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Botryogen

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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01163870016872519728617.jpg
Botryogen

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy
07370060014950629526514.jpg
Botryogen

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy
06457620014977630048407.jpg
Botryogen, etc.

Alfredo pit, Rio Tinto Mines, Minas de Riotinto, Huelva, Andalusia, Spain
09444930016854390286032.jpg
Botryogen

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy
07370060014950629526514.jpg
Botryogen

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy
02623980014962319443125.jpg
Botryogen, etc.

Alfredo pit, Rio Tinto Mines, Minas de Riotinto, Huelva, Andalusia, Spain
01163870016872519728617.jpg
Botryogen

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy
07370060014950629526514.jpg
Botryogen

Libiola Mine, Sestri Levante, Genoa, Liguria, Italy
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About BotryogenHide

Formula:
MgFe3+(SO4)2(OH) · 7H2O
Colour:
Light to dark orange-red; pale to dark orange
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
2.14
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
From the Greek βότρυς = "bunch of grapes" and γεννάν = "to bear", in allusion to the appearance of the original botryoidal and stalactitic masses found at Falun, Sweden.
Chemically similar to magnesiocopiapite, mountkeithite, and slavíkite.

Crystal structure details (Majzlan et al., 2016): (1) 2 Fe sites; (2) Fe(SO4)2(OH)(H2O)2 chains cross-linked by Mgϕ6 polyhedra (ϕ - unspecified ligand); (3) three transformer water groups with [3]O and two non-transformer with [4]O.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
733
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:733:7
GUID
(UUID V4):
8b4474b1-5539-4ebf-b009-3153a9fcb43e

IMA Classification of BotryogenHide

IMA status:
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Classification of BotryogenHide

Strunz-mindat (2023):
7.DC.25

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 8th ed.:
31.9.6.1

31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
9 : (AB)(XO4)Zq·xH2O
Hey's CIM Ref.:
25.11.19

25 : Sulphates
11 : Sulphates of Fe and other metals

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference
BygIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of BotryogenHide

Lustre:
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Light to dark orange-red; pale to dark orange
Streak:
Ocher-yellow
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {010}, perfect; on {110}, good.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
2.14 g/cm3 (Measured)    2.23 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of BotryogenHide

Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.522 nβ = 1.529 nγ = 1.577
2V:
Measured: 41° , Calculated: 44°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.055
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
none
Optical Extinction:
X = b; Z ∧ c = 12°.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = Colourless to light brown; Y = Cinnamon-brown; Z = Golden yellow

Chemistry of BotryogenHide

Mindat Formula:
MgFe3+(SO4)2(OH) · 7H2O
Elements listed:
Fe, H, Mg, O, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry
Common Impurities:
Zn,Mn

Crystallography of BotryogenHide

Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.49(2) Å, b = 17.84(1) Å, c = 7.12(2) Å
β = 100.16(17)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.588 : 1 : 0.399
Unit Cell V:
1,311.55 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals prismatic [001]; smaller crystals commonly long prismatic; large crystals short prismatic with {101} large and often striated [100]. The vertical zone is striated [001]. Reniform, botryoidal, or globular aggregates with a radiating structure and crystalline surfaces.
Comment:
Space group setting is P21/n

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0014694BotryogenSuesse P (1967) Die kristallstruktur des botryogens Naturwissenschaften 54 139-1391967Quetena, Chile0293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
8.87 Å(FFF)
2.998 Å(F)
6.29 Å(mF)
5.11 Å(mF)
5.47 Å(f)
3.86 Å(f)
3.41 Å(f)
Comments:
Quetena, Chile. Data from Cesbron (1964).

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event<2.4
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals]
47b : [Sulfates and sulfites]

Type Occurrence of BotryogenHide

Type Locality:
ⓘ Falun mine, Falun, Dalarna County, Sweden
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom, number BM 1956,315 (holotype).
Natural History Museum, Wien, Austria, number A.a.185 (type?).

Synonyms of BotryogenHide

Other Language Names for BotryogenHide

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
45 photos of Botryogen associated with CopiapiteFe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
32 photos of Botryogen associated with HalotrichiteFeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
18 photos of Botryogen associated with ParabutleriteFe3+(SO4)(OH) · 2H2O
8 photos of Botryogen associated with PickeringiteMgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
6 photos of Botryogen associated with ButleriteFe3+(SO4)(OH) · 2H2O
5 photos of Botryogen associated with Halotrichite-Pickeringite Series
3 photos of Botryogen associated with Redingtonite(Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
3 photos of Botryogen associated with ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
2 photos of Botryogen associated with SeleniteCaSO4 · 2H2O
2 photos of Botryogen associated with KnoxvilliteMgFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

7.DC.05AluminiteAl2(SO4)(OH)4 · 7H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
7.DC.05Meta-aluminiteAl2(SO4)(OH)4 · 5H2OMon. 2/m
7.DC.10ButleriteFe3+(SO4)(OH) · 2H2OMon. 2/m : P21/m
7.DC.10ParabutleriteFe3+(SO4)(OH) · 2H2OOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
7.DC.15FibroferriteFe3+(SO4)(OH) · 5H2OTrig. 3 : R3
7.DC.20XitieshaniteFe3+(SO4)Cl · 6H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
7.DC.25Zincobotryogen(Zn,Mg,Mn2+)Fe3+(SO4)2(OH) · 7H2OMon. 2/m
7.DC.30ChaidamuiteZnFe3+(SO4)2(OH) · 4H2OTric. 1 : P1
7.DC.30GuilditeCuFe3+(SO4)2(OH) · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/m
7.DC.40PauladamsiteCu4(SeO3)(SO4)(OH)4 · 2H2OTric. 1 : P1
7.DC.45RiotintoiteAl(SO4)(OH) · 3H2OTric. 1 : P1
7.DC.50ThorneitePb6(Te6+2O10)(CO3)Cl2(H2O)Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.DC.55VendidaiteAl2(SO4)(OH)3Cl · 6H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b

Other InformationHide

Notes:
Partially soluble in boiling water, rendering an ocherous residue. Soluble in HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for BotryogenHide

References for BotryogenHide

Reference List:
Berzelius (1815) Afhandlingar I Fysik, Kemi och Mineralogi, Stockholm: 4: 307 (as Rother Eisen-Vitriol).
Haidinger (1828) Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 12: 491.
Beudant, F.S. (1832), Trailé élémentaire de Minéralogie, second edition, 2 volumes: 2: 483 (as Neoplase).
Cleve (1862) Upsala University Åarskrift: 22.
Blaas (1883) Konigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, Sitzber.: 87: 161.
Hockauf (1886) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 12: 251.
Darapsky (1890) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart: I: 65 (as Rubrite).
Frenzel (1890) Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Vienna: 11: 217 (as Quetenite).
Darapsky (1898) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart: I: 163 (as Kubeite).
Eakle (1903) University of california Department of Geology Bull.: 3: 231 (as Palacheite).
Bandy (1938) American Mineralogist: 23: 749. [as Kubeite]
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.pp.617-618
Cesbron, Fabien (1964) Contribution à la Minéralogie des sulfates de fer hydratés. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 87 (2). 125-143 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1964.5721
Süsse, P. (1967): Die kKristallstruktur des Botryogens. Naturwissenschaften 54, 139-139.
Süsse, P. (1968): Die Kristallstruktur des Botryogens. Acta Crystallographica: B24: 760-767.
Anthony, John W., Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. - Eds. (2016) Handbook of Mineralogy. https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/
Majzlan, J., Plášil, J., Dachs, E., Benisek, A., Koch, C.B. (2016) Crystal chemistry, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and thermodynamic properties of botryogen. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen: 193, 147-159.

Localities for BotryogenHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina
 
  • San Juan Province
    • Calingasta Department
      • Calingasta
        • Quebrada Alcaparrosa
Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 480, 609, 618, 1014.
Australia
 
  • Queensland
    • City of Mount Isa
Sielecki, Robert (1988) The Mount Isa-Cloncurry Mineral Field, Northern Queensland [Australia]. The Mineralogical Record, 19 (6) 469-490pp.478-478
Sielecki, Robert (1988) The Mount Isa-Cloncurry Mineral Field, Northern Queensland [Australia]. The Mineralogical Record, 19 (6) 469-490
Costas Constantinides collection
Austria
 
  • Salzburg
    • Zell am See District
      • Bramberg am Wildkogel
        • Mühlbach im Pinzgau
Niedermayr, G. & Brandstätter, F. (2000): 1220. Ein schöner Neufund von Carbonat-Cyanotrichit neben Azurit, Botryogen, Brochantit sowie anderen Mineralien vom ehemaligen Bergbau Brenntal bei Mühlbach. Pp. 203-206 in Niedermayr, G. et al. (2000): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich XLIX. Carinthia II, 190./110., 181-224.
  • Tyrol
    • Lienz District
      • Heinfels
R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
Brazil
 
  • Minas Gerais
    • Catas Altas
ATENCIO, D.
LUCHESI, I
SCHORSCHER, H D . Hohmannite and other supergene sulfates from Quebra-Osso mine, district of Santa Bárbara, MG, Brazil.. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, v. 66, p. 501-501, 1994
Chile
 
  • Antofagasta
    • Antofagasta Province
      • Mejillones
        • Mejillones peninsula
SEM-EDS by Igor V. Pekov
      • Sierra Gorda
Kampf, A.R.
Mills, S.J.
Housley, R.M.
Williams, P.A.
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Kampf, A. R., Mills, S. J., Housley, R. M., Williams, P. A., Dini, M. (2012) Alcaparrosaite, K3Ti4+Fe3+(SO4)4O(H2O)2, a new hydrophobic Ti4+ sulfate from Alcaparrosa, Chile. Mineralogical Magazine, 76 (4) 851-861 doi:10.1180/minmag.2012.076.4.03
Rob Lavinky samples
analysed by XRD methods in USA
    • El Loa Province
      • Calama
        • Chuquicamata District
Mineralogical Record: 9: 329.
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
          • Toki Cu deposit (Toki Cluster)
Mineralogical Record: 14: 356.
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
    • Tocopilla Province
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
  • Arica y Parinacota
    • Arica Province
      • Los Camarones valley
Kampf, A. R., Mills, S. J., Nash, B. P., Housley, R. M., Rossman, G. R., Dini, M. (2013) Camaronesite, [Fe3+(H2O)2(PO3OH)]2(SO4)·1–2H2O, a new phosphate-sulfate from the Camarones Valley, Chile, structurally related to taranakite. Mineralogical Magazine, 77 (4) 453-465 doi:10.1180/minmag.2013.077.4.05
Kampf, A. R., Mills, S. J., Nash, B. P., Housley, R. M., Rossman, G. R., Dini, M. (2013) Camaronesite, [Fe3+(H2O)2(PO3OH)]2(SO4)·1–2H2O, a new phosphate-sulfate from the Camarones Valley, Chile, structurally related to taranakite. Mineralogical Magazine, 77 (4) 453-465 doi:10.1180/minmag.2013.077.4.05
  • Tarapacá
    • Tamarugal Province
Peter G. Seroka collection
China
 
  • Gansu
    • Baiyin
      • Baiyin District
        • Baiyinchang ore field
          • Baiyinchang Cu deposit
Bingbin Yang (1979): Geology and Prospecting 15(2), 54-58
Bingbin Yang (1979): Geology and Prospecting 15(2), 54-58
  • Qinghai
    • Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
      • Da Qaidam (Dachaidan Co.)
        • Xitieshan
Qingtong Ye (1983): Acta Geologica Sinica 57(4)
France
 
  • Grand Est
    • Bas-Rhin
      • Sélestat-Erstein
        • Lalaye
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Germany
 
  • Lower Saxony
    • Goslar District
      • Goslar
        • Rammelsberg
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
  • Thuringia
    • Greiz District
      • Ronneburg
T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64
Greece
 
  • Attica
    • East Attica
      • Lavreotiki
        • Lavrion Mining District
          • Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza)
            • Kamariza Mines (Kamareza Mines)
Rieck, B., Kolitsch, U., Voudouris, P., Giester, G., Tzeferis, P. (2022) Neubestimmungen aus dem Bergbaubezirk Lavrion, Griechenland. Mineralien-Welt, 33 (5) 6-20
Hungary
 
  • Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County
    • Kazincbarcika District
      • Rudabánya
Sánoor Szakáll, Mária Foldvári, Gábor Papp, Péter Kovács-pálffy, Árpád Kovács (1997) Secondary Sulphate Minerals From Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, Szeged, Xxxviii, Supplementum, 7-63.
  • Heves County
    • Gyöngyös District
      • Gyöngyösoroszi
Own found,2005
  • Nógrád County
Geoda - Journal of the Hungarian Friends of Minerals, 2007 august.
Iran
 
  • Hormozgan Province
    • Hajjiabad County
      • Hajjiabad
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Italy
 
  • Liguria
    • Genoa
      • Sestri Levante
Handbook of Mineralogy
Antofilli M., Borgo E., Palenzona A. (1983): I Nostri Minerali. Geologia e Mineralogia in Liguria. Sagep, Ed., Genova, 295 pp.
  • Piedmont
    • Metropolitan City of Turin
      • Chialamberto
Girolami, C. (2006). I minerali delle Valli di Lanzo. Stampato in proprio.
  • Tuscany
    • Grosseto Province
      • Massa Marittima
Brizzi G., Capperi M., Masotti A. - La miniera di pirite di Niccioleta, Massa Marittima (GR) - Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, Milano, Fasc. 4 (1989) e Fasc. 1 - 2(1990)
    • Livorno Province
      • Capoliveri
        • Cape Calamita Mine
PXRD by Roegner
      • Porto Azzurro
G. D'Achiardi, 1910 - Pickeringite (picroallumogene) dell'Isola d'Elba - Atti Soc. Tosc. Sc. Nat., P.V., 19, 23-25.
Japan
 
  • Ehime Prefecture
    • Kita District
Minakawa and Noto (1994) Chigaku Kenkyu, 43, 175-179.
Jordan
 
  • Jerash Governorate
    • Jerash
Dill, H. G., Kus, J., Abed, A. M., Sachsenhofer, R. F., & Abul Khair, H. (2009). Diagenetic and epigenetic alteration of Cretaceous to Paleogene organic-rich sedimentary successions in northwestern Jordan, typical of the western margin of the Arabian Plate. GeoArabia, 14(2), 101-140.
Pakistan
 
  • Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
    • Nowshera District
      • Jehangira
Niazi, Shaheer (2023) Personal Communication. Identified by Shaheer Niazi: Visual Identification, Inferred (explain how), Wet Chemical
Peru
 
  • Ica
    • Nazca Province
      • Marcona District
Atchley, F. W. (1956). Geology of the Marcona iron deposits, Peru. Stanford University PhD dissertation.
Slovakia
 
  • Košice Region
    • Gelnica District
Duda, Rejl, Slivka: "Mineralien", 1991
Spain
 
  • Andalusia
    • Huelva
      • Minas de Riotinto
        • Rio Tinto Mines
Calvo, M., Gómez, F., and Viñals, J. (1999) Mineralogía de la Faja Pirítica Ibérica. Bocamina, 4, 50-86.
Sweden
 
  • Dalarna County
Ann. Phys. Chem. (Pogg.) (1828): 12: 491
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Clark, A. M. (1993) Hey's Mineral Index - Mineral Species, Varieties and Synonyms (3rd ed.) Natural History Museum, London.
Ukraine
 
  • Sevastopol
    • Balaklava district
Dobrovolskaya T.I., Polkanov Y.A. The Paleovolcano Fiolent. Giude (2004) - Simferopol, 2004, 19 p. (in Russ.) Oleg V. Zinchenko at al. (2008).The mineralogy of seasonal sulfates in the cape Fiolent - Zapiski Ukrainskogo Mineralogichnogo Tovaristva (Proceeding Ukrainian Mineralogical Society), 2008, #5, p. 75-83 (in Ukr.)
USA
 
  • Arizona
    • Cochise County
Anthony, John W., Williams, Sidney A., Bideaux, Richard A., Grant, Raymond W. (1995) Mineralogy of Arizona (3rd ed.) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
azminerals.com
    • Mohave County
      • Hualapai Mountains
        • Hualapai Mining District
          • Pine Peak
  • California
    • Inyo County
      • Coso Hot Springs
Hasenmueller, E. A., & Bish, D. L. (2005, March). The hydration and dehydration of hydrous ferric iron sulfates. In 36th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (Vol. 36).
    • Merced County
      • Stayton Mining District (McLeod Mining District; Panoche Mining District)
        • Antimony Peak
Min.Rec.: 20:427-434.
    • Napa County
      • Calistoga
        • The Palisades [range]
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 275.
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Pemberton, H. Earl (1983) Minerals of California. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.
      • Knoxville Mining District
        • Knoxville
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 275.
Eakle, Arthur Starr (1903a), Palacheite: University of California, Department of Geological Science Bulletin: 3: 231
Eakle, Arthur Starr (1903b), Note on the identity of palacheite and botryogen: American Journal of Science, 4th. Series: 16: 379-380
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Pemberton, H. Earl (1983) Minerals of California. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.
    • San Bernardino County
      • Calico Mts (Calico Hills)
        • Calico District (Daggett District; Calico-Daggett area)
          • Calico
part 2, No. 4: 14-15
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 275
Moller, W.P. (1963) Sulfur Hole. Mineralogist: 31, part 1, N. 3: 12-16
Pemberton, H. Earl (1983) Minerals of California. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.
Joseph F. Cooper, Jr., Gail E. Dunning, Ted A. Hadley, and William P. Moller (2001) The Sulfur Hole, Calico District, San Bernardino County, California
  • Nevada
    • Nye County
      • Hot Creek Range
        • Morey Mining District
          • Morey Mine
Castor, Stephen B., Ferdock, Gregory C. (2004) Minerals of Nevada. Special Publication 31. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology
  • Ohio
    • Franklin County
      • Columbus
Van King
Ernest H. Carlson. Jerret Whitford. "Occurrence And Mineralogy Of Efflorescence In Late Devonian Black Shales, North-Central Ohio." 2002 GSA Meeting: Web: http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_44706.htm
    • Huron County
      • Monroeville
        • West Branch Huron River
gsa.confex.com (2002) http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_44706.htm
    • Meigs County
      • Langsville
Carlson, E.H. (2015) Minerals of Ohio, 2nd ed. ODNR Division of Geological Survey, Bulletin 69, 290 pages.
  • Pennsylvania
    • Lebanon County
      • Cornwall Borough (Cornwall)
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
  • Tennessee
    • Sevier County
Coskren, T. D. & Lauf, R. J. (2000): The Minerals of Alum Cave Bluff, Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee. Mineralogical Record, 31, 163-175.
Rocks & Min. (2007) 82:235
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