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Phocinae

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	53279	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53279

Rank

subfamily (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : Phocinae

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
-	Placentalia	Owen 1837
-	Laurasiatheria	Waddell et al. 1999
-	Scrotifera	Waddell et al. 1999
-	Ferae	Linnaeus 1758
-	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
-	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
order	Carnivora	Bowditch 1821
superfamily	Arctoidea	Flower 1869
-	Pinnipedimorpha	Berta et al. 1989
-	Pinnipedia
family	Phocidae	Gray 1821
subfamily	Phocinae	Gray 1821

Common Name

seal

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Phocinae	subfamily	belongs to Phocidae	stated without evidence	Gill, 1866
Phocinae	subfamily	belongs to Phocidae	implied	McKenna and Bell, 1997
Phocinae	subfamily	belongs to Phocidae	stated without evidence	Rice, 1998
Phocinae	subfamily	belongs to Phocidae	stated with evidence	Berta, 2018
Phocinae	subfamily	belongs to Phocidae	stated without evidence	Berta et al., 2018

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

37 (48%)

First Recorded Appearance

23.0 - 16.0 Ma
Miocene

Environment

marine (based on Pinnipedia)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

piscivore, carnivore (based on Phocidae)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Ontogeny

modification of parts (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. E. Gray. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15:296-310

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Cystophorini tribe	listed (PBDB)		5	13.8 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Erignathini tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Phocini tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Batavipusa ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	11.6 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Cryptophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		14	16.0 Ma Miocene	11.1 Ma Miocene
Cystophora genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Hooded Seal	7	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Erignathus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Bearded Seal	57	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Frisiphoca ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	13.8 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Gryphoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	23.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Halichoerus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Grey Seal	16	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Histriophoca genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Ribbon Seal	7	12.7 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Kawas ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Leptophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		38	20.4 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Monachopsis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	13.8 Ma Miocene	1.81 Ma Pleistocene
Nanophoca ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	16.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Necromites ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	1.81 Ma Pleistocene	1.81 Ma Pleistocene
Pagophilus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Harp Seal	29	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Phoca genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Seal	110	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Phocanella ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		15	23.0 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Platyphoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	11.6 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Praepusa ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		22	16.0 Ma Miocene	1.81 Ma Pleistocene
Prophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	20.4 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Pusa genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Arctic Seal	45	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Sarmatonectes ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	12.7 Ma Miocene	12.7 Ma Miocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1821	Phocinae Gray p. 302
1866	Phocinae Gill p. 5
1880	Phocinae Allen p. 557
1898	Phocinae Trouessart p. 381
1904	Phocinae Trouessart p. 284
1912	Phocinae Turner p. 178
1928	Phocinae Weber p. 351
1930	Phocinae Hay p. 562
1947	Phocinae Friant p. 6
1963	Phocinae Scheffer and Rice p. 3
1970	Phocinae Burns and Fay p. 380
1971	Phocinae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 162
1976	Phocinae Tedford p. 372
1980	Phocinae Kurten and Anderson p. 204
1981	Phocinae Muizon p. 135
1982	Phocinae Muizon p. 205 figs. Table 1
1982	Phocinae Thomas et al. p. 1
1984	Phocinae Antoniuk and Koretsky p. 27
1986	Phocinae Kovacs and Lavigne p. 1
1990	Phocinae Riedman p. 57 figs. Table 2
1991	Phocinae Koretsky p. 41A
1994	Phocinae Koretsky and Ray p. 18
1997	Phocinae McKenna and Bell p. 257
1998	Phocinae Rice
1999	Phocinae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 170

Year	Name and Author
2001	Phocinae Cozzuol p. 415
2001	Phocinae Koretsky p. 34
2002	Phocinae Berta p. 923
2002	Phocinae Koretsky and Holec p. 175 figs. Fig. 9
2003	Phocinae Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3
2003	Phocinae Koretsky p. 64
2004	Phocinae Davis et al. p. 365
2006	Phocinae Koretsky and Barnes p. 148
2008	Phocinae Koretsky and Barnes p. 545
2008	Phocinae Koretsky and Ray p. 84
2009	Phocinae Berta p. 863
2010	Phocinae Fulton and Strobeck p. 817 figs. Figure 1
2012	Phocinae Koretsky et al. p. 5
2012	Leptophoca amphiatlantica Koretsky et al. p. 7 figs. Figures 2-4; Table 1
2014	Phocinae Koretsky et al. p. 421
2015	Phocinae Koretsky et al. p. 58
2017	Phocinae Berta p. 157
2017	Phocinae Dewaele et al. p. 13
2017	Phocinae Dewaele et al. p. 10
2018	Phocinae Berta p. 715 figs. Fig. 3C
2018	Phocinae Berta et al. p. 210 figs. Fig. 2
2018	Phocinae Dewaele et al. p. 14
2019	Phocinae Albright et al. p. 178
2019	Phocinae Kienle and Berta

References

Gray J. E. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals, The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15, 296-310

Gill T. Prodrome of a monograph of the pinnipedes, Proceedings of the Essex Institute 5 1, 1-13

Allen J. A. History of North American Pinnipeds, US Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Miscellaneous Publications 12, 1-785

Trouessart E. L. , Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilum 5, 665-1264

Trouessart E. L. (1904) , Catalogus Mammalium Tam Viventium Quam Fossilium, Fourth Edition, 1-929

Hay O. P. (1930) Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington 390 II, 1-1074

Friant M. (1947) Recherches sur le femur des phocidae, Bulletin du Musee royal d'Hisoire naturelle de Belgique 23 2, 1-51

Scheffer V. B., Rice D. W. (1963) A list of the marine mammals of the world, United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report - Fisheries 431, 1-12

Burns J. J., Fay F. H. (1970) Comparative morphology of the skull of the Ribbon seal, Histriophoca fasciata, with remarks on the systematics of Phocidae, Journal of Zoology 161, 363-394

Ginsburg L., Janvier P. (1971) Les mamiferes marins des faluns miocenes de la Touraine et de l'Anjou, Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sciences de la Terre 6 22, 161-195

Tedford R. H. (1976) Relationship of pinnipeds to other carnivores (Mammalia), Systematic Zoology 25 4, 363-374

Kurten B., Anderson E. (1980) , Pleistocene mammals of North America, 1-442

Muizon C. (1981) Les vertebres fossiles de la Formation Pisco (Perou). Premiere parti: Deux nouveaux Monachina (Phocidae, Mammalia) du Pliocene de Sud-Sacaco, Recherche sur les grandes civilisations Memoire 6, 1-150

Riedman M. (1990) The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses, 1-439

Koretsky I. A., Ray C. E. (1994) Cryptophoca, a new genus for Phoca maeotica (Mammalia: Pinnipedia: Phocinae), from upper Miocene deposits in the northern Black Sea region, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 107 1, 17-26

McKenna M. C., Bell S. K. (1997) , Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, 1-640

Rice D. W. (1998) Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution, The Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication 4, 1-231

Ginsburg L., Janvier P. (1999) Les phoques (Phocidae, Pinnipedia, Carnivora, Mammalia) des faluns Miocenes de L'Anjou, Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences naturelles de l'Ouest de la France, Nouvelle serie 21 4, 169-178

Cozzuol M. (2001) A "northern" seal from the Miocene of Argentina: Implications for phocid phylogeny and biogeography, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 3, 415-421

Koretsky I. (2001) Morphology and systematics of Miocene Phocinae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from Paratethys and the North Atlantic region, Geologica Hungarica Series Palaeontologica 54, 1-109

Koretsky I. A., Holec P. (2002) A primitive seal (Mammalia: Phocidae) from the early middle Miocene of central Paratethys, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 93, 163-178

Deméré T. A., Berta A., et al (2003) Pinnipedimorph evolutionary biogeography, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279, 32-76

Koretsky I. A. (2003) New finds of Sarmatian seals (Mammalia, Carnivora, Phocinae) from southern Hungary, Advances in Vertebrate Paleontology "Hen to Panta", 63-70

Davis C. S., Delisle I., et al (2004) A phylogeny of the extant Phocidae inferred from complete mitochondrial DNA coding regions, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33, 363-377

Koretsky I. A., Barnes L. G. (2006) Pinniped Evolutionary History and Paleobiogeography, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Vertebrates and Paleoenvironments: Tributes to the career of Prof. Dan Grigorescu, 143-153

Koretsky I. A., Barnes L. G. (2008) Phocidae, Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America 2, 542-556

Koretsky I. A., Ray C. E. (2008) Phocidae of the Pliocene of eastern USA, Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication 14, 81-140

Berta A. (2009) Pinniped Evolution, Encyclopedia of Marine Mammal Evolution, 861-868

Fulton T. L., Strobeck C. (2010) Multiple fossil calibrations, nuclear loci and mitochondrial genomes provide new insight into biogeography and divergence timing for true seals (Phocidae, Pinnipedia), Journal of Biogeography 37, 814-829

Koretsky I. A., Ray C. E., et al (2012) A new species of Leptophoca (Carnivora, Phocidae, Phocinae) from both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean (Miocene seals of the Netherlands, part I), Deinsea 15, 1-12

Koretsky I., Rahmat S., et al (2014) Rare late Miocene seal taxa (Carnivora, Phocidae) from the North Sea Basin, Vestnik zoologii 48 5, 419-432 doi:10.2478/vzoo-2014-0050

Koretsky I. A., Peters N., et al (2015) New species of Praepusa (Carnivora, Phocidae, Phocinae) from the Netherlands supports east to west Neogene dispersal of true seals, Vestnik zoologii 49 1, 57-66 doi:10.1515/vzoo-2015-0006

Berta A. (2017) , The Rise of Marine Mammals: 50 Million Years of Evolution, 1-198

Dewaele L., Amson E., et al (2017) Reappraisal of the extinct seal “Phoca” vitulinoides from the Neogene of the North Sea Basin, with bearing on its geological age, phylogenetic affinities, and locomotion, PeerJ 5, e3316 doi:10.7717/peerj.3316

Dewaele L., Lambert O., et al (2017) On Prophoca and Leptophoca (Pinnipedia, Phocidae) from the Miocene of the North Atlantic realm: redescription, phylogenetic affinities and paleobiogeographic implications, PeerJ 5, e3024 doi:10.7717/peerj.3024

Berta A. (2018) Pinniped evolution, Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 712-722

Berta A., Churchill M., et al (2018) The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 46, 203-228 doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009

Dewaele L., Lambert O., et al (2018) A critical revision of the fossil record, stratigraphy and diversity of the Neogene seal genus Monotherium (Carnivora, Phocidae), Royal Society Open Science 5, 171669 doi:10.1098/rsos.171669

Albright L. B., Sanders A. E., et al (2019) Cenozoic vertebrate biostratigraphy of South Carolina, U.S.A. and additions to the fauna, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 57 2, 77-236

Kienle S. S., Berta A. (2019) The evolution of feeding strategies in phocid seals (Pinnipedia, Phocidae), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e1559172

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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