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Pinguinus

Description

The great auk (Pinguinus impennis) is a species of flightless alcid that became extinct in the mid-19th century. It was the only modern species in the genus Pinguinus. It is not closely related to the birds now known as penguins, which were discovered later and so named by sailors because of their physical resemblance to the great auk.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)5229272https://www.gbif.org/species/5229272
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)39617https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39617
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Alcidae : Pinguinus
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SauropsidaHuxley 1864
classReptiliaLaurenti 1768
subclassEureptilia
-RomeriidaGauthier et al. 1988
-Diapsida
-Eosuchia
-NeodiapsidaBenton 1985
-SauriaGauthier 1984
-Archosauromorpha
-CrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
-EucrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-Archosauria
informalAvemetatarsaliaBenton 1999
-OrnithodiraGauthier 1986
-DinosauromorphaBenton 1985
-DinosauriformesNovas 1992
-Dinosauria
-Saurischia
-Theropoda
-NeotheropodaBakker 1986
-AverostraPaul 2002
-TetanuraeGauthier 1986
orderAvetheropodaPaul 1988
suborderCoelurosauriaHuene 1914
-ManiraptoraGauthier 1986
-ParavesSereno 1997
classAvesLinnaeus 1758
orderCharadriiformesHuxley 1867
-PanalcidaeSmith 2011
familyAlcidaeLeach 1820
subfamilyAlcinaeLeach 1820
genusPinguinusBonnaterre 1791
Common NameGreat auk
Scientific NamePinguinus Bonnaterre, 1791
Name Published InBonnaterre, Pierre J. 1791. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Ornithologie. Panckoucke, Paris. Vol. 1 (livr.47): lxxxi-xcvii, 1-192.
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Pinguinusgenusbelongs to AlcidaeimpliedCarroll, 1988
Pinguinusgenusbelongs to Alcinaestated without evidenceOlson and Rasmussen, 2001
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)3
First Recorded Appearance5.33 - 3.60 Ma
Neogene
Last Recorded Appearance0.01 Ma
Pleistocene
Environmentmarine (based on Charadriiformes)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Theropoda)
Dietcarnivore (based on Coelurosauria)
Reproductionoviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)
Ontogenyaccretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)
Taphonomyhydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)
Primary Reference (PBDB)R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
Common Name(s) Great Auk, Great Auks
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinguinus

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Pinguinus alfrednewtoni
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
15.33 Ma
Miocene
5.33 Ma
Miocene
Pinguinus impennis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Great Auk1242.59 Ma
Pleistocene
0.01 Ma
Pleistocene

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Penguinus Bonnaterre, 1791GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Alcidae : Penguinus
Plautus Linnaeus, 1758GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Alcidae : Plautus

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1790Pinguinus Bonnaterre
1988Pinguinus Carroll
2001Pinguinus Olson and Rasmussen p. 278
2014Pinguinus del Hoyo et al.

References

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Olson S. L., Rasmussen P. C. (2001) Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 90, 233-365
del Hoyo J., Collar N. J., et al (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines, 1-904
AnimalBase (2011) www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de. Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Göttingen - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas
van der Land, J. (2001). Tetrapoda, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 375-376 - via World Register of Marine Species
Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2003: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Ency. Méth. (Orn.), 1, Ixxxiii. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000/Monroe Jr. & Sibley, 1993, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
web search (AJR) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 999 Plautus Brunnich, 1772 (Aves): suppressed under the Plenary Powers.Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 30, 80-81 (1973) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology
SN2000/Monroe Jr. & Sibley, 1993 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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