Michenerite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Michenerite
Formula:
PdBiTe
Colour:
Silver-white to grayish white
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
9.5
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
In recognition of Charles Edward Michener (Red Deer, Alberta January 1907- Toronto 15 October 2004), Canadian exploration geologist, International Nickel Co., who is credited with the discovery of a number of major ore deposits, including the Thompson nickel belt in Manitoba and a laterite deposit in Indonesia. Michener discovered and first studied the mineral that was later named after him (Horváth 2003).
Chemically similar to unnamed species: 'UM1961-11-Te:BiPd', 'UM1970-27-Te:BiPd', 'UM1976-31-Te:BiPdSb'. See also kotulskite, Unnamed (Rh-Analogue of Michenerite), and UM1997-55-Te:BiPd.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2703
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2703:4
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
f5152d54-8bf0-4e4b-a9d9-89278c12ccf3
IMA Classification of Michenerite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1958
Classification of Michenerite
2.EB.25
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.
2.12.3.11
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
3.12.20
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Mch | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Mhl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Michenerite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Silver-white to grayish white
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN25=306 - 317 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
9.5 g/cm3 (Measured) 10.0 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Michenerite
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R |
---|---|
400nm | 52.6% |
420nm | 53.6% |
440nm | 54.4% |
460nm | 55.3% |
480nm | 55.8% |
500nm | 56.1% |
520nm | 56.4% |
540nm | 56.5% |
560nm | 56.7% |
580nm | 56.9% |
600nm | 57.1% |
620nm | 57.1% |
640nm | 57.9% |
660nm | 58.4% |
680nm | 58.8% |
700nm | 59.3% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 59.3%.
Colour in reflected light:
Cream-white with a tinge of gray
Chemistry of Michenerite
Mindat Formula:
PdBiTe
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Pt,Ag,Ni,Sb
Crystallography of Michenerite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
2 3 - Tetartoidal
Space Group:
P21 3
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.646(5) Å
Unit Cell V:
293.55 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0005092 | Michenerite | Childs J D, Hall S R (1973) The crystal structure of michenerite, PdBiTe The Canadian Mineralogist 12 61-65 | 1973 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.974 Å | (100) |
2.000 Å | (90) |
2.715 Å | (80) |
1.773 Å | (80) |
1.451 Å | (70) |
1.234 Å | (70) |
0.8668 Å | (70) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals |
Type Occurrence of Michenerite
Co-Type Localities:
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
All original material consumed by analysis.
Redefined material:
Canadian Geological Survey, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M31189 and M29438.
Redefined material:
Canadian Geological Survey, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M31189 and M29438.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Nickel sulphide deposit
Reference:
Hawley, J.E. and Berry, L.G. (1958) Michenerite and froodite, palladium bismuth minerals. The Canadian Mineralogist: 6: 200-209.
Other Language Names for Michenerite
Relationship of Michenerite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Andrieslombaardite | RhSbS | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
Changchengite | IrBiS | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
Cobaltite | CoAsS | Orth. mm2 : Pca21 |
Gersdorffite | NiAsS | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Hollingworthite | (Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Irarsite | (Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Jolliffeite | NiAsSe | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Kalungaite | PdAsSe | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Maslovite | PtBiTe | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
Mayingite | IrBiTe | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Milotaite | PdSbSe | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
Padmaite | PdBiSe | Iso. 4 3 2 |
Platarsite | Pt(As,S)2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Testibiopalladite | PdSbTe | Iso. |
Tolovkite | IrSbS | Iso. |
Ullmannite | NiSbS | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
UM1991-19-Se:AsCo | (Co,Ni)AsSe | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pm3 |
Willyamite | CoSbS |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
10 photos of Michenerite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
8 photos of Michenerite associated with Violarite | Fe2+Ni3+2S4 |
8 photos of Michenerite associated with Millerite | NiS |
7 photos of Michenerite associated with Froodite | α-PdBi2 |
5 photos of Michenerite associated with Breithauptite | NiSb |
5 photos of Michenerite associated with Geversite | PtSb2 |
5 photos of Michenerite associated with Paolovite | Pd2Sn |
4 photos of Michenerite associated with Galena | PbS |
2 photos of Michenerite associated with Silver | Ag |
2 photos of Michenerite associated with Altaite | PbTe |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.EB. | Iridarsenite | (Ir,Ru)As2 |
2.EB. | Selenolaurite | RuSe2 |
2.EB. | Andrieslombaardite | RhSbS |
2.EB. | Kanatzidisite | (SbBiS3)2Te2 |
2.EB.05a | Aurostibite | AuSb2 |
2.EB.05b | Bambollaite | Cu(Se,Te)2 |
2.EB.05a | Cattierite | CoS2 |
2.EB.05a | Erlichmanite | OsS2 |
2.EB.05a | Fukuchilite | Cu3FeS8 |
2.EB.05a | Geversite | PtSb2 |
2.EB.05a | Hauerite | MnS2 |
2.EB.05a | Insizwaite | Pt(Bi,Sb)2 |
2.EB.05a | Krut'aite | CuSe2 |
2.EB.05a | Laurite | RuS2 |
2.EB.05a | Penroseite | (Ni,Co,Cu)Se2 |
2.EB.05a | Pyrite | FeS2 |
2.EB.05a | Sperrylite | PtAs2 |
2.EB.05a | Trogtalite | CoSe2 |
2.EB.05a | Vaesite | NiS2 |
2.EB.05a | Villamanínite | (Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S2 |
2.EB.05a | Dzharkenite | FeSe2 |
2.EB.05a | Gaotaiite | Ir3Te8 |
2.EB.05a v | Cayeuxite | |
2.EB.10b | Alloclasite | Co1-xFexAsS |
2.EB.10d | Costibite | CoSbS |
2.EB.10a | Ferroselite | FeSe2 |
2.EB.10a | Frohbergite | FeTe2 |
2.EB.10c | Glaucodot | (Co0.50Fe0.50)AsS |
2.EB.10a | Kullerudite | NiSe2 |
2.EB.10a | Marcasite | FeS2 |
2.EB.10a | Mattagamite | CoTe2 |
2.EB.10e | Paracostibite | CoSbS |
2.EB.10e | Pararammelsbergite | NiAs2 |
2.EB.10f | Oenite | CoSbAs |
2.EB.10a | Petříčekite | CuSe2 |
2.EB.15a | Anduoite | (Ru,Os)As2 |
2.EB.15a | Clinosafflorite | CoAs2 |
2.EB.15a | Löllingite | FeAs2 |
2.EB.15a | Nisbite | NiSb2 |
2.EB.15a | Omeiite | (Os,Ru)As2 |
2.EB.15c | Paxite | CuAs2 |
2.EB.15a | Rammelsbergite | NiAs2 |
2.EB.15a | Safflorite | (Co,Ni,Fe)As2 |
2.EB.15b | Seinäjokite | (Fe,Ni)(Sb,As)2 |
2.EB.20 | Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
2.EB.20 | Gudmundite | FeSbS |
2.EB.20 | Osarsite | (Os,Ru)AsS |
2.EB.20 | Ruarsite | (Ru,Os)AsS |
2.EB.25 va | Antimony-bearing Gersdorffite | Ni(As,Sb)S |
2.EB.25 | Cobaltite | CoAsS |
2.EB.25 | Gersdorffite | NiAsS |
2.EB.25 | Hollingworthite | (Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS |
2.EB.25 | Irarsite | (Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS |
2.EB.25 | Jolliffeite | NiAsSe |
2.EB.25 | Krutovite | NiAs2 |
2.EB.25 | Maslovite | PtBiTe |
2.EB.25 | Padmaite | PdBiSe |
2.EB.25 | Platarsite | Pt(As,S)2 |
2.EB.25 | Testibiopalladite | PdSbTe |
2.EB.25 | Tolovkite | IrSbS |
2.EB.25 | Ullmannite | NiSbS |
2.EB.25 | Willyamite | CoSbS |
2.EB.25 | Changchengite | IrBiS |
2.EB.25 | Mayingite | IrBiTe |
2.EB.25 | Kalungaite | PdAsSe |
2.EB.25 | Milotaite | PdSbSe |
2.EB.25 | Paragersdorffite | Ni(As,S)2 |
2.EB.25 | Orthogersdorffite | NiAsS |
2.EB.25 | Kvačekite | NiSbSe |
2.EB.30 | Urvantsevite | Pd(Bi,Pb)2 |
2.EB.35 | Rheniite | ReS2 |
Other Information
Notes:
HNO3 - effervesces slowly, blackens; FeCl3 - slowly stains dark, some negative; Aqua regia - instantly stains black; HCl, KCN, KOH - negative.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Michenerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2703.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Michenerite
Reference List:
Localities for Michenerite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Egorova et al. (2015) |
Argentina | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1997 61 : 861-877 +3 other references |
Australia | |
| HOATSON et al. (1992) |
| Hudson (1986) |
Hudson (1986) | |
Hudson et al. (1978) +1 other reference | |
| Mineral. Deposita 42 (2007) +1 other reference |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| - (2019) |
Botswana | |
| Maier et al. (2008) |
Brazil | |
| Prichard et al. (2001) |
| Ndhlovu (2017) |
| Knight (2014) |
Bulgaria | |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Chen +3 other references |
| Canadian Mineralogist 45 +1 other reference |
| Kelvin et al. Canadian Mineralogist 49 |
| Campos-Alvarez et al. (2012) |
| Ames et al. (TGI) |
Ames et al. (TGI) | |
| Ames et al. (TGI) |
| Péntek et al. (2013) |
| Dare et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Ames et al. (TGI) |
Ames et al. (TGI) +3 other references | |
| HAWLEY et al. (1958) +2 other references |
| Robert C. Smith |
Ames et al. (TGI) | |
Warren (2013) | |
Ames et al. (TGI) | |
| LeFort (2012) |
Ames et al. (TGI) | |
Ford et al. (2011) | |
Ames et al. (2003) +3 other references | |
