Named in honor of Dame Kathleen Lonsdale (nee Yardley) (28 January 1903, Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland - 1 April 1971, London, England), crystallographer who established the structure of benzene by X-ray diffraction methods in 1929. She also worked on the synthesis of diamonds, and was a pioneer in the use of X-rays to study crystals.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Canyon Diablo meteorite, Meteor Crater area, Coconino County, Arizona, USA

Polymorph of:

Chaoite, Diamond, Graphite, UM2003-04-E:C

Originally described as an allotrope of carbon based on a hexagonal lattice (Bundy & Kasper, 1967).

Németh et al. (2014) demonstrated "lonsdaleite" to be a faulted and twinned cubic diamond. He also showed that other reported carbon polymorphs can be explained by twinning and stacking faults.

On the other hand, both Kraus et al. (2016) and Turneaure et al. (2017) have proved lonsdaleite formation (alongside with diamond) - as a separate species - by shock compression of graphite.

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Classification of LonsdaleiteHide

IMA status:

Approved

First published:

1967

Strunz 8th ed.:

1/B.02-50

Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) ed.:

1.CB.10b

1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
C : Metalloids and Nonmetals
B : Carbon-silicon family

Dana 7th ed.:

1.3.5.3

Dana 8th ed.:

1.3.6.3

1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
3 : Semi-metals and non-metals

Hey's CIM Ref.:

1.27

1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)

Physical Properties of LonsdaleiteHide

Lustre:

Adamantine

Transparency:

Transparent

Colour:

Transparent brownish-yellow, grayish

Hardness:

7 - 8 on Mohs scale

Hardness Data:

Measured

Comment:

imperfections in natural Lonsdaleite reduce hardness, artificial material has tested harder than diamond (>10) , See Physical Review letters (2009)

Density:

3.2 g/cm³ (Measured) 3.51 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of LonsdaleiteHide

Type:

Uniaxial (+/-)

RI values:

n_α = 2.404 n_β = 2.404

Max Birefringence:

δ = 2.404

Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.

Surface Relief:

Very High

Chemical Properties of LonsdaleiteHide

Formula:

Elements listed:

C - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of LonsdaleiteHide

Crystal System:

Hexagonal

Class (H-M):

6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) - Dihexagonal Dipyramidal

Space Group:

P6₃/mmc

Cell Parameters:

a = 2.51 Å, c = 4.12 Å

Ratio:

a:c = 1 : 1.641

Unit Cell V:

22.48 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Fine grained aggregates

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Temp (K)
0012989	Lonsdaleite	Bundy F P, Kasper J S (1967) Hexagonal diamond-a new form of carbon Journal of Chemical Physics 46 3437-3446	1967	293
0013990	Lonsdaleite	Fayos J (1999) Possible 3D carbon structures as progressive intermediates in graphite to diamond phase transition Journal of Solid State Chemistry 148 278-285	1999	293
0018218	Lonsdaleite	Yeh C, Lu Z, Froyen S, Zunger A (1992) Zinc-blende-Wurtzite polytypism in semiconductors _cod_database_code 1100004 Physical Review B46 10086-10097	1992	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Lonsdaleite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Bundy F P'
'Kasper J S'
_journal_name_full 'Journal of Chemical Physics'
_journal_volume 46 
_journal_year 1967
_journal_page_first 3437
_journal_page_last 3446
_publ_section_title
;
 Hexagonal diamond-a new form of carbon
;
_database_code_amcsd 0012989
_chemical_formula_sum 'C'
_cell_length_a 2.52
_cell_length_b 2.52
_cell_length_c 4.12
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 120
_cell_volume 22.658
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      3.521
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P 63/m m c'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '-x,-x+y,1/2+z'
  'x,x-y,1/2-z'
  '-x+y,-x,1/2-z'
  'x-y,x,1/2+z'
  '-y,-x,z'
  'y,x,-z'
  'y,-x+y,-z'
  '-y,x-y,z'
  'x-y,-y,1/2+z'
  '-x+y,y,1/2-z'
  'x,y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,1/2+z'
  'x,x-y,z'
  '-x,-x+y,-z'
  'x-y,x,-z'
  '-x+y,-x,z'
  'y,x,1/2+z'
  '-y,-x,1/2-z'
  '-y,x-y,1/2-z'
  'y,-x+y,1/2+z'
  '-x+y,y,z'
  'x-y,-y,-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
C   0.33333   0.66667   0.06250

Geological EnvironmentHide

Geological Setting:

In meteorites and kimberlite.

Type Occurrence of LonsdaleiteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Canyon Diablo meteorite, Meteor Crater area, Coconino County, Arizona, USA

Geological Setting of Type Material:

Meteorite

Reference:

Frondel, C. & Marvin, U.B. (1967) Lonsdaleite, a new hexagonal polymorph of diamond. Nature: 214: 587-589.

Synonyms of LonsdaleiteHide

IMA1966-044

Other Language Names for LonsdaleiteHide

German:Lonsdaleit

Russian:Лонсдейлит

Simplified Chinese:六方金刚石

Spanish:Lonsdaleita

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping Hide

1.CB.05b	Chaoite	C	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mmm
1.CB.05a	Graphite	C	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
1.CB.05c	Fullerite	C₆₀	Tet.
1.CB.10a	Diamond	C	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
1.CB.15	Silicon	Si	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m

Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)Hide

1.3.6.1	Diamond	C	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
1.3.6.2	Graphite	C	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
1.3.6.4	Chaoite	C	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mmm

Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping Hide

1.1	Copper	Cu	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.2	Silver	Ag	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.5	Gold	Au	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.6	Auricupride	Cu₃Au	Orth.
1.7	Tetra-auricupride	AuCu	Tet.
1.8	Zinc	Zn	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
1.9	Cadmium	Cd	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
1.10	Danbaite	CuZn₂	Iso.
1.11	Zhanghengite	CuZn	Iso.
1.12	Mercury	Hg	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
1.13	Kolymite	Cu₇Hg₆	Iso.
1.14	Moschellandsbergite	Ag₂Hg₃	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m)
1.15	Eugenite	Ag₁₁Hg₂	Iso.
1.16	Schachnerite	Ag_1.1Hg_0.9	Hex.
1.17	Paraschachnerite	Ag₃Hg₂	Orth.
1.18	Luanheite	Ag₃Hg	Hex.
1.19	Weishanite	(Au,Ag,Hg)	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
1.20	Indium	In	Tet.
1.21	Aluminium	Al	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.22	Khatyrkite	(Cu,Zn)Al₂	Tet.
1.23	Cupalite	(Cu,Zn)Al	Orth.
1.24	Diamond	C	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
1.25	Graphite	C	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
1.26	Chaoite	C	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mmm
1.28	Silicon	Si	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
1.29	Tin	Sn	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4₁/amd
1.30	Lead	Pb	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.31	Anyuiite	AuPb₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mcm
1.31	Novodneprite	AuPb₃	Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
1.32	Leadamalgam	Pb_0.7Hg_0.3	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mmm
1.33	Arsenic	As	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
1.34	Arsenolamprite	As	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
1.35	Paxite	CuAs₂	Mon.
1.36	Koutekite	Cu₅As₂	Hex.
1.37	Domeykite	Cu₃As	Iso. 4 3m : I4 3d
1.38	Algodonite	(Cu_1-xAs_x)	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
1.39	Novákite	Cu₂₀AgAs₁₀	Mon.
1.40	Kutinaite	Ag₆Cu₁₄As₇	Iso.
1.41	Antimony	Sb	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
1.42	Stibarsen	AsSb	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
1.43	Paradocrasite	Sb₃As	Mon. 2 : B2
1.44	Horsfordite	Cu, Sb
1.45	Cuprostibite	Cu₂(Sb,Tl)	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm
1.46	Allargentum	(Ag_1-xSb_x)	Hex.
1.47	Aurostibite	AuSb₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
1.48	Dyscrasite	Ag₃Sb	Orth. mm2 : Pmm2
1.49	Bismuth	Bi	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
1.50	Maldonite	Au₂Bi	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
1.51	Sulphur	S₈	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Fddd
1.52	Rosickýite	S	Mon. 2/m : P2/b
1.53	Selenium	Se	Trig. 3 2 : P3₁ 2 1
1.54	Tellurium	Te	Trig. 3 2 : P3₁ 2 1
1.55	Chromium	Cr	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Im3m
1.56	Rhenium	Re	Hex.
1.57	Iron	Fe	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Im3m
1.58	Chromferide	Fe₃Cr_1-x (x=0.6)	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Pm3m
1.59	Ferchromide	Cr₃Fe_1-x	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Pm3m
1.60	Wairauite	CoFe	Iso.
1.61	Nickel	Ni	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.62	Kamacite	(Fe,Ni)	Iso.
1.63	Taenite	(Fe,Ni)	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.64	Tetrataenite	FeNi	Tet.
1.65	Awaruite	Ni₃Fe	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.66	Palladium	(Pd,Pt)	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.67	Potarite	PdHg	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mmm
1.68	Paolovite	Pd₂Sn	Orth.
1.69	Stannopalladinite	(Pd,Cu)₃Sn₂	Hex.
1.70	Cabriite	Pd₂CuSn	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmm
1.71	Taimyrite	(Pd,Cu,Pt)₃Sn	Orth.
1.72	Atokite	(Pd,Pt)₃Sn	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.73	Rustenburgite	(Pt,Pd)₃Sn	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.74	Zvyagintsevite	Pd₃Pb	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Pm3n
1.75	Plumbopalladinite	Pd₃Pb₂	Hex.
1.76	Osmium	(Os,Ir,Ru)	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
1.77	Iridium	(Ir,Os,Ru)	Iso.
1.82	Platinum	Pt	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.83	Hongshiite	PtCu	Trig.
1.84	Niggliite	PtSn	Hex.
1.85	Isoferroplatinum	Pt₃Fe	Iso.
1.86	Tetraferroplatinum	PtFe	Tet.
1.87	Tulameenite	Pt₂CuFe	Tet.
1.88	Ferronickelplatinum	Pt₂FeNi	Tet.
1.89	Rhodium	(Rh,Pt)	Iso.

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for LonsdaleiteHide

Reference List:

Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)

Frondel, C. & Marvin, U.B. (1967) Lonsdaleite, a new hexagonal polymorph of diamond. Nature: 214: 587-589.

Frondel, C. & Marvin, U.B. (1967) Lonsdaleite, a hexagonal polymorph of diamond. American Mineralogist: 52: 1579-xx.

Hanneman R.E., Strong H.M., Bundy, F.P. (1967) Hexagonal diamonds in meteorites: implications. Science: 155: 995-997.

Bundy, F.P., Kasper, J.S. (1967) Hexagonal Diamond—A New Form of Carbon. Journal of Chemical Physics: 46(9): 3437-3446.

Kaminskii, F.V., G.K. Blinova, E.M. Galimov, G.A. Gurkina, Y.A. Klyuev, L.A. Kodina, V.I. Koptil, V.F. Krivonos, L.N. Frolova, and A.Y. Khrenov (1985) Polycrystalline aggregates of diamond with lonsdaleite from Yakutian [Sakhan] placers. Mineral. Zhurnal: 7: 27-36.

He, Hongliang, Sekine, T. & Kobayashi, T. (2002) Direct transformation of cubic diamond to hexagonal diamond. Applied Physics Letters: 81(4): 610.

Pan, Zicheng; Sun, Hong; Zhang, Yi and Chen, Changfeng (2009) Harder than Diamond: Superior Indentation Strength of Wurtzite BN and Lonsdaleite. Physical Review Letters: 102: 055503. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.055503

Németh, Péter; Garvie, Laurence A.J.; Aoki, Toshihiro; Dubrovinskaia, Natalia; Dubrovinsky, Leonid and Buseck, Peter R. (2014) Lonsdaleite is faulted and twinned cubic diamond and does not exist as a discrete material. Nature Communications: 5: 5447.

Kraus, D., Ravasio, A., Gauthier, M., Gericke, D.O., Vorberger, J.,Frydrych, S., Helfrich, J., Fletcher, L.B., Schaumann, G., Nagler, B., Barbrel, B., Bachmann, B., Gamboa, E.J., Goede, S., Granados, E., Gregori, G., Lee, H.J., Neumayer, P., Schumaker, W., Doeppner, T., Falcone, R.W., Glenzer, S.H., Roth, M. (2016) Nanosecond formation of diamond and lonsdaleite by shock compression of graphite. Nature Communications: 7: 10970.

Turneaure, Stefan J., Sharma, Surinder M., Volz, T.J., Winey, J. M., Gupta, Yogendra M. (2017) Transformation of shock-compressed graphite to hexagonal diamond in nanoseconds. Science Advances: 3(10): eaao3561.

Internet Links for LonsdaleiteHide

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External Links:

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

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Localities for LonsdaleiteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (eg from pseudomorphs.)

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Antarctica
Eastern Antarctica Victoria Land Allan Hills ⓘ Allan Hills A77283 meteorite (ALHA77283)	Nature 291:396-398 (1981)

Australia
Western Australia Dundas Shire North Haig Sleeper Camp ⓘ Dingo Pup Donga meteorite	Gennady P. Vdovykin (1970). Ureilites. Space Science Reviews 10, #4, 483-510.
ⓘ North Haig meteorite	Vdovykin, G. P. (1970) Ureilites: Space Science Reviews 10(4): 483-510. (Feb 1970).

China
Liaoning Dalian Wafangdian City Fuxian Kimberlite field Toudaogou (incl. Pipes No. 51; 68 & 74) ⓘ Pipe No. 50	I. Leung and R. Winston, Eos. Trans. AGU, 83(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract #####-##, 2002, MR61A-1028 0830h POSTER

Finland
Southwest Finland Pargas Nauvo ⓘ Haverö meteorite	Vdovykin, G.P. 1972. Forms of carbon in the new Haverö ureilite of Finland. Meteoritics 7 (4) 547-552.

India
Assam Goalpara District ⓘ Goalpara meteorite	Gennady P. Vdovykin (1970). Ureilites. Space Science Reviews 10, #4, 483-510.; Nakamuta, Y., & Toh, S. (2013). Transformation of graphite to lonsdaleite and diamond in the Goalpara ureilite directly observed by TEM. American Mineralogist, 98(4), 574-581.
Uttar Pradesh Sultanpur District ⓘ Dyalpur meteorite	Gennady P. Vdovykin (1970). Ureilites. Space Science Reviews 10, #4, 483-510.

Kazakhstan
Akmola Region Zerendy Kokchetav Massif ⓘ Kumdy-Kol area	Dubinchuk, V. T., Simakov, S. K., & Pechnikov, V. A. (2010, January). Lonsdaleite in diamond-bearing metamorphic rocks of the Kokchetav Massif. In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 430, No. 1, pp. 40-42). MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica.
Prirechnoye Lake Kumdikol (Lake Kumdykol'; Ozero Kumdykol') ⓘ Lake Kumdikol diamond deposit	Shumilova, T. G., Mayer, E., & Isaenko, S. I. (2011, November). Natural monocrystalline lonsdaleite. In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 441, No. 1, pp. 1552-1554). SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica.

New Zealand
Marlborough Region Ward ⓘ Needles Point	Bunch, T.E., Wittke, J.H., Kennett, J.P., Kennett, D.J., Que Hee, S.S., Wolbach, W.S., Stich, A., Mercer, C., Weaver, J.C., 2008. Hexagonal Diamonds (Lonsdaleite) Discovered in the K/T Impact Layer in Spain and New Zealand, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting. American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, pp. PP13C-1476.

Russia
Krasnoyarsk Krai Evenkiysky District Nizhnyaya Tunguska River Basin (Lower Tunguska River) ⓘ Tunguska Blast site	Kvasnytsya, V., Wirth, R., Dobrzhinetskaya, L., Matzel, J., Jacobsen, B., Hutcheon, I., ... & Kovalyukh, M. (2013). New evidence of meteoritic origin of the Tunguska cosmic body. Planetary and Space Science, 84, 131-140.
Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District ⓘ Popigai impact crater	P.H. Nixon, (1995) The morphology and nature of primary diamondiferous occurrences, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Volume 53, Issues 1–3, March 1995, Pages 41-71
ⓘ Skalnoe deposit	Ohfuji, H., Irifune, T., Litasov, K. D., Yamashita, T., Isobe, F., Afanasiev, V. P., & Pokhilenko, N. P. (2015). Natural occurrence of pure nano-polycrystalline diamond from impact crater. Scientific reports, 5, 14702.
Mordovia ⓘ Novo-Urei meteorite	Gennady P. Vdovykin (1970). Ureilites. Space Science Reviews 10, #4, 483-510.
Primorsky Krai Krasnoarmeysky District Roshchino ⓘ Kedrovaya river	Seliverstov V.A., Gorshkov A.I., Shcheka S.A., Sivtsov A.V. (1996) Diamonds and carbonadoof Primorskii Krai: mineralogy, crystal; chemistry and genesis, - Geologiya Rudnyh Mestorozhdenii, v.38, №6, p.485-499 (in Russian).

USA (TL)
Arizona Coconino County Meteor Crater area ⓘ Canyon Diablo meteorite (TL)	Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 203, 280; Frondel, C. & U.B. Marvin (1967a), Lonsdaleite, a new hexagonal polymorph of diamond. Nature: 214: 587-589; Frondel, C. & U.B. Marvin (1967b), Lonsdaleite, a hexagonal polymorph of diamond, Am.Min.: 52: 1576.
New Mexico Roosevelt Co. ⓘ Kenna meteorite	Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 40, Dec. 1976, p. 1429-1437.

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Lonsdaleite