The mineralogy of Thallium
General Properties | |
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Symbol: | Tl |
Atomic Number: | 81 |
Standard atomic weight (Ar): | 204.3833(2) |
Electron configuration: | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 |
Photos | ||
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< | 8 grams pure thallium under argon | > |
Atomic Properties | |
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Electronegativity (Pauling scale): | 2.04 |
Atomic Radius: | 156 pm |
Ionic Radius: | 150 pm (+1) |
Van der Waals Radius: | 196 pm |
1st Ionization energy: | 589 kJ/mol |
1st Electron affinity: | -19 kJ/mol |
Oxidation States: | 1,3 |
Physical Properties | |
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Standard State: | solid |
Bonding Type: | metallic |
Melting Point: | 577 K |
Boiling Point: | 1746 K |
Density: | 11.85 g/cm3 |
Metal/Non-Metal: | metal |
Main isotopes of Thallium | ||||
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Isotope | % in Nature | Half Life | Decay type | Decay product |
203Tl | 29.524% | - | α ? | 199Au |
204Tl | synthetic | 3.78y | β− | 204Pb |
ε | 204Hg | |||
205Tl | 70.476% | - | α ? | 201Au |
Main ions of Thallium | ||||
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Name | Ion | Example minerals | ||
thallium(I) | Tl+ | |||
thallium(III) | Tl3+ |
Other Information | |
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Year Discovered: | 1861 |
Discovered By: | |
Year Isolated: | 1862 |
Isolated By: | |
Named For: | From Greek: thallos - "a green shoot (twig)" |
CPK color coding: | #A6544D |
External Links: | WikipediaWebElementsLos Alamos National LaboratoryTheodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com |
Simple Compounds and Mineral Names | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sulfides | dithallium sulphide | Tl2S | +1 | Carlinite | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Selenides | dithallium selenide | Tl2Se | +1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fluorides | thallium fluoride | TlF | +1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
thallium trifluoride | TlF3 | +3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chlorides | thallium chloride | TlCl | +1 | Lafossaite | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
thallium dichloride | TlCl2 | +2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
thallium trichloride | TlCl3 | +3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bromides | dithallium tetrabromide | Tl2Br4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Iodides | thallium iodide | TlI | +1 | Nataliyamalikite | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
thallium triiodide | TlI3 | +3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oxides | dithallium oxide | Tl2O | +1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dithallium trioxide | Tl2O3 | +3 | Avicennite |
Mineral Diversity of Thallium | |
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1. Elements | 1 valid mineral species |
2. Sulfides And Sulfosalts | 73 valid mineral species |
3. Halides | 6 valid mineral species |
4. Oxides | 2 valid mineral species |
7. Sulfates | 6 valid mineral species |
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates | 1 valid mineral species |
Total: | 89 valid species containing essential Thallium |
Geochemistry of Thallium | |
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Goldschmidt classification: | Chalcophile |
Tl+ is concentrated in residual soils and sediments (less certainty.) | |
Tl+ enters later phases in igneous rocks due to its large size. |
Elemental Abundance for Thallium | ||
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Crust (CRC Handbook) | 8.5 x 10-7 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Kaye & Laby) | 4.7 x 10-7 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Greenwood) | 7 x 10-7 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Ahrens/Taylor) | 3.60 x 10-7 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor) | 7.50 x 10-7 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw) | 5.20 x 10-7 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Sea Water (CRC Handbook) | 1.9 x 10-11 | mass per volume fraction, kg/L |
The Sun (Kaye & Laby) | 2.0 x 10-7 | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 |
Solar System (Kaye & Laby) | 1.9 x 10-7 | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 |
Solar System (Ahrens) | 1.84 x 10-7 (9.4%) | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty) |
Element association of Thallium in the Mineral World | |||
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This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Thallium and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements. The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Thallium and the element listed for that row. The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Thallium. The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row. Click on a heading to sort. |
Periodic Table | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Mercury << Thallium >> Lead |
Most widespread minerals containing Thallium | |||
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This list of minerals containing Thallium is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Thallium mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species. |
Name | Formula | Crystal System | Mindat Localities |
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Twinnite | Pb0.8Tl0.1Sb1.3As0.8S4 | Monoclinic | 27 |
Lorándite | TlAsS2 | Monoclinic | 20 |
Thalcusite | Tl2Cu3FeS4 | Tetragonal | 18 |
Bukovite | (Cu3Fe)Σ4Tl2Se4 | Tetragonal | 16 |
Crookesite | Cu7(Tl, Ag)Se4 | Tetragonal | 16 |
Parapierrotite | TlSb5S8 | Monoclinic | 14 |
Avicennite | Tl2O3 | Isometric | 10 |
Hutchinsonite | TlPbAs5S9 | Orthorhombic | 10 |
Christite | TlHgAsS3 | Orthorhombic | 9 |
Routhierite | Tl(Cu,Ag)(Hg,Zn)2(As,Sb)2S6 | Tetragonal | 9 |
Photos |
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Localities with greatest number of different Thallium mineral species |
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Spotted a mistake/omission? - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to jolyon@mindat.org. Thank you.
Constants and physical property data from:
David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).
Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)
Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)
L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)
Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press (2001)