Akhtenskite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Akhtenskite
View of the Akhtenskoe iron mining area, in 1904.
Akhtenskoe Fe deposit, Magnitka, Kusinsky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia
Akhtenskoe Fe deposit, Magnitka, Kusinsky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia
Formula:
ε-Mn4+O2
Colour:
Light grey to black
Specific Gravity:
4.78 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
Named after its discovery locality in Russia.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
Synthetic akhtenskite coupled with goethite may be used in arsenic removal (Shih et al., 2015).
Unique Identifiers
IMA Classification of Akhtenskite
Approved
IMA Formula:
MnO2
Approval year:
1982
Classification of Akhtenskite
4.DB.15b
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4.4.10.1
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
7.18.5
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Akh | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Akhtenskite
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Light grey to black
Streak:
black
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
on {001}
on {001}
Density:
4.78 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Akhtenskite
Type:
Uniaxial
Chemistry of Akhtenskite
Mindat Formula:
ε-Mn4+O2
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Akhtenskite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) - Dihexagonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P63/mmc
Cell Parameters:
a = 2.84(1) Å, c = 4.67(20) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.644
Unit Cell V:
32.62 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
as microscopic crystals, flaky to platy on {001}, in parallel aggregates, sometimes in rows at 120°, probably due to replacement of an earlier hexagonal mineral;
as flaky polycrystalline aggregates
as flaky polycrystalline aggregates
Comment:
Handbook of Mineralogy gives range: a = 2.83–2.85, c = 4.47–4.88 Å.
Crystal Structure
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0017794 | Akhtenskite | Kondrashev Y D, Zaslavskii A I (1951) The structure of the modifications of manganese oxide Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR 15 179-186 | 1951 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
1.42 Å | (X) |
1.65 Å | (X) |
2.15 Å | (X) |
2.45 Å | (X) |
Comments:
Material from Mount Zarod, Russia; XRD pattern calculated from an electron diffraction pattern
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
42 : Sea-floor Mn nodules | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Akhtenskite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Institute, St Petersburg, Russia
Geological Setting of Type Material:
in "psilomelane" with other manganese oxides in an iron oxide deposit, probably bacterially altered from a previous mineral
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Sivtsov, A.V., Berezovskaya, V.V., Dikov, Y.P., Dubinina, G.A., Varinov, N.N. (1989) Akhtenskite - the natural analog of ε-MnO2. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol.: 9: 75-80.
Synonyms of Akhtenskite
Manganese Oxides (in part)
Other Language Names for Akhtenskite
Relationship of Akhtenskite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 | Hex. |
Paramontroseite | V4+O2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
2 photos of Akhtenskite associated with Cryptomelane | K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 |
2 photos of Akhtenskite associated with Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
4.DB. | Nioboheftetjernite | ScNbO4 |
4.DB. | Shakhdaraite-(Y) | ScYNb2O8 |
4.DB. | Nioboixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Nb0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
4.DB. | Nioboixiolite-([]) | (Nb0.8◻0.2)4+O2 |
4.DB.05 | Argutite | GeO2 |
4.DB.05 | Cassiterite | SnO2 |
4.DB.05 | Plattnerite | PbO2 |
4.DB.05 | Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
4.DB.05 | Rutile | TiO2 |
4.DB.05 | Tripuhyite | Fe3+Sb5+O4 |
4.DB.05 | Tugarinovite | MoO2 |
4.DB.05 | Varlamoffite | (Sn,Fe)(O,OH)2 |
4.DB.10 | Byströmite | MgSb2O6 |
4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
4.DB.10 | Ordoñezite | ZnSb2O6 |
4.DB.10 | Tredouxite | NiSb2O6 |
4.DB.15c | Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 |
4.DB.15a | Paramontroseite | V4+O2 |
4.DB.15a | Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 |
4.DB.20 | Scrutinyite | α-PbO2 |
4.DB.25 | Ishikawaite | U4+Fe2+Nb2O8 |
4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Y) | YFe3+Nb2O8 |
4.DB.25 | Srilankite | ZrTi2O6 |
4.DB.25 | Yttrocolumbite-(Y) | Y(U4+,Fe2+)Nb2O8 |
4.DB.25 | Calciosamarskite | (Ca,U4+)Fe3+(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O8 |
4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Yb) | YbFe3+(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Fe2+) | (Ta0.67Fe2+0.33)O2 |
4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Ta0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
4.DB.30 | Ferberite | FeWO4 |
4.DB.30 | Hübnerite | MnWO4 |
4.DB.30 | Sanmartinite | (Zn,Fe)WO4 |
4.DB.30 | Krasnoselskite | CoWO4 |
4.DB.30 | Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 |
4.DB.30 | Huanzalaite | MgWO4 |
4.DB.30 va | Wolframite Group | |
4.DB.30 | Rossovskyite | (Fe3+,Ta)(Nb,Ti)O4 |
4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
4.DB.35 | Qitianlingite | (Fe,Mn)2(Nb,Ta)2WO10 |
4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
4.DB.40 | Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
4.DB.40 | Lithiotantite | LiTa3O8 |
4.DB.40 | Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 |
4.DB.40 | Titanowodginite | Mn2+TiTa2O8 |
4.DB.40 | Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
4.DB.40 | Ferrotitanowodginite | Fe2+TiTa2O8 |
4.DB.40 | Tantalowodginite | (Mn2+0.5◻0.5)TaTa2O8 |
4.DB.40 | Wolframowodginite | Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)2O8 |
4.DB.45 | Tivanite | V3+TiO3(OH) |
4.DB.50 | Carmichaelite | (Ti,Cr,Fe)[O2-x(OH)x] |
4.DB.55 | Alumotantite | AlTaO4 |
4.DB.60 | Biehlite | ((Sb,As)O)2[MoO4] |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Akhtenskite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-71.html
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References for Akhtenskite
Reference List:
Localities for Akhtenskite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Hungary | |
| Németh et al (2014) |
Japan | |
| Akira Kato (undated manuscript) |
Romania | |
| Munteanu (1993) +1 other reference |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Hîrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference |
Russia (TL) | |
| Clark (1993) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1997) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
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Akhtenskoe Fe deposit, Magnitka, Kusinsky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia