Perovskite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Douglas Merson
About Perovskite
Formula:
CaTiO3
Colour:
Dark brown, black, red-brown, yellow shades
Lustre:
Adamantine, Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
5½
Specific Gravity:
3.98 - 4.26
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Gustav Rose in 1839 in honor of Count Lev Alekseevich Perovski (1792-1856), then in the Ministry of Regions, of St. Petersburg, Russia. Perovskii rose to vice-president of the Appanage Department in 1852-1856. During his tenure in the Appanage Department, Perovski "contributed to the development of mining industry in Russia, inspected supplies and working of lapidary work; many new deposits started to be mined by his initiative." Perovski was also an influential mineral collector. (Schmidt, 2011).
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
The Ti analogue of lakargiite and megawite. The Ca analogue of barioperovskite and geikielite; not analogous to tausonite (different structure).
The crystal structure is parent to many important synthetic compounds. The general formula is ABX3, in which [12]A = larger atoms (cubooctahedral coordination), [6]B = smaller atoms (e.g., Wenk & Bulakh, 2004). The coordination may be disordered from ideal one. The orthorhombic nature of the structure was determined in the work of Kay & Bailey (1957).
Natural Ca-Al perovskite-like phase may be present within Ca-Al inclusions in moissanite (see Unnamed (Ca-Al-(Si) oxide I)).
The crystal structure is parent to many important synthetic compounds. The general formula is ABX3, in which [12]A = larger atoms (cubooctahedral coordination), [6]B = smaller atoms (e.g., Wenk & Bulakh, 2004). The coordination may be disordered from ideal one. The orthorhombic nature of the structure was determined in the work of Kay & Bailey (1957).
Natural Ca-Al perovskite-like phase may be present within Ca-Al inclusions in moissanite (see Unnamed (Ca-Al-(Si) oxide I)).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3166
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3166:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
2f2a3f47-db26-4abc-8a62-cac0998b0627
IMA Classification of Perovskite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Perovskite
4.CC.30
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
C : With large and medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
C : With large and medium-sized cations
4.3.3.1
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
7.9.6
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Prv | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Prv | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
Prv | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Prv | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Prv | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Perovskite
Adamantine, Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Dark brown, black, red-brown, yellow shades
Streak:
Colourless, greyish white
Hardness:
5½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
On {001}.
On {001}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.98 - 4.26 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.02 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Calculated on synthetic material.
Optical Data of Perovskite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 2.300 nβ = 2.340 nγ = 2.380
2V:
Measured: 90° , Calculated: 88°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.080
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
r > v
Optical Extinction:
Parallel. X = a; Y = c; Z = b.
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R |
---|---|
400nm | 19.2% |
420nm | 18.8% |
440nm | 18.4% |
460nm | 18.0% |
480nm | 17.6% |
500nm | 17.3% |
520nm | 17.0% |
540nm | 16.8% |
560nm | 16.6% |
580nm | 16.4% |
600nm | 16.2% |
620nm | 16.1% |
640nm | 16.0% |
660nm | 16.0% |
680nm | 15.9% |
700nm | 15.9% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 19.2%.
Colour in reflected light:
Dark bluish grey
Internal Reflections:
Brown
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Z > X.
Chemistry of Perovskite
Mindat Formula:
CaTiO3
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Nb,Ce,La,TR
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Phanerozoic : 300.4 ± 0.7 Ma to 13.0 Ma - based on 7 recorded ages.
Chemical Analysis
Empirical formulas:
Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
---|---|
1 | Ca1.01(Ti0.98,Fe0.01,Al0.01,Zr0.01)1.01 O3 |
Sample references:
ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Gabbro Quarry, Radau valley, Bad Harzburg, Goslar District, Lower Saxony, Germany | Polished grain mount. Fully calibrated quantitative analysis. |
Crystallography of Perovskite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnma
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.447(1) Å, b = 7.654(1) Å, c = 5.388(1) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.712 : 1 : 0.704
Unit Cell V:
224.63 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals usually cubic, highly modified at times, but the planes are often irregularly distributed. Cubic faces striated parallel to [001] and apparently penetrations twins (as if of pyritohedral individuals; also striated parallel to [110]. {001} less developed with {113} and {449} prominent. Also cubooctahedra or octahedra (esp. Ce and Nb varieties). Rarely reniform masses exhibiting small cubes on the surface, or massive granular.