Ames et al. (TGI) +1 other reference | |
Kjarsgaard et al. (2010, June) | |
Ames et al. (TGI) | |
| Ames et al. (TGI) |
| Ames et al. (TGI) |
| Ames et al. (TGI) +3 other references |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
Ames et al. (TGI) | |
| Econ Geol (1986) +2 other references |
| Ames et al. (2007) +4 other references |
| Johnson (2005) |
| N Farhangi |
| MDI Number: MDI31M04SW00022 |
| Canadian Mineralogist (1973) |
157-158. +1 other reference | |
| Mulja & Mitchell (1990) |
Mcdonald et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
| Good et al. (2010) |
Selway (1993) | |
| Wilson et al. (2013) |
| Mulja et al. (1990) |
Good et al. (2017) | |
| COOK et al. (1994) |
| Beaudoin et al. (1990) |
| Smith (2021) |
Smith (2021) | |
| Dillon-Leitch (1990) |
| Seabrook et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| petrology +1 other reference |
Liu et al. (2016) | |
Cabri et al. (2005) +2 other references | |
Liu et al. (2016) | |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... +2 other references |
China | |
| Yang +8 other references |
| Xiangwen Wang (2002) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist (1979) +3 other references |
XU et al. (2015) | |
| Zhu et al. (2010) |
| Chunming Han et al. (2007) |
Czech Republic | |
| Haluzova et al. (2015) |
| Vavřín +2 other references |
Egypt | |
| Helmy et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Helmy (2005) | |
| Helmy et al. (1995) |
Finland | |
| Gustafsson et al. (2019) |
Kojonen et al. (eds) | |
| Iljina +1 other reference |
| Gervilla +1 other reference |
| Pelayo Barrón Francisco (2020) |
| Economic Geology (1986) +1 other reference |
| Karinen |
| Papunen |
Guinea | |
| Augé et al. (2018) |
India | |
| Alapieti et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Devaraju et al. (2014, January) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1997 61 : 902-906 |
Jena et al. (2017) | |
Ivory Coast | |
| Gouedji et al. (2014) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Prokopyev et al. (2010) |
Madagascar | |
| [AmMin 85:265] |
North Macedonia | |
| Petrunov et al. (2001) |
Norway | |
| Nilsson et al. (1998) |
Russia | |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
Spiridonov et al. (2019, April) | |
Kislov +1 other reference | |
| Rakhimov et al. (2021) |
| Kolotilina et al. (2019) |
| Shvedov et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Kolotilina et al. (2019) | |
| Novakov et al. (2021) |
Tararin et al. (2007) | |
Tararin et al. (2007) | |
| Alexander V. Dedeev et al (2002) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2015) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +3 other references |
2014 Ultramafic-mafic intrusions | |
| Shvedov et al. (2015) |
| Groshev +7 other references |
Groshev +6 other references | |
Groshev +7 other references | |
33rd International Geological Congress (2008) | |
www.duke.edu (2003) | |
Grokhovskaya et al. (2009) | |
Barkov et al. (2022) | |
Yury L. Voytekhovsky (2008) | |
Pekov (1998) | |
33 IGC excursion No 48 | |
www4.geology.utoronto.ca (n.d.) | |
| Abzalov et al. (1997) |
| Grokhovskaya et al. (2005) |
Grishaenko et al. (2007) | |
| Grishaenko et al. (2007) |
Barkov et al. (1996) +2 other references | |
| Lavrov et al. (2017) |
| Mikhailov et al. (2021) |
Mikhailov et al. (2021) | |
| Murzin et al. (2022) |
| Barkov et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| McCreesh et al. (2018) |
| Melcher et al. (2005) |
Montjoie (2018) | |
| Hutchinson et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Van der Merwe (2011) +3 other references | |
Holwell et al. (2007) | |
Armitage et al. (2002) +2 other references | |
Manyeruke (2007) | |
Hutchinson et al. (2005) | |
Fanus Viljoen et al. (2016) | |
| www.minsoc.org.za (2005) |
H.F.J. Theart and C.D. de Nooy (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Dzvinamurungu (2012) |
| R.O. Meyer collection |
| Smith et al. (2013) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Ortega et al. (2004) +3 other references |
Tanzania | |
| Wilhelmij et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Power et al. (2004) |
| Power et al. (2000) |
USA | |
| McSwiggen (1999) |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Andersen et al. (2018) |
| Erik Vercammen collection |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Brent Thorne specimen analyzed by Sid ... |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... |
| Loucks (1976) +2 other references |
Vietnam | |
| Glotov et al. (2001) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Economic Geology (1990) +3 other references |
| Allan H. Wilson and Martin D. Prendergast (2001) |
| Nashwa (2008) |
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Vermilion Mine, Denison Township, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada