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Paragenetic Mode 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks

Return to the list of paragentic modes

Description

Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related carbonate-bearing igneous rocks hold at least 291 distinctive minerals, including dozens of rare carbonate and phosphate species. These intriguing lithologies have been present since at least the Mesoarchean Era.

Stage

Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks - Age: >3.0 Ga
34 : Complex granite pegmatites
35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks
37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals

Minerals

Click on a button to filter by elements. Green = must include. Black = must exclude. Mineral names listed in bold are exclusively known from this paragenetic mode.

MineralFormulaCrystal System
AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6Monoclinic
Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6Monoclinic
AenigmatiteNa4[Fe2+10Ti2]O4[Si12O36]Triclinic
Aeschynite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca,Fe,Th)(Ti,Nb)2(O,OH)6Orthorhombic
Aeschynite-(Y)(Y,Ln,Ca,Th)(Ti,Nb)2(O,OH)6Orthorhombic
Ă…kermaniteCa2Mg[Si2O7]Tetragonal
AlabanditeMnSIsometric
Alexkuznetsovite-(Ce)Ce2Mn(CO3)(Si2O7)Monoclinic
Alexkuznetsovite-(La)La2Mn(CO3)(Si2O7)Monoclinic
Allanite-(Ce)(CaCe)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)Monoclinic
AlmandineFe2+3Al2(SiO4)3Isometric
AlstoniteBaCa(CO3)2Triclinic
AluminiumAlIsometric
Aluminocerite-(CeCa)(Ce6Ca3)◻Al(SiO4)3[SiO3(OH)]4(OH)3Trigonal
AlumoĂĄkermanite(CaNa)Al[Si2O7]Tetragonal
AnataseTiO2Tetragonal
Ancylite-(Ce)CeSr(CO3)2(OH)·H2OOrthorhombic
Ancylite-(La)LaSr(CO3)2(OH)·H2OOrthorhombic
AndraditeCa3Fe3+2(SiO4)3Isometric
AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2Trigonal
Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2Monoclinic
ArgentopentlanditeAg(Fe,Ni)8S8Isometric
ArsenopyriteFeAsSMonoclinic
AspidoliteNaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Monoclinic
Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6Monoclinic
AwaruiteNi3FeIsometric
BadengzhuiteTiPHexagonal
BakhchisaraitseviteNa2Mg5(PO4)4·7H2OMonoclinic
BanalsiteNa2BaAl4Si4O16Orthorhombic
BaotiteBa4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4ClTetragonal
BaryteBaSO4Orthorhombic
BarytocalciteBaCa(CO3)2Monoclinic
Bastnäsite-(Ce)Ce(CO3)FHexagonal
Bastnäsite-(La)La(CO3)FHexagonal
Bastnäsite-(Nd)Nd(CO3)F Hexagonal
BelkoviteBa3(Nb,Ti)6(Si2O7)2O12Hexagonal
Belovite-(Ce)NaCeSr3(PO4)3FTrigonal
Belovite-(La)NaLaSr3(PO4)3FTrigonal
BenstoniteBa6Ca6Mg(CO3)13Trigonal
Biraite-(Ce)Ce2Fe2+(Si2O7)(CO3)Monoclinic
BonshtedtiteNa3Fe2+(CO3)(PO4)Monoclinic
BradleyiteNa3Mg(CO3)(PO4)Monoclinic
BrenkiteCa2(CO3)F2Orthorhombic
BreyiteCa3Si3O9Triclinic
BrookiteTiO2Orthorhombic
Burbankite(Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce)3(CO3)5Hexagonal
CalciteCaCO3Trigonal
CalzirtiteCa2Zr5Ti2O16Tetragonal
Carbocernaite(Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO3)2Orthorhombic
Carlgieseckeite-(Nd)NaNdCa3(PO4)3FTrigonal
CattiiteMg3(PO4)2·22H2OTriclinic
Cebaite-(Ce)Ba3Ce2(CO3)5F2Monoclinic
CebolliteCa5Al2(SiO4)3(OH)4Orthorhombic
Cerite-(CeCa)(Ce7Ca2)◻Mg(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3Trigonal
ChantaliteCaAl2(SiO4)(OH)4Tetragonal
CheraliteCaTh(PO4)2Monoclinic
CherepanoviteRhAsOrthorhombic
ChondroditeMg5(SiO4)2F2Monoclinic
ChromiteFe2+Cr3+2O4Isometric
ChromiumCrIsometric
ClinoenstatiteMgSiO3Monoclinic
ClinohumiteMg9(SiO4)4F2Monoclinic
CoesiteSiO2Monoclinic
commodity:TinSn
CopperCuIsometric
CorundumAl2O3Trigonal
CrandalliteCaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6Trigonal
CrawforditeNa3Sr(CO3)(PO4)Monoclinic
CrichtoniteSr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38Trigonal
Crowningshieldite(Ni0.9Fe0.10)SHexagonal
CryoliteNa2NaAlF6Monoclinic
Cubo-iceH2OIsometric
Daqingshanite-(Ce)(Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2xTrigonal
Deloneite(Na0.5REE0.25Ca0.25)(Ca0.75REE0.25)Sr1.5(CaNa0.25REE0.25)(PO4)3F0.5(OH)0.5Trigonal
DiopsideCaMgSi2O6Monoclinic
DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2Trigonal
EastoniteKMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Monoclinic
EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2Monoclinic
EdingtoniteBa[Al2Si3O10]·4H2OOrthorhombic
EiteliteNa2Mg(CO3)2Trigonal
EliopoulositeV7S8Trigonal
EnstatiteMg2Si2O6Orthorhombic
ErlichmaniteOsS2Isometric
EskolaiteCr2O3Trigonal
EwalditeBa(Na,Ca,Y,Ce,K)(CO3)2·2.6H2OHexagonal
FairchilditeK2Ca(CO3)2Hexagonal
Ferro-ferri-nybøiteNaNa2[(Fe2+3,Mg)Fe3+2](AlSi7O22)(OH)2Monoclinic
Ferroskutterudite(Fe,Co)As3Isometric
Fersmite(Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6Orthorhombic
Fluocerite-(Ce)CeF3Trigonal
Fluocerite-(La)LaF3Trigonal
FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3FHexagonal
FluorcaphiteSrCaCa3(PO4)3FHexagonal
FluoriteCaF2Isometric
Fluoro-nybøiteNaNa2(Mg3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(F,OH)2Monoclinic
FluorophlogopiteKMg3(Si3Al)O10F2Monoclinic
FluorotetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2Monoclinic
FluorstrophiteSrCaSr3(PO4)3FHexagonal
ForsteriteMg2SiO4Orthorhombic
GaidonnayiteNa2Zr(Si3O9)·2H2OOrthorhombic
GalenaPbSIsometric
Garutiite(Ni,Fe,Ir)Hexagonal
GehleniteCa2Al[AlSiO7]Tetragonal
GeikieliteMgTiO3Trigonal
GenkinitePt4Sb3Tetragonal
GeorgechaoiteNaKZr[Si3O9]·2H2OOrthorhombic
GirvasiteNaCa2Mg3(PO4)3(CO3)(H2O)6Monoclinic
GoldAuIsometric
GoldschmidtiteKNbO3Isometric
GorceixiteBaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6Monoclinic
GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6Trigonal
Gramaccioliite-(Y)(Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38Trigonal
Gregoryite(Na2,K2,Ca)CO3Hexagonal
HaggertyiteBaFe2+4Fe3+2Ti5MgO19Hexagonal
HawthorneiteBaMgTi3Cr4Fe2+2Fe3+2O19Hexagonal
HeazlewooditeNi3S2Trigonal
HenrymeyeriteBa(Ti4+7Fe2+)O16Tetragonal
Hexaferrum(Fe,Os,Ru,Ir)Hexagonal
Huanghoite-(Ce)BaCe(CO3)2FTrigonal
HumiteMg7(SiO4)3F2Orthorhombic
Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce)Ce(CO3)(OH)Hexagonal
Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd)Nd(CO3)(OH)Hexagonal
Hydroxynatropyrochlore(Na,Ca,Ce)2Nb2O6(OH)Isometric
IlmeniteFe2+TiO3Trigonal
Iridarsenite(Ir,Ru)As2Monoclinic
Iridium(Ir,Os,Ru)Isometric
IronFeIsometric
IsokiteCaMg(PO4)FMonoclinic
JeffbeniteMg3Al2Si3O12Tetragonal
JuonniiteCaMgSc(PO4)2(OH)·4H2OOrthorhombic
KaliciniteKHCO3Monoclinic
KalsiliteKAlSiO4Hexagonal
KampeliteBa6Mg3Sc8(PO4)12(OH)6·7H2OOrthorhombic
KarchevskyiteMg18Al9(OH)54Sr2(CO3)9(H2O)6 (H3O)5Trigonal
KerimasiteCa3Zr2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2Isometric
Khanneshite(Na,Ca)3(Ba,Sr,Ce,Ca)3(CO3)5Hexagonal
KimzeyiteCa3Zr2(SiO4)(AlO4)2Isometric
KnorringiteMg3Cr2(SiO4)3Isometric
KomkoviteBaZr[Si3O9]·3H2OTrigonal
KrasnoviteBa(Al,Mg)(PO4,CO3)(OH)2·H2OOrthorhombic
Kuannersuite-(Ce)NaCeBa3(PO4)3F0.5Cl0.5Trigonal
KudryavtsevaiteNa3(Mg,Fe)(Fe,Ti)2Ti3O12Orthorhombic
Kukharenkoite-(Ce)Ba2Ce(CO3)3FMonoclinic
KyaniteAl2(SiO4)OTriclinic
Laachite(Ca,Mn)2Zr2Nb2TiFeO14Monoclinic
LacroixiteNaAl(PO4)FMonoclinic
LatrappiteCa2NbFe3+O6Orthorhombic
LauriteRuS2Isometric
LeadPbIsometric
Lindsleyite(Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38Trigonal
LinzhiiteFeSi2Tetragonal
LonsdaleiteCHexagonal
MagbasiteKBaFe3+Mg7Si8O22(OH)2F6Orthorhombic
Magnesio-arfvedsonite{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2Monoclinic
Magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Mg4Fe3+][Si8O22](F,OH)2Monoclinic
Magnesio-hastingsiteNaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2Monoclinic
MagnesioferriteMgFe3+2O4Isometric
MagnesiteMgCO3Trigonal
MagnetiteFe2+Fe3+2O4Isometric
Mathiasite(Mg,Cr,Fe,Ca,K)2(Ti,Zr,Cr,Fe)5O12Trigonal
MelliteAl2[C6(COO)6]·16H2OTetragonal
MenezesiteBa2MgZr4(BaNb12O42)· 12H2OIsometric
MilleriteNiSTrigonal
MiseriteK1.5-x(Ca,Y,REE)5(Si6O15)(Si2O7)(OH,F)2·yH2OTriclinic
Miyahisaite(Sr,Ca)2Ba3(PO4)3F Hexagonal
MoissaniteSiCHexagonal
MolybdeniteMoS2Hexagonal
Monazite-(Ce)Ce(PO4)Monoclinic
Monazite-(La)La(PO4)Monoclinic
Monazite-(Nd)Nd(PO4)Monoclinic
MontroyaliteSr4Al8(CO3)3(OH,F)26·10-11H2OTriclinic
NahcoliteNaHCO3Monoclinic
NaquiteFeSiIsometric
Natrotitanite(Na0.5Y0.5)Ti(SiO4)OMonoclinic
NeighboriteNaMgF3Orthorhombic
NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)Hexagonal
NickelNiIsometric
Nickelskutterudite(Ni,Co,Fe)As3Isometric
Nioboaeschynite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)(Nb,Ti)2(O,OH)6Orthorhombic
Niocalite(Ca,Nb)4(Si2O7)(O,OH,F)2Monoclinic
Nöggerathite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14Orthorhombic
NorbergiteMg3(SiO4)F2Orthorhombic
NorsethiteBaMg(CO3)2Trigonal
NybøiteNaNa2(Mg3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2Monoclinic
NyerereiteNa2Ca(CO3)2Orthorhombic
OlekminskiteSr(Sr,Ca,Ba)(CO3)2Trigonal
Olgite(Sr,Ba)(Na,Sr,REE)2Na(PO4)2Trigonal
Omphacite(NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6Monoclinic
OsborniteTiNIsometric
OskarssoniteAlF3Trigonal
Osmium(Os,Ir,Ru)Hexagonal
OxycalciopyrochloreCa2Nb2O6OIsometric
OxyphlogopiteK(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2Monoclinic
PakhomovskyiteCo3(PO4)2·8H2OMonoclinic
Palladium(Pd,Pt)Isometric
PaolovitePd2SnOrthorhombic
ParascandolaiteKMgF3Isometric
Parisite-(Ce)CaCe2(CO3)3F2Monoclinic
Pauflerite(V4+O)SO4Orthorhombic
PauloabibiteNaNbO3Trigonal
Pentlandite(NixFey)ÎŁ9S8Isometric
PericlaseMgOIsometric
PerovskiteCaTiO3Orthorhombic
PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Monoclinic
PlatinumPtIsometric
PolkanoviteRh12As7Hexagonal
Potassic-arfvedsonite[(K,Na)][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2Monoclinic
Potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite[K][Na2][Mg4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2Monoclinic
Potassic-magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite[(K,Na)][Na2][Mg4Fe3+][Si8O22][(F,OH)2]Monoclinic
Potassic-richterite{K}{CaNa}{Mg5}Si8O22(OH)2Monoclinic
PrideriteK(Ti4+7Fe3+)O16Tetragonal
PyriteFeS2Isometric
PyropeMg3Al2(SiO4)3Isometric
PyrrhotiteFe1-xSMonoclinic
Qaqarssukite-(Ce)Ba(Ce,REE)(CO3)2FTrigonal
QingsongiteBNIsometric
QuintiniteMg4Al2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2OHexagonal
QusongiteWCHexagonal
RambergiteMnSHexagonal
RasvumiteKFe2S3Orthorhombic
Rhodium(Rh,Pt)Isometric
RhodochrositeMnCO3Trigonal
RichteriteNa(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2Monoclinic
Rimkorolgite(Mg,Mn)5(Ba,Sr,Ca)(PO4)4·8H2OOrthorhombic
Ringwoodite(Mg,Fe2+)2SiO4Isometric
RippiteK2(Nb,Ti)2(Si4O12)O(O,F)Tetragonal
Ruthenarsenite(Ru,Ni)AsOrthorhombic
Rutheniridosmine(Ir,Os,Ru)Hexagonal
Ruthenium(Ru,Ir)Hexagonal
SabinaiteNa4Zr2TiO4(CO3)4Monoclinic
Sahamalite-(Ce)(Mg,Fe)(Ce,La,Nd)2(CO3)4Monoclinic
SanborniteBa2(Si4O10)Orthorhombic
SanidineK(AlSi3O8)Monoclinic
SchorlomiteCa3Ti2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2Isometric
SellaiteMgF2Tetragonal
SenaitePb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38Trigonal
ShortiteNa2Ca2(CO3)3Orthorhombic
SideriteFeCO3Trigonal
SidorenkiteNa3Mn2+(CO3)(PO4)Monoclinic
SiliconSiIsometric
SillimaniteAl2(SiO4)OOrthorhombic
SilverAgIsometric
SkutteruditeCoAs3Isometric
SperrylitePtAs2Isometric
SphaleriteZnSIsometric
SpinelMgAl2O4Isometric
Stefanweissite(Ca,REE)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14Orthorhombic
StronadelphiteSr5(PO4)3FHexagonal
StronalsiteNa2SrAl4Si4O16Orthorhombic
StrontianiteSrCO3Orthorhombic
StrontiomelaneSr(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16Monoclinic
StrontiowhitlockiteSr9Mg(PO4)6(PO3OH)Trigonal
Synchysite-(Ce)CaCe(CO3)2FMonoclinic
Synchysite-(Y)CaY(CO3)2FMonoclinic
TainioliteKLiMg2(Si4O10)F2Monoclinic
Tatyanaite(Pt,Pd,Cu)9Cu3Sn4Orthorhombic
TausoniteSrTiO3Isometric
Tetra-auricuprideAuCuTetragonal
ThorianiteThO2Isometric
TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)OMonoclinic
TitaniumTiHexagonal
TrevoriteNi2+Fe3+2O4Isometric
TroiliteFeSHexagonal
TumchaiteNa2Zr(Si4O11)·2H2OMonoclinic
TungstenWIsometric
TychiteNa6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4)Isometric
UngavaitePd4Sb3Tetragonal
VermiculiteMg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·8H2OMonoclinic
VesuvianiteCa19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9Tetragonal
Vigezzite(Ca,Ce)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6Orthorhombic
Warwickite(Mg,Ti,Fe,Al)2O(BO3)Orthorhombic
WeberiteNa2Mg[AlF6]FOrthorhombic
WhewelliteCa(C2O4)·H2OMonoclinic
WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3FMonoclinic
YangzhumingiteKMg2.5(Si4O10)F2Monoclinic
YimengiteK(Cr,Ti,Fe,Mg)12O19Hexagonal
YuanfuliiteMg(Fe3+,Al)O(BO3)Orthorhombic
ZangboiteTiFeSi2Orthorhombic
ZincZnHexagonal
ZirconZr(SiO4)Tetragonal
ZirconoliteCaZrTi2O7Orthorhombic
Zirkelite(Ti,Ca,Zr)O2-xIsometric
ElementCountPercent
HHydrogen6623.40%
LiLithium10.35%
BBoron31.06%
CCarbon5920.92%
NNitrogen20.71%
OOxygen21074.47%
FFluorine5218.44%
NaSodium5820.57%
MgMagnesium7626.95%
AlAluminium4917.38%
SiSilicon8630.50%
PPhosphorus3512.41%
SSulfur217.45%
ClChlorine20.71%
KPotassium289.93%
CaCalcium7626.95%
ScScandium20.71%
TiTitanium4214.89%
VVanadium41.42%
CrChromium103.55%
MnManganese124.26%
FeIron6924.47%
CoCobalt41.42%
NiNickel113.90%
CuCopper31.06%
ZnZinc31.06%
AsArsenic93.19%
SrStrontium289.93%
YYttrium82.84%
ZrZirconium186.38%
NbNiobium196.74%
MoMolybdenum10.35%
RuRuthenium82.84%
RhRhodium31.06%
PdPalladium41.42%
AgSilver20.71%
SnTin31.06%
SbAntimony20.71%
BaBarium3412.06%
LaLanthanum82.84%
CeCerium3010.64%
NdNeodymium51.77%
TaTantalum20.71%
WTungsten31.06%
OsOsmium51.77%
IrIridium72.48%
PtPlatinum62.13%
AuGold20.71%
PbLead41.42%
ThThorium41.42%
UUranium20.71%

References

Hazen, Robert M., Morrison, Shaunna M. (2022) On the paragenetic modes of minerals: A mineral evolution perspective. American Mineralogist, 107 (7) 1262-1287 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8099
 
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