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The mineralogy of Cobalt

General Properties
Symbol:Co
Atomic Number:27
Standard atomic weight (Ar):58.933195(5)
Electron configuration:[Ar] 3d7 4s2
Photos
<
Cobalt chips and 1cm³ cube
>
Atomic Properties
Electronegativity (Pauling scale):1.88
Atomic Radius:152 pm
Ionic Radius:74.5 pm (+2*)
1st Ionization energy:760 kJ/mol
1st Electron affinity:-64 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-1,1,2,3,4,5
Physical Properties
Standard State:solid
Bonding Type:metallic
Melting Point:1768 K
Boiling Point:3200 K
Density:8.9 g/cm3
Metal/Non-Metal:transition metal
Main isotopes of Cobalt
Isotope% in NatureHalf LifeDecay typeDecay product
56Cosynthetic77.27dε56Fe
57Cosynthetic271.79dε57Fe
58Cosynthetic70.86dε58Fe
59Co100%stable
60Cosynthetic5.2714yβ−60Ni
Main ions of Cobalt
NameIonExample minerals
cobalt(II)Co2+Spherocobaltite
cobalt(III)Co3+Heterogenite
Other Information
Year Discovered:1732
Discovered By:Georg Brandt
Named For:German: kobold - "goblin","evil spirit"
CPK color coding:#F090A0
External Links:WikipediaWebElementsLos Alamos National LaboratoryTheodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com
Simple Compounds and Mineral Names
Sulfidescobalt sulfideCoS+2Jaipurite
cobalt persulfideCoS2+2Cattierite
dicobalt trisulfideCo2S3+3
tricobalt tetrasulfideCo3S4+2,+3Linnaeite
Selenidescobalt selenideCoSe+2Freboldite
cobalt perselenideCoSe2+2Trogtalite
tricobalt tetraselenideCo3Se4+2,+3Bornhardtite
Telluridescobalt tellurideCoTe+2
cobalt pertellurideCoTe2+2Mattagamite
Hydroxidescobalt (II) hydroxideCo(OH)2+2
cobalt oxide hydroxideCoOOH+3Heterogenite
Fluoridescobalt (II) fluorideCoF2+2
cobalt (III) fluorideCoF3+3
cobalt tetrafluorideCoF4+4
Chloridescobalt (II) chlorideCoCl2+2
cobalt (III) chlorideCoCl3+3
cobalt dichloride dihydrateCoCl2 · 2H2O+2
Bromidescobalt (II) bromideCoBr2+2
Iodidescobalt (II) iodideCoI2
Oxidescobalt oxideCoO+2
dicobalt trioxideCo2O3+3
tricobalt tetraoxideCo3O2,+3
Carbonatescobalt (II) carbonateCoCO3+2Spherocobaltite
Nitratescobalt (II) nitrateCo(NO3)2+2
cobalt (II) nitrate dihydrateCo(NO3)2 · 2H2O+2
cobalt (II) nitrate tetrahydrateCo(NO3)2 · 4H2O+2
cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrateCo(NO3)2 · 6H2O+2
Sulfatescobalt (II) sulfateCoSO4+2
cobalt (II) sulfate monohydrateCoSO4 · H2O+2Cobaltkieserite
cobalt (II) sulfate tetrahydrateCoSO4 · 4H2OAplowite
cobalt (II) sulfate hexahydrateCoSO4 · 6H2OMoorhouseite
cobalt (II) sulfate heptahydrateCoSO4 · 7H2OBieberite
Cobalt as a chromophore in minerals and gems
ChromophoreDescription
Co2+Causes a raspberry red colour in minerals such as spherocobaltite and cobaltian calcite.
Co2+ in tetrahedral sitesCauses blue colour in some spinels from Baffin Island, Canada.
Mineral Diversity of Cobalt
1. Elements 1 valid mineral species
2. Sulfides And Sulfosalts 25 valid mineral species
3. Halides1 valid mineral species
4. Oxides 5 valid mineral species
5. Carbonates 6 valid mineral species
7. Sulfates 10 valid mineral species
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates17 valid mineral species
9. Silicates 1 valid mineral species
10. Organic Compounds1 valid mineral species
Total:67 valid species containing essential Cobalt
Geochemistry of Cobalt
Goldschmidt classification:Siderophile
Co2+ was one of the ions least depleted from the mantle in the formation of the crust.
Co3+ enters early-forming phases in igneous rocks.
Co2+ enters early-forming phases in igneous rocks.
Co3+ is concentrated in deep-sea ferromanganese nodules relative to seawater.
Co2+ solute can be a limiting nutrient in the growth of bacteria.
Co2+ is essential to nutrition of at least some vertebrates ('essential minerals').
Elemental Cobalt in Nature
Found as natural alloy with Fe:WairauiteCoFe
Elemental Abundance for Cobalt
Crust (CRC Handbook)2.5 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Kaye & Laby)2.8 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Greenwood)2.9 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)2.9 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Wänke)2.54 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)1.0 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw)1.2 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Sea Water (CRC Handbook)2 x 10-11mass per volume fraction, kg/L
Sea Water (Kaye & Laby)3.9 x 10-10mass per volume fraction, kg/L
The Sun (Kaye & Laby)2.3 x 10-3atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Kaye & Laby)2.3 x 10-3atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Ahrens)2.25 x 10-3 (6.6%)atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty)
Element association of Cobalt in the Mineral World
This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Cobalt and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements.

The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Cobalt and the element listed for that row.

The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Cobalt.

The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row.

Click on a heading to sort.
ElementValid Minerals listed with element and Cobalt% of Co mineralsRelative to % in all minerals
Oxygen46 minerals with Co and O58.97%27.39% lower
Hydrogen41 minerals with Co and H52.56%6.47% lower
Arsenic32 minerals with Co and As41.03%216.96% higher
Sulfur27 minerals with Co and S34.62%57.28% higher
Nickel17 minerals with Co and Ni21.79%535.32% higher
Iron14 minerals with Co and Fe17.95%21.58% lower
Copper9 minerals with Co and Cu11.54%15.09% lower
Carbon7 minerals with Co and C8.97%10.29% higher
Antimony6 minerals with Co and Sb7.69%37.32% higher
Selenium6 minerals with Co and Se7.69%191.92% higher
Calcium5 minerals with Co and Ca6.41%74.69% lower
Bismuth4 minerals with Co and Bi5.13%23.28% higher
Uranium4 minerals with Co and U5.13%0.50% lower
Sodium3 minerals with Co and Na3.85%79.84% lower
Magnesium3 minerals with Co and Mg3.85%72.01% lower
Chlorine2 minerals with Co and Cl2.56%65.39% lower
Manganese2 minerals with Co and Mn2.56%78.45% lower
Lead2 minerals with Co and Pb2.56%75.71% lower
Nitrogen1 mineral with Co and N1.28%49.77% lower
Chromium1 mineral with Co and Cr1.28%29.67% lower
Vanadium1 mineral with Co and V1.28%73.32% lower
Phosphorus1 mineral with Co and P1.28%89.66% lower
Silicon1 mineral with Co and Si1.28%95.38% lower
Tellurium1 mineral with Co and Te1.28%62.81% lower
Aluminium1 mineral with Co and Al1.28%93.64% lower
Periodic Table
1H 2He
3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne
11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar
19K 20Ca 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 36Kr
37Rb 38Sr 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 53I 54Xe
55Cs 56Ba 57La 72Hf 73Ta 74W 75Re 76Os 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 81Tl 82Pb 83Bi 84Po 85At 86Rn
87Fr 88Ra 89Ac 104Rd 105Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs 109Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112Cn 113Nh 114Fl 115Mc 116Lv 117Ts 118Og
 
58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb 71Lu
90Th 91Pa 92U 93Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf 99Es 100Fm 101Md 102No 103Lr
Default Categories CPK Electronegativity Atomic Radius Lowest Oxidation Highest Oxidation Crustal Abundance Goldschmidt Mineral Species Minerals with Co Relative Frequency
Iron << Cobalt >> Nickel


Most widespread minerals containing Cobalt
This list of minerals containing Cobalt is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Cobalt mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.
NameFormulaCrystal SystemMindat Localities
CobaltiteCoAsSOrthorhombic1212
ErythriteCo3(AsO4)2 · 8H2OMonoclinic943
SkutteruditeCoAs3Isometric614
Safflorite(Co,Ni,Fe)As2Orthorhombic391
SiegeniteCoNi2S4Isometric307
LinnaeiteCo2+Co3+2S4Isometric285
CarrolliteCuCo2S4Isometric192
Glaucodot(Co0.50Fe0.50)AsSOrthorhombic178
HeterogeniteCo3+O(OH)Hexagonal122
CobaltpentlanditeCo9S8Isometric106
Photos

Localities with greatest number of different Cobalt mineral species
1Cobalt area, Cobalt-Gowganda region, Timiskaming District, Ontario, Canada11 Co minerals
2Aghbar Mine, Aghbar, Tansifte Caïdat, Agdz Cercle, Zagora Province, Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco10 Co minerals
3Langis Mine (Casey Cobalt ; Casey-Seneca), Casey Township, Cobalt Area, Cobalt-Gowganda region, Timiskaming District, Ontario, Canada10 Co minerals
4Jáchymov, Karlovy Vary District, Karlovy Vary Region, Czech Republic10 Co minerals
Ore dumps, Richelsdorf Smelter, Süß, Nentershausen, Hersfeld-Rotenburg, Kassel Region, Hesse, Germany10 Co minerals
6Shinkolobwe Mine, Shinkolobwe, Kambove Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo9 Co minerals
7Anton Mine, Heubach Valley, Wittichen, Schenkenzell, Rottweil, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany9 Co minerals
8Daniel Mine (St. Daniel Mine), Neustädtel, Schneeberg, Erzgebirgskreis, Saxony, Germany9 Co minerals


Important ores of Cobalt
Most cobalt is not mined directly from cobalt ores but is a by-product of nickel and/or copper production.
NameFormulaCrystal System
CobaltiteCoAsSOrthorhombic
Glaucodot(Co0.50Fe0.50)AsSOrthorhombic
SkutteruditeCoAs3Isometric
ErythriteCo3(AsO4)2 · 8H2OMonoclinic
Photos


Spotted a mistake/omission? - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to jolyon@mindat.org. Thank you.

Constants and physical property data from:

David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).
Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)
Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)
L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)
Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press (2001)
 
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