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Merenskyite

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Big Photo

Bunkerville District, Clark Co., Nevada, USA
© Norman King




Formula:
(Pd,Pt)(Te,Bi)
 
2
System:TrigonalColour:White
Hardness:2 - 3
Name:
For Hans Merensky (1871-1952), South African geologist, prospector, scientist, conservationist and philanthropist.


Melonite-Merenskyite Series.

Classification of Merenskyite

IMA status:Approved
Strunz 8th edition ID:2/D.28-40
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:2.EA.20

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
A : M:S = 1:2 - With Cu, Ag, Au
Dana 8th edition ID:2.12.14.4

2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
Hey's CIM Ref.:3.12.23

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals
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Type Occurrence of Merenskyite

Type Locality:Merensky Reef, Western Bushveld Complex, Northwest Province, South Africa
Year of Discovery:1966
Geological Setting of type material:Ultramafic intrusive

Physical Properties of Merenskyite

Lustre:Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:White
Hardness (Mohs):2 - 3
Hardness (Vickers):VHN10=82 - 128 kg/mm2
Density (calculated):8.547 g/cm3

Crystallography of Merenskyite

Crystal System:Trigonal
Class (H-M):3m - Ditrigonal Pyramidal
Space Group:P3m1
Cell Parameters:a = 3.978(1) Å, c = 5.125(2) Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 1.288
Unit Cell Volume:V 70.24 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:1
Morphology:Minute grains

Optical Data of Merenskyite

Type:Anisotropic
Anisotropism:Distinct to strong, from dark brown to light greenish gray
Colour in reflected light:White
Pleochroism:Weak
Comments:White to grayish white in air, more distinct in oil

Chemical Properties of Merenskyite

Formula:
(Pd,Pt)(Te,Bi)
 
2
Essential elements:Pd, Te
All elements listed in formula:Bi, Pd, Pt, Te

Relationship of Merenskyite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Melonite (see here)
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
2.EA.05Sylvanite
(Au,Ag)
 
2
Te
 
4
2.EA.10Calaverite
AuTe
 
2
2.EA.15Kostovite
CuAuTe
 
4
2.EA.15Krennerite
(Au,Ag)Te
 
2
2.EA.20Berndtite
SnS
 
2
2.EA.20Kitkaite
NiTeSe
2.EA.20Melonite
NiTe
 
2
2.EA.20Moncheite
(Pt,Pd)(Te,Bi)
 
2
2.EA.20Shuangfengite
IrTe
 
2
2.EA.20Sudovikovite
PtSe
 
2
2.EA.25Verbeekite
PdSe
 
2
2.EA.30Drysdallite
Mo(Se,S)
 
2
2.EA.30Jordisite
MoS
 
2
2.EA.30Molybdenite
MoS
 
2
2.EA.30Tungstenite
WS
 
2
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
3.12.1Seinäjokite
(Fe,Ni)(Sb,As)
 
2
3.12.2Laurite
RuS
 
2
3.12.3Ruthenarsenite
(Ru,Ni)As
3.12.4Anduoite
(Ru,Os)As
 
2
3.12.5Ruarsite
(Ru,Os)AsS
3.12.6Xingzhongite
(Pb,Cu,Fe)(Ir,Pt,Rh)
 
2
S
 
4
3.12.7Rhodplumsite
Rh
 
3
Pb
 
2
S
 
2
3.12.8Cuprorhodsite
(Cu,Fe)Rh
 
2
S
 
4
3.12.9Konderite
Cu
 
3
Pb(Rh,Pt,Ir)
 
8
S
 
16
3.12.10Bowieite
(Rh,Ir,Pt)
 
2
S
 
3
3.12.11Cherepanovite
RhAs
3.12.12Hollingworthite
(Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS
3.12.13Vysotskite
(Pd,Ni)S
3.12.14Vasilite
(Pd,Cu)
 
16
(S,Te)
 
7
3.12.15Palladseite
Pd
 
17
Se
 
15
3.12.16Oosterboschite
(Pd,Cu)
 
7
Se
 
5
3.12.17Telluropalladinite
Pd
 
9
Te
 
4
3.12.18Temagamite
Pd
 
3
HgTe
 
3
3.12.19Sopcheite
Ag
 
4
Pd
 
3
Te
 
4
3.12.20Michenerite
PdBiTe
3.12.21Kotulskite
Pd(Te,Bi)
 
1-2
3.12.22Telargpalite
(Pd,Ag)
 
3
(Te,Bi)
3.12.24Palladoarsenide
Pd
 
2
As
3.12.25Stillwaterite
Pd
 
8
As
 
3
3.12.26Atheneite
Pd
 
2
As
 
0.75
Hg
 
0.25
3.12.27Majakite
PdNiAs
3.12.28Palarstanide
Pd
 
8
(As,Sn)
 
3
3.12.29Arsenopalladinite
Pd
 
8
(As,Sb)
 
3
3.12.30Vincentite
Pd
 
3
As
3.12.31Palladobismutharsenide
Pd
 
2
(As,Bi)
3.12.32Stibiopalladinite
Pd
 
5
Sb
 
2
3.12.33Hexatestibiopanickelite
Ni(Te,Sb)
3.12.34Sudburyite
(Pd,Ni)Sb
3.12.35Testibiopalladite
PdTe(Sb,Te)
3.12.36Borovskite
Pd
 
3
SbTe
 
4
3.12.37Isomertieite
Pd
 
11
Sb
 
2
As
 
2
3.12.38Mertieite-I
Pd
 
11
(Sb,As)
 
4
3.12.39Mertieite-II
Pd
 
8
(Sb,As)
 
3
3.12.40Sobolevskite
PdBi
3.12.41Froodite
α-PdBi
 
2
3.12.42Polarite
Pd(Bi,Pb)
3.12.43Urvantsevite
Pd(Bi,Pb)
 
2
3.12.44Cooperite
(Pt,Pd,Ni)S
3.12.45Braggite
(Pt,Pd,Ni)S
3.12.46Kharaelakhite
(Pt,Cu,Pb,Fe,Ni)
 
9
S
 
8
3.12.47Malanite
Cu(Pt
3+
 
,Ir
3+
 
)
 
2
S
 
4
3.12.48Moncheite
(Pt,Pd)(Te,Bi)
 
2
3.12.49Maslovite
PtBiTe
3.12.50Sperrylite
PtAs
 
2
3.12.51Platarsite
(Pt,Rh,Ru)AsS
3.12.52Geversite
PtSb
 
2
3.12.53Daomanite
CuPtAsS
 
2
3.12.54Genkinite
(Pt,Pd,Rh)
 
4
Sb
 
3
3.12.55Stumpflite
Pt(Sb,Bi)
3.12.56Insizwaite
Pt(Bi,Sb)
 
2
3.12.57Erlichmanite
OsS
 
2
3.12.58Omeiite
(Os,Ru)As
 
2
3.12.59Osarsite
(Os,Ru)AsS
3.12.60Kashinite
(Ir,Rh)
 
2
S
 
3
3.12.61Inaglyite
Cu
 
3
Pb(Ir,Pt)
 
8
S
 
16
3.12.62Cuproiridsite
(Cu,Fe)Ir
 
2
S
 
4
3.12.63Iridarsenite
(Ir,Ru)As
 
2
3.12.64Irarsite
(Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS
3.12.65Tolovkite
IrSbS

Other Names for Merenskyite

Synonyms:
IMA1965-016
Other Languages:
German:Merenskyit
Russian:Меренскиит
Simplified Chinese:铋碲钯矿
Spanish:Merenskyita

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Merenskyite

Reference List:

- +
Mineralogical Magazine (1966): 35: 815-834.

American Mineralogist (1967): 52: 926.

Internet Links for Merenskyite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Merenskyite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Merenskyite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • La Rioja
      • Sierra de Umango
        • Sierra de Cacho
    		DE BRODTKORB, Milka K. Precious metaltellurides and other Te-bearing minerals in different paragenesis of Argentina: A review. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 365-372.
    • San Luis
    		Mineralogical Magazine 1997 61 : 861-877; DE BRODTKORB, Milka K. Precious metaltellurides and other Te-bearing minerals in different paragenesis of Argentina: A review. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 365-372.; FERRACUTTI, G.; BJERG, E. and MOGESSIE, A.. Precious and base metals in Las Águilas, Sierra de San Luis: Mineralogy, genesis and evolution. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2007, vol.62, n.3, pp. 434-446.; Mineralogy and Petrology (2000) 68: 85-114
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Cunningham Co.
        • Trundle
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    • Western Australia
      • Coolgardie Shire
        • Kambalda
          • Kambalda Nickel deposit
    		Econ Geol (1986) 81:1218-1225
      • West Musgrave Block
    		Mineral. Deposita 42 (2007) 551-581.
    Botswana
     
    • North-East District
      • Francistown District
    		Maier, W.D., Barnes, S.-J., Chinyepi, G., Barton, Jr., J.M., Eglington, B., and Setshedi, I. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 37-60.
    Brazil
     
    • Goiás
    		33rd International Geological Congress (2008) session MPM-04 Platinum-group mineralogy: Diversity of Platinum group minerals (PGM) in chromitites from Brazil, preliminary results
    • Minas Gerais
    		The Canadian Mineralogist; August 2007; v. 45; no. 4; p. 751-773;
    Bulgaria
     
    • Sofiya Oblast (Sofia Oblast)
      • Zlatitsa
    		Stribrny, B., Wellmer, F.-W., Burgath, K.-P., Oberthür, T., Tarkian, M., and Pfeiffer, T. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 260-281.; Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.; Georgiev, Georgi (2008) A genetic model of the Elatsite porphyry copper deposit, Bulgaria. GEOCHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY • SOFIA 46, 143-160.
    Canada
     
    • Manitoba
      • Flin Flon District
        • Bear Lake
    		Olivo & Theyer (2004) CM 42, 667
    • Ontario
      • Kenora District
        • Pickle Lake
    		Can Mineral 1984 22: 13-21
      • Nipissing District
        • Phyllis Township
          • Lake Temagami (Timagami Lake; Tamagaming)
            • Temagami Island
    		http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperfield%27s_Mine; Canadian Mineralogist (1973): 12: 193-198
      • Sudbury District
        • Levack
    		Sarah A. S. Dare, Sarah-Jane Barnes, Hazel M. Prichard und Peter C. Fisher (2011): Chalcophile and platinum-group element (PGE) concentrations in the sulfide minerals from the McCreedy East deposit, Sudbury, Canada, and the origin of PGE in pyrite. Mineralium Deposita 46, 381-407.
    R. C. Smith, II, SEM, 5/24/10
    Econ Geol (1988) 83:492-510; Econ Geol (1986) 81:1272-1277
        • Wisner Township
    		Econ. Geol. 103 (2008) 1005-1028.
    Robert C. Smith, II Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 10-03-10
      • Thunder Bay District
    		CanMin 22:233-237
        • Lower Shebandowan Lake
    		Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 16, pp. 659-663 (1978)
        • Marathon
    		Mulja & Mitchell (1990)
    Can. Min. 30, 121
      • Timiskaming District
        • Boston Township
    		Econ Geol (1993) 88:817-836
    • Québec
      • Nord-du-Québec
        • Nunavik
          • Ungava
    		Econ Geol (1986) 81:1147-1158
    • Yukon Territory
      • Whitehorse Mining District
        • Kluane District
    		Barkov, A.Y., Laflamme, J.H.G., Cabri, L.J., and Martin, R.F. (2002) Platinum-group minerals from the Wellgreen Cu-Ni-PGE deposit, Yukon, Canada. Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 651-669.
    China
     
    • Gansu Province
      • Jinchang Prefecture
        • Jinchuan District
    		Wenfeng Zhu and Youbin Liang (2000): Geology and Prospecting 36(1), 26-28; Yang, X.-Z., Ishihara, S., and Zhao, D.-H. (2006): Mineralogy and Petrology 86 (1/2), 109-128
    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
      • Hohhot League (Huhehaote Prefecture)
        • Wuchuan Co.
    		Chen Keqiao, Yang Huifang, Ma Letian, and Peng Zhizhong (1981): Dizhi Lunping [Geological Review] 27(2), 108-115.
    • Jiangxi Province
      • Shangrao Prefecture
        • Dexing Co.
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    • Sichuan Province
      • Garzê (Ganzi) Autonomous Prefecture
        • Danba Co.
          • Yangliuping Cu-Ni-PGE ore field
      • Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture
        • Huili Co.
    		Hangxin Cheng, Chuandong Zhao, Guangmin Zhuang, Yinhan Liu, Haifeng Nie, and Lu Qi (2007): Geology and Prospecting 43(4), 56-60
      • Panzhihua Prefecture
        • Dong District
        • Miyi Co.
    		http://www.the-conference.com/2003/Gold2003/abstracts/A560.pdf
      • Ya'an Prefecture
        • Shimian Co.
    		http://www.the-conference.com/2003/Gold2003/abstracts/A560.pdf
    • Xinjiang (Xinjiang-Uygur) Autonomous Region
      • Yili Hasake (Ili Kazakh) Autonomous Prefecture
        • Aletai (Altay) Prefecture
          • Fuyun Co. (Koktokay Co.)
    		Minqing Cheng, Yuchun Yang, Fuyi Jia, Qingshan Yang, Guifang Zhao, Cunchang Wang, and Sen Huang (1993): Geology and Prospecting 29(7), 35-39
    • Yunnan Province
      • Dali Autonomous Prefecture
        • Midu Co.
    		Huanbin Song, Mingqin He, Shangzhong Zhang, and Fenghuang Yi (2008): Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 27, 104-108.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Central Bohemia Region
    		Johan, Z., Merenskyite, Pd(Te,Se) (sub 2) , and the low-temperature selenide association from the Predborice uranium deposit, Czechoslovakia. Neues Jahrbuch fuer Mineralogie. Monatshefte, vol.1989, no.4, pp.179-191, 1989.; Econ Geol (1997) 92:468-484
    Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
     
    • Katanga (Shaba)
      • Katanga Copper Crescent
        • Kolwezi District
          • Kolwezi
    		www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/katangapgm/CAP.pdf.
        • Shinkolobwe
    		www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/katangapgm/CAP.pdf.
    Egypt
     
    • Red Sea Governorate
      • Eastern Desert
    		Helmy, H.M., and Mogessie, A. (2001): Mineralium Deposita 36, 58-71.
        • Wadi Haimur
    		Helmy, H.M., and Mogessie, A. (2001): Mineralium Deposita 36, 58-71.
    Finland
     
    • Lapland Region
      • Koillismaa Complex
      • Penikat complex
    		Econ Geol (1986) 81:1126-1136
    Econ Geol (1986) 81:1126-1136
      • Sodankylä
    No reference listed
    No reference listed
    • Southern Finland Region
      • South Karelia
    		GEOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUKSEN ETELÄ-SUOMEN PLATINATUTKIMUS V. 1989 90.
    Greece
     
    • Macedonia Department
      • Chalkidiki Prefecture
        • Cassandra Mines
    		M. Tarkian et al., N. Jb. Miner. Mh. H12 (1991) 529-537
    India
     
    • Orissa
    		CanMin 40:277-309
    Italy
     
    • Piedmont
      • Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province
        • Different Municipalities
    		AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
      • Vercelli Province
        • Mastallone Valley
          • Rimella
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
        • Sesia Valley
          • Scopello
    		Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.; Econ Geol (1986) 81:113-1217
          • Varallo Sesia
    		Econ Geol (1986) 81:113-1217
    Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp.
    Morocco
     
    • Souss-Massa-Draâ Region
      • Ouarzazate Province
        • Tazenakht
          • Bou Azer District (Bou Azzer District)
            • Bleida
    		El Ghorfi, M., Oberthür, T., Melcher, F., Lüders, V., El Boukhari, A., Maacha, L., Ziadi, R., and Baoutoul, H. (2006): Mineralium Deposita 41, 549-564.
    Norway
     
    • Nord-Trøndelag
      • Grong
        • Grong ore field
    		Grønlie, A. (1988): Platinum-group minerals in the Lillefjellklumpen nickel-copper deposit, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 68, 65-72
    Nilsson, L. P. & Larsen, R. B. (1998): Edle mineraler i mafiske og ultramafiske bergarter- en oppsummering av platina-gruppe mineraler (PGM) funnet i Norge i de senere år. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift 14: 40-49
    Papua New Guinea
     
    • Western Province (Fly Province)
      • Star Mts
        • Mount Fubilan
    		Stribrny, B., Wellmer, F.-W., Burgath, K.-P., Oberthür, T., Tarkian, M., and Pfeiffer, T. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 260-281.
    Philippines
     
    • Luzon
      • Cordillera Administrative Region
        • Benguet Province
          • Baguio District
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Taymyrskiy Autonomous Okrug
        • Taimyr Peninsula
          • Putoran Plateau
    		Econ Geol (1986) 81:1203-1212
      • Tuva Republic
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
        • Sayan Mts
          • Eastern Sayan
    		Alexander V. Dedeev et al (2002) The PGE-Bearing Sulphide Ores of the Kingash Mafic-Ultramafic Differentiated Intrusion and Ore Processing Characteristics, East Sajan, Russia. 9th annual platinum symposium
    • Northern Region
      • Karelia Republic
        • Northern Karelia
          • Oulanka plutonic complex
            • Olanga (Oulanka) River
              • Lukkulaisvaara ultrabasic Massif (Lukkulaisvaara pluton; Lukkulaisvaara layered intrusion)
    		Can Min (2002) 40, (2), 679-692; Mineralogical Magazine 1996 60 : 973-978.
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
          • Fedorovo-Pansky massif (Pana layered complex)
    		33rd International Geological Congress (2008) session MPM-04 Platinum-group mineralogy: Platinum-group minerals in the PGE deposit of the Fedorovo-Pansky layered intrusion, Kola Peninsula
    33rd International Geological Congress (2008) session MPM-04 Platinum-group mineralogy: Platinum-group minerals in the PGE deposit of the Fedorovo-Pansky layered intrusion, Kola Peninsula
    33rd International Geological Congress (2008) session MPM-04 Platinum-group mineralogy: Platinum-group minerals in the PGE deposit of the Fedorovo-Pansky layered intrusion, Kola Peninsula
    33rd International Geological Congress (2008) session MPM-04 Platinum-group mineralogy: Platinum-group minerals in the PGE deposit of the Fedorovo-Pansky layered intrusion, Kola Peninsula
          • Monche-Tundra
    		http://www.duke.edu/~boudreau/9thPtSymposium/Grokhovskaya_Abstract.pdf
            • Monchegorsk
              • Monchegorsk Cu-Ni Deposit
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990; Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    33 IGC excursion No 48, August 15 – 21, 2008
    http://www4.geology.utoronto.ca/faculty/mungall/Website/igcp479northasia/dp803.html.
          • Pechengsky District
    		Abzalov, M.Z., and Both, R.A. (1997): Mineralogy and Petrology 61, 119-143.
    Serbia
     
    • Bor-Majdanpek District
    		Stribrny, B., Wellmer, F.-W., Burgath, K.-P., Oberthür, T., Tarkian, M., and Pfeiffer, T. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 260-281.
    South Africa
     
    • Limpopo Province
      • Bushveld Complex
        • Burgersfort
    		Minerals of South Africa
          • Sekhukhuneland
    		Minerals of South Africa
      • Eastern Bushveld Complex
        • Mokopane (Potgietersrus)
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    • Mpumalanga Province
    		http://www.minsoc.org.za/pubs/BaseMetals2003.pdf
    H.F.J. Theart and C.D. de Nooy (2001) The Platinum Group Minerals in two parts of the Massive Sulphide Body of the Uitkomst Complex, Mpumalanga, South Africa. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY, VOLUME 104, PAGE 287-300
    • Northwest Province
      • Western Bushveld Complex
    		http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/merenskyite.pdf
        • Rustenburg District
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    Spain
     
    • Extremadura
      • Badajoz
        • Monesterio
    		Suárez, S. et al. (2010): Mineralium Deposita 45, 331-350.
    Sweden
     
    • Jämtland
      • Berg
        • Storsjö
    • Lappland
      • Vittangi
    		No reference listed
    UK
     
    • Scotland
      • Dumfries & Galloway (Wigtownshire)
        • Newton Stewart
    		MinMag 68(2):395-411
      • North West Highlands (Inverness-shire)
        • Isle of Rum
    		Power, M.R., Pirrie, D., Andersen, J.C.O., and Butcher, A.R. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 762-775.
    USA
     
    • Montana
      • Stillwater Co.
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990; Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 17, pp. 589-594 (1979)
    • Nevada
      • Clark Co.
        • Bunkerville District
          • Whitney Pocket Basin
    		Rocks & Minerals, Nov. 1999.
    • Wyoming
      • Albany Co.
        • New Rambler District
    		R.R. Loucks, M.E. McCallum (1980) Platinum-group minerals in the New Rambler copper-nickel deposit, Wyoming: A preliminary report. ft Sulphosalts, Platinum Minerals and Ore Microscopy, 200-218. Proc. XI IMA Meet., Novosibirsk.(Am Min 74:1217); Econ Geol (1988) 83:492-510
    Zimbabwe
     
    • Masvingo District
      • Chiredzi Mining District (Hartley Mining District)
        • Chiredzi
    		Chusi Li, Ripley, E.M., Oberthür, T., Miller, Jr., J.D., and Joslin, G.D. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 97-110.; Economic Geology (1990) 85:556-584
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