Twinning:
On {111}: 1. penetration twins (esp. Ce or Nb varieties); 2. complex lamellar twinning. About [101] and rarely [121]
Crystallographic forms of Perovskite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0002890 | Perovskite | Yamanaka T, Hirai M, Komatsu Y (2002) Structure change of Ca1-xSrxTiO3 perovskite with composition and pressure American Mineralogist 87 1183-1189 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0002891 | Perovskite | Yamanaka T, Hirai M, Komatsu Y (2002) Structure change of Ca1-xSrxTiO3 perovskite with composition and pressure American Mineralogist 87 1183-1189 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0002892 | Perovskite | Yamanaka T, Hirai M, Komatsu Y (2002) Structure change of Ca1-xSrxTiO3 perovskite with composition and pressure American Mineralogist 87 1183-1189 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0005501 | Perovskite | Beran A, Libowitzky E (1996) A single-crystal infrared spectroscopic and X-ray-diffraction study of untwinned San Benito perovskite containing OH groups The Canadian Mineralogist 34 803-809 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006288 | Perovskite | Knight K S (2009) Parameterization of the crystal structures of centerosymmetric zone-boundary-tilted perovskites: An analysis in terms of symmetry-adapted basis-vectors of the cubic aristotype phase The Canadian Mineralogist 47 381-400 | 2009 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007754 | Perovskite | Liu X, Liebermann R C (1993) X-ray powder diffraction study of CaTiO3 perovskite at high temperatures Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 171-175 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007755 | Perovskite | Liu X, Liebermann R C (1993) X-ray powder diffraction study of CaTiO3 perovskite at high temperatures Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 171-175 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007756 | Perovskite | Liu X, Liebermann R C (1993) X-ray powder diffraction study of CaTiO3 perovskite at high temperatures Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 171-175 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007757 | Perovskite | Liu X, Liebermann R C (1993) X-ray powder diffraction study of CaTiO3 perovskite at high temperatures Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 171-175 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007758 | Perovskite | Liu X, Liebermann R C (1993) X-ray powder diffraction study of CaTiO3 perovskite at high temperatures Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 171-175 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
0016661 | Perovskite | Dance J, Soubeyroux J, Kerkouri N, Tressaud A (1981) Chimie de solide - structure magnetique de la phase Rb0.5 Cs0.5 Co F3 de type perovskite hexagonale 6H _cod_database_code 1008789 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 293 279-293 | 1981 | 0 | 293 | ||
0014369 | Perovskite | Palacin M, Bassas J, Rodriguez-Carvajal J, Fuertes A, Casan-Pastor N, Gomez-Romero P (1994) Studies of the formation and reduction of a mixed three-dimensional perovskite of copper and titanium _cod_database_code 1006117 Materials Research Bulletin 29 973-980 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
0018079 | Perovskite | Barth T (1925) Die Kristallstruktur von Perowskit und verwandter Verbindungen _cod_database_code 1011210 Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 8 201-216 | 1925 | 0 | 293 | ||
0018080 | Perovskite | Barth T (1925) Die Kristallstruktur von Perowskit und verwandter Verbindungen _cod_database_code 1011211 Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 8 201-216 | 1925 | 0 | 293 | ||
0018081 | Perovskite | Barth T (1925) Die Kristallstruktur von Perowskit und verwandter Verbindungen _cod_database_code 1011212 Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 8 201-216 | 1925 | 0 | 293 | ||
0016660 | Perovskite | Meyer G, Gros Y, Bochu B, Collomb A, Chenavas J, Joubert J, Marezio M (1978) Synthesis, crystal structure, and Mossbauer study of a series of perovskite-like compounds (A Cu3) (M, Fe)4 O12 _cod_database_code 1008788 Physica Status Solidi A48 581-586 | 1978 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.701 Å | (100) |
1.911 Å | (50) |
2.719 Å | (40) |
1.557 Å | (25) |
1.563 Å | (16) |
3.824 Å | (14) |
1.567 Å | (14) |
Comments:
Synthetic.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
3 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs) | >4.565 |
4 : Primary chondrule phases | 4.566–4.561 |
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | |
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
41 : Mantle metasomatism | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
An accessory in alkaline mafic rocks.
Type Occurrence of Perovskite
Synonyms of Perovskite
Other Language Names for Perovskite
Catalan:Perovskita
Czech:Perovskit
Dutch:Perovskiet
French:Pérovskite
Italian:Perovskite
Japanese:ペロブスカイト構造
Polish:Perowskit
Portuguese:Perovskita
Romanian:Perovskit
Russian:Перовскит
Simplified Chinese:钙钛矿
Spanish:Perovskita
Ukrainian:Перовськіт
Varieties of Perovskite
Dysanalyte | A Nb-bearing (usually 5-10 mas.% of Nb2O5, sometimes up to 26 mas.%) variety of Perovskite Originally described from Badloch Quarry, Orberg Mt. - Badberg Mt. area, Schelingen, Kaiserstuhl, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. |
Knopite | A variety of perovskite rich in cerium. Originally described from Långörsholmen, Alnö, Sundsvall, Medelpad, Sweden. |
Relationship of Perovskite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Barioperovskite | BaTiO3 | Orth. mm2 : Amm2 |
Goldschmidtite | KNbO3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Pm3m |
Isolueshite | (Na,La)NbO3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Pm3m |
Lakargiite | Ca(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
Loparite-(Ce) | (Na,REE)2Ti2O6 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
Lueshite | NaNbO3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Macedonite | PbTiO3 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
Megawite | CaSnO3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pban |
Tausonite | SrTiO3 | Iso. 4 3m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
109 photos of Perovskite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
53 photos of Perovskite associated with Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
47 photos of Perovskite associated with Nepheline | Na3K(Al4Si4O16) |
46 photos of Perovskite associated with Pyroxene Group | ADSi2O6 |
38 photos of Perovskite associated with Melanite | Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 |
38 photos of Perovskite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
34 photos of Perovskite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
19 photos of Perovskite associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
16 photos of Perovskite associated with Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
15 photos of Perovskite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
4.CC. | Xuite | Ca3Fe3+2[(AlO3(OH)]3 |
4.CC. | Allendeite | Sc4Zr3O12 |
4.CC. | Bitikleite | Ca3(Sb5+Sn4+)