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Liveingite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Liveingite (44)

Liveingite Gallery Search Photos of Liveingite

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Liveingite

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

Liveingite

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

Liveingite, etc.

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

Liveingite

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

Liveingite

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

Liveingite, etc.

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

Liveingite

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

Liveingite

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

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About LiveingiteHide

George D. Liveing

Formula:

Pb₉As₁₃S₂₈

Colour:

Lead gray

Lustre:

Metallic

Hardness:

Specific Gravity:

5.3

Crystal System:

Monoclinic

Member of:

Sartorite Group

Name:

Named by R.H. Solly and H. Jackson in 1901 in honor of George Downing Liveing (14 August 1827, Nayland, Suffolk, UK - 26 December 1924), Professor of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, England. The name rathite-II also refers to liveingite.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

An Ag-rich, closely related species is argentoliveingite.

Compare interliveingite.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

2423

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:2423:1

GUID
(UUID V4):

2a145404-d0bc-4615-9874-78ec4ed70940

IMA Classification of LiveingiteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

IMA Formula:

Pb₂₀As₂₄S₅₆

First published:

1902

Type description reference:

Solly, R.H., Jackson, H. (1902) Liveingite, a new mineral from the Binnenthal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society: 11: 239-240.

Classification of LiveingiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2024):

2.HC.05c

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
H : Sulfosalts of SnS archetype
C : With only Pb

Dana 8th ed.:

3.6.17.1

3 : SULFOSALTS
6 : 2 < ø < 2.49

Hey's CIM Ref.:

5.6.3

5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
6 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb alone

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Symbol	Source	Reference
Liv	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of LiveingiteHide

Lustre:

Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Lead gray

Streak:

Chocolate-brown

Hardness:

3 on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₁₀₀=169 - 180 kg/mm² - Vickers

Density:

5.3 g/cm³ (Measured) 5.43 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of LiveingiteHide

Anisotropism:

Distinct

Reflectivity:

Wavelength	R₁	R₂
400nm	40.0%	43.0%
420nm	39.3%	42.6%
440nm	38.6%	42.2%
460nm	38.0%	41.8%
480nm	37.4%	41.5%
500nm	36.9%	41.2%
520nm	36.3%	40.7%
540nm	35.6%	40.1%
560nm	34.9%	39.3%
580nm	34.2%	38.5%
600nm	33.6%	37.6%
620nm	32.8%	36.7%
640nm	32.1%	35.8%
660nm	31.3%	34.8%
680nm	30.6%	34.0%
700nm	30.0%	33.4%

Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 43.0%.
R₁ shown in black, R₂ shown in red

Colour in reflected light:

lead gray

Internal Reflections:

Deep red

Chemistry of LiveingiteHide

Mindat Formula:

Pb₉As₁₃S₂₈

Elements listed:

As, Pb, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of LiveingiteHide

Crystal System:

Monoclinic

Class (H-M):

2 - Sphenoidal

Space Group:

P2₁

Setting:

P2₁

Cell Parameters:

a = 7.94 Å, b = 70.84 Å, c = 8.33 Å
β = 90.13°

Ratio:

a:b:c = 0.112 : 1 : 0.118

Unit Cell V:

4,685.36 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Twinning:

On {100}. Irregular twin lamellae visible in polished section.

Comment:

Le Bihan (1961) gives the following unit-cell parameters: 8.43, 70.90, 7.91 Å, β 90.25°.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0009266	Liveingite	Le Bihan M T (1961) Structure de la rathite II. Comparaison entre les differentes structures connues de sulfures d'arsenic et de plomb Acta Crystallographica 14 1211-1212		1961		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Liveingite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Le Bihan M T'
_journal_name_full 'Acta Crystallographica'
_journal_volume 14 
_journal_year 1961
_journal_page_first 1211
_journal_page_last 1212
_publ_section_title
;
 Structure de la rathite II. Comparaison entre les differentes structures
 connues de sulfures d'arsenic et de plomb
;
_database_code_amcsd 0009266
_chemical_formula_sum 'Pb9 As13 S28'
_cell_length_a 8.43
_cell_length_b 70.90
_cell_length_c 7.91
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90.25
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 4727.659
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      5.250
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P 1 21/c 1'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  'x,1/2-y,1/2+z'
  '-x,1/2+y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
Pb1   0.12500   0.05200   0.58200
Pb1*   0.62500   0.05200   0.58200
Pb2   0.12500   0.08480   0.09000
Pb2*   0.62500   0.08480   0.09000
As1   0.12500   0.17500   0.41800
As1*   0.62500   0.17500   0.41800
As2   0.12500   0.21400   0.10700
As2*   0.62500   0.21400   0.10700
S1   0.12500   0.04490   0.18700
S1*   0.62500   0.04490   0.18700
S2   0.12500   0.09350   0.67200
S2*   0.62500   0.09350   0.67200
S3   0.12500   0.12980   0.33100
S3*   0.62500   0.12980   0.33100
S4   0.12500   0.16300  -0.00700
S4*   0.62500   0.16300  -0.00700
S5   0.12500   0.01080  -0.17000
S5*   0.62500   0.01080  -0.17000
S6   0.12500   0.19550   0.61200
S6*   0.62500   0.19550   0.61200
S7   0.12500   0.23900   0.26100
S7*   0.62500   0.23900   0.26100
Pb3   0.37500   0.23200  -0.47600
Pb3*   0.87500   0.23200  -0.47600
As3   0.37500   0.03660   0.01500
As3*   0.87500   0.03660   0.01500
As4   0.37500   0.10220   0.50700
As4*   0.87500   0.10220   0.50700
S8   0.37500   0.06490  -0.13400
S8*   0.87500   0.06490  -0.13400
S9   0.37500   0.07560   0.35800
S9*   0.87500   0.07560   0.35800
S10   0.37500   0.15880   0.61200
S10*   0.87500   0.15880   0.61200
S11   0.37500   0.11430  -0.03700
S11*   0.87500   0.11430  -0.03700
S12   0.37500   0.01940  -0.50300
S12*   0.87500   0.01940  -0.50300
S13   0.37500   0.18700   0.29100
S13*   0.87500   0.18700   0.29100
S14   0.37500   0.22700  -0.03400
S14*   0.87500   0.22700  -0.03400
Pb7   0.12500   0.13550   0.75300
As5   0.12500   0.00580   0.28400
As6   0.62500   0.00000   0.33600
As7   0.62500   0.13390   0.74200
Pb4   0.37500   0.18950   0.88600
As8   0.37500   0.13800   0.19400
Pb5   0.87500   0.14290   0.17200
As9   0.87500   0.18030   0.82500

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.990 Å	(100)
4.11 Å	(90)
3.423 Å	(90)
2.350 Å	(90)
2.093 Å	(90)
1.931 Å	(80)
1.917 Å	(80)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])

Type Occurrence of LiveingiteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

General Appearance of Type Material:

As crystals, elongated and striated along [001], to 5 cm.

Geological Setting of Type Material:

Hydrothermal

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Sphalerite

Pyrite

Reference:

Solly, R.H., Jackson, H. (1902) Liveingite, a new mineral from the Binnenthal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society: 11: 239-240.

Download:

https://rruff.info/rruff_1.0/uploads/Proceedings_of_the_Cambridge_Philosophical_11_1902_239.pdf

Synonyms of LiveingiteHide

Rathite-II

Other Language Names for LiveingiteHide

German:Liveingit
Rathit II

Russian:Ливейнгит

Simplified Chinese:利硫砷铅矿

Spanish:Liveingita

Traditional Chinese:利硫砷鉛礦

Relationship of Liveingite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Sartorite Group

Other Members of this group:

Argentobaumhauerite	Ag_1.5Pb₂₂As_33.5S₇₂	Tric. 1 : P1
Argentodufrénoysite	Ag₃Pb₂₆As₃₅S₈₀	Tric. 1 : P1
Argentoliveingite	Ag_3+xPb_36-2xAs_51+xS₁₁₂	Tric. 1 : P1
Barikaite	Ag₃Pb₁₀(Sb₈As₁₁)S₄₀	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Baumhauerite	Pb₁₂As₁₆S₃₆	Tric. 1 : P1
Bernarlottiite	Pb₆(As₅Sb₃)S₁₈	Tric. 1 : P1
Boscardinite	TlPb₄(Sb₇As₂)S₁₈	Tric. 1 : P1
Carducciite	(Ag₂Sb₂)Pb₁₂(As,Sb)₁₆S₄₀	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Dekatriasartorite	TlPb₅₈As₉₇S₂₀₄	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Dufrénoysite	Pb₂As₂S₅	Mon. 2 : P2₁
Écrinsite	AgTl₃Pb₄As₁₁Sb₉S₃₆	Tric. 1 : P1
Enneasartorite	Tl₆Pb₃₂As₇₀S₁₄₀	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Guettardite	Pb₈(Sb_0.56As_0.44)₁₆S₃₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Hendekasartorite	Tl₂Pb₄₈As₈₂S₁₇₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Heptasartorite	Tl₇Pb₂₂As₅₅S₁₀₈	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Hyršlite	Pb₈As₁₀Sb₆S₃₂	Mon. 2 : P2₁
Incomsartorite	Tl₆Pb₁₄₄As₂₄₆S₅₁₆	Mon. 2/m
Interliveingite	AgPb₁₈As₂₅S₅₆	Mon. 2 : P2₁
Parapierrotite	TlSb₅S₈	Mon. m
Philrothite	TlAs₃S₅	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Pierrotite	Tl₂(Sb,As)₁₀S₁₆	Orth. mm2 : Pna2₁
Polloneite	AgPb₄₆As₂₆Sb₂₃S₁₂₀	Mon. 2 : P2₁
Rathite	Ag₂Pb_12-xTl_x/2As_18+x/2S₄₀	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Sartorite	PbAs₂S₄	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
Twinnite	Pb_0.8Tl_0.1Sb_1.3As_0.8S₄	Mon. 2/m
Veenite	Pb₁₆Sb_9-xAs_7+xS₄₀, x ~ 0-0.5	Mon. 2 : P2₁

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

8 photos of Liveingite associated with Pyrite	FeS₂
7 photos of Liveingite associated with Jordanite	Pb₁₄As₆S₂₃
6 photos of Liveingite associated with Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
3 photos of Liveingite associated with Baumhauerite	Pb₁₂As₁₆S₃₆
2 photos of Liveingite associated with Sinnerite	Cu₆As₄S₉
2 photos of Liveingite associated with Argentoliveingite	Ag_3+xPb_36-2xAs_51+xS₁₁₂
2 photos of Liveingite associated with Argentobaumhauerite	Ag_1.5Pb₂₂As_33.5S₇₂
1 photo of Liveingite associated with Seligmannite	PbCuAsS₃
1 photo of Liveingite associated with Realgar	As₄S₄
1 photo of Liveingite associated with Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

2.HC.	Bernarlottiite	Pb₆(As₅Sb₃)S₁₈	Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.05b	Argentobaumhauerite	Ag_1.5Pb₂₂As_33.5S₇₂	Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.05b	Baumhauerite	Pb₁₂As₁₆S₃₆	Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.05d	Dufrénoysite	Pb₂As₂S₅	Mon. 2 : P2₁
2.HC.05a	Guettardite	Pb₈(Sb_0.56As_0.44)₁₆S₃₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.HC.05f	Parapierrotite	TlSb₅S₈	Mon. m
2.HC.05f	Pierrotite	Tl₂(Sb,As)₁₀S₁₆	Orth. mm2 : Pna2₁
2.HC.05d	Rathite	Ag₂Pb_12-xTl_x/2As_18+x/2S₄₀	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.HC.05a	Sartorite	PbAs₂S₄	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
2.HC.05a	Twinnite	Pb_0.8Tl_0.1Sb_1.3As_0.8S₄	Mon. 2/m
2.HC.05d	Veenite	Pb₁₆Sb_9-xAs_7+xS₄₀, x ~ 0-0.5	Mon. 2 : P2₁
2.HC.05g	Marumoite	Pb₃₂As₄₀S₉₂	Mon. 2 : P2₁
2.HC.05d	Rathite-IV	PbAs₂S₄
2.HC.05f	Philrothite	TlAs₃S₅	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.HC.05h	Polloneite	AgPb₄₆As₂₆Sb₂₃S₁₂₀	Mon. 2 : P2₁
2.HC.05e	Heptasartorite	Tl₇Pb₂₂As₅₅S₁₀₈	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.HC.05e	Hendekasartorite	Tl₂Pb₄₈As₈₂S₁₇₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.HC.05e	Écrinsite	AgTl₃Pb₄As₁₁Sb₉S₃₆	Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.05b	Baumhauerite II
2.HC.05c	Argentoliveingite	Ag_3+xPb_36-2xAs_51+xS₁₁₂	Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.05e	Incomsartorite	Tl₆Pb₁₄₄As₂₄₆S₅₁₆	Mon. 2/m
2.HC.05d	Argentodufrénoysite	Ag₃Pb₂₆As₃₅S₈₀	Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.05a	Hyršlite	Pb₈As₁₀Sb₆S₃₂	Mon. 2 : P2₁
2.HC.05e	Dekatriasartorite	TlPb₅₈As₉₇S₂₀₄	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.HC.10a	Fülöppite	Pb₃Sb₈S₁₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.HC.10c	Heteromorphite	Pb₇Sb₈S₁₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.HC.10b	Plagionite	Pb₅Sb₈S₁₇	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.HC.10d	Rayite	Pb₈(Ag,Tl)₂Sb₈S₂₁	Mon.
2.HC.10d	Semseyite	Pb₉Sb₈S₂₁	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.HC.15	Boulangerite	Pb₅Sb₄S₁₁	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.HC.15	Falkmanite	Pb₃Sb₂S₆	Mon.
2.HC.20	Robinsonite	Pb₄Sb₆S₁₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
2.HC.25	Moëloite	Pb₆Sb₆S₁₄(S₃)	Orth. 2 2 2 : P2₁ 2₁ 2
2.HC.30	Dadsonite	Pb₂₃Sb₂₅S₆₀Cl	Tric. 1 : P1
2.HC.35	Owyheeite	Ag₃Pb₁₀Sb₁₁S₂₈	Mon. 2/m
2.HC.35	Zoubekite	AgPb₄Sb₄S₁₀	Orth.
2.HC.40	Parasterryite	Ag₄Pb₂₀Sb₁₄As₁₀S₅₈	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.HC.50	Lopatkaite	Pb₅Sb₃AsS₁₁	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for LiveingiteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-2423.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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Look for Liveingite in the Rock H. Currier Digital Library

External Links:

Look for Liveingite on Webmineral

Look for Liveingite on Wikipedia

Look for Liveingite on Mineralien Atlas

Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

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References for LiveingiteHide

Reference List:

Solly, R.H., Jackson, H. (1902) Liveingite, a new mineral from the Binnenthal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society: 11: 239-240.

Giuşcă, D. (1930) Die Erze der Lagerstätte vom Lengenbach im Binnental (Wallis). Schweiz. Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 10: 152-177.

Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.pp.462-463

Le Bihan, M. T. (1961) Structure de la rathite II. Comparaison entre les différentes structures connues de sulfures d'arsenic et de plomb. Acta Crystallographica, 14 (11) 1211-1212 doi:10.1107/s0365110x61003545

Nowacki, W. (1967) Sulfides and sulfosalts. XXXIX. Possible identity of liveingite with rathite-II. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte: 1967: 353-354 (in German).

Fleischer, M. (1969) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 54: 1495-1499.

Engel, P., Nowacki, W. (1970): Die Kristallstruktur von Rathit-II [As25S56|PbVII6,5PbIX12]. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 131: 356-375.

Ozawa, T., Nowacki, W. (1974) Note on the mineral rathite-IV. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte: 1974: 530-531.

Laroussi, A., Moëlo, Y., Ohnenstetter, D., Ginderow, D. (1989) Argent et thallium dans les sulfosels de la série de la sartorite (Gisement de Lengenbach, vallée de Binn, Suisse). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série II: 308: 927-933.

Pring, A. (1990) Disordered intergrowths in lead-arsenic sulfide minerals and the paragenesis of the sartorite-group minerals. American Mineralogist: 75: 289-294.

Pring, A. (2001) The crystal chemistry of the sartorite group minerals from Lengenbach, Binntal, Switzerland - a HRTEM study. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 81: 69-87.

Berlepsch, P., Armbruster, T., Topa, D. (2002) Structural and chemical variations in rathite, Pb8Pb4-x(Tl2As2)x(Ag2As2)As16S40: modulations of a parent structure. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 217: 581-590.

Roth, P. (2007) Liveingite. in Minerals first discovered in Switzerland and minerals named after Swiss individuals, Kristallografik Verlag (Achberg Germany): 100-101.

(2023) Liveingite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Localities for LiveingiteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Chile
Arica y Parinacota Parinacota Province Ticnamar area ⓘ Choquelimpie Mine	Gröpper et al. (1991) +1 other reference

France
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Alpes-Maritimes Nice Péone ⓘ Oule ravine	R. Pierrot

Romania
Hunedoara County Certeju de Sus ⓘ Săcărâmb	Dincă et al. (2022)

Spain
Castile and Leon León Crémenes ⓘ Salamón mining district (Salamón deposit) ?	Crespo et al. (2000)

Switzerland (TL)
Valais Goms Binn Fäld ⓘ Lengenbach Quarry (TL)	Bull Min 85 (1962) +1 other reference
ⓘ Reckibach	Dan Topa

Liveingite

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