Bjørlykke, H.( 1934): The Mineral Paragenesis and Classification of the Granite Pegmatites of Iveland, Setesdal, Southern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 14, 211-311
    Pedersen, R. (ed) (2007): Iveland V: Gruvedrift. Iveland Bygdesogenemd, p. 339
    Hansen, G. H. (2001): Mineralene i Evje - Iveland. (Minerals of Evje - Iveland). Published by Froland Mineral Center. p.23 / Pedersen, R. (ed) (2007): Iveland V: Gruvedrift. Iveland Bygdesogenemd.
    • Telemark
      • Kragerø
    		Green, J.C.(1956):"Geology of the Storkollen-Blankenberg area, Kragerø, Norway". Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 36, 89-140
    Bjørlykke (1931, pp. 74 and 80 and 1937); Oftedal (1940b, p. 320); Neumann (1985, p. 69); Rocks & Min.: 15:77.
    Poland
     
    • Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie)
      • Ząbkowice District
        • Ząbkowice (Frankenstein)
          • Szklary (Gläsendorf)
    		Pieczka A. 2006: An unusual manganoan apatite from the Szklary pegmatite (Lower Silesia, Poland). Mineralogia Polonica - Special Papers, vol. 28, 178-180
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Prebaikalia (Pribaikal'e)
        • Irkutskaya Oblast'
          • Lake Baikal area
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 54
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
    		[World of Stones 12:49]
      • Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye)
        • Buriatia (Buryatia) Republic
          • Ermakovskoe Be Deposit
            • Zunshibir' valley
    		[var: Barian Betafite] P.M. Kartashov data; Mironov A.G. and Gofman A.F, (1979) Barian betafite in pegmatites of Transbaikalien, - Minerals and Minerals Paragenesisa of Rocks and Ores, Leningrad, Nauka, p.127-132 (in Russian).
        • Chitinskaya Oblast'
          • Krasnyi Chikoy
    		Badanina, E.V., Gordienko, V.V., Wiechowski, A., and Friedrich, G. (2008): Geology of ore Deposits 50(8), 772-781.
      • Tuva Republic
        • Sangilen Upland
    		Kapustin Yu.L. (1989) Cerite and ternebohmite from fenites of alkaline massifs of Tuva, - Zapiski VMO, 118(4), p. 47-56 (in Rus.)
    Kapustin, Y. L., & Bykova, A. V. (1965). First find of hiortdahlite in the USSR. Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR, 161, 121-124.
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
          • Afrikanda
    www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/khib.htm
    www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/lovo.htm
          • Turii Cape
    		www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/tury.htm
    Saudi Arabia
     
    • Mintaqah 'Asir
    		Küster, D. (2009): Ore Geology Reviews 35, 68-86.
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Southern Low Tatra Mts
        • Brusno
    		Uher, P. ,Černý, P., 1998 : Vzácnoprvková mineralizácia v granitových pegmatitoch Nízkych Tatier. Mineralia Slovaca, 30, 2,93 – 94
    South Africa
     
    • Free State Province
    		Minerals of South Africa
    • Gauteng Province
    		Minerals of South Africa
    • Northern Cape Province
      • Namaqualand
        • Gordonia District
    		Minerals of South Africa
        • Kenhardt District
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Switzerland
     
    • Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)
      • Hinterrhein Valley
        • Ferrera Valley
          • Ausserferrera
    		Brugger, J., Gieré, R., Graeser, S., and Meisser, N. (1997): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 127, 136-146.
    Tajikistan
     
    • Region of Republican Subordination
      • Tien Shan Mts
        • Alai (Alayskiy) Range
    		http://www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/dara.htm
    Thailand
     
    • Phuket Province
    		Econ Geol (1995) 90:603-615
    The Moon
     
    • Mare Crisium
    		Mokhov A.V. and Kartashov P.M. data
    USA
     
    • Alaska
      • Yukon-Koyukuk Borough
        • Hughes District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    • Arkansas
      • Pulaski Co.
        • Little Rock
    • California
      • San Bernardino Co.
    		Seaman, 1976. Pegmatite Minerals of the World
    Hewett, Donnel Foster, Stone, J., and Stieff, L.R. (1969) The ages of three uranium minerals, Mojave Desert, California. USGS Prof. Paper 650-B: 85; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 179.
    • Colorado
      • Gunnison Co.
        • Quartz Creek District
          • Ohio City
    		Meeves, H., et al (1966), Reconnaissance of beryllium-bearing pegmatite deposits in six western states, US Bur. Mines Info. Circ. 8298: 26 (Table A-1); Pearl, 1958. Colorado Gem Trails & Mineral Guide, p.61. Minerals of Colorado
      • Jefferson Co.
        • Indian Hills
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Lake Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
          • Climax
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    • Montana
      • Hill Co.
    		www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens
    Chakhmouradian A.R. & Mitchell R.H. (1999) Primary, agpaitic and deuteric stages in the evolution of Accessory Sr, REE, Ba and Nb-mineralization in nepheline-syenite pegmatites at Pegmatite Peak, Bearpaw Mts., Montana, Mineral. Petrol., 67: 85-110.
    • Nevada
      • Mineral Co.
        • Fitting District
          • Gillis Range
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Mexico
      • Mora Co.
        • Rociada District
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    • New York
      • St Lawrence Co.
        • De Kalb Township
    		 R.W. Munschauer II and D.G. Bailey (2009) The 36th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, April 23-26, programme abstracts, 27-28.
    • Virginia
      • Amherst Co.
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
      • Bedford Co.
        • Moneta-Forest
          • Otter Hill
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    Mineral and/or Locality
    Google
     
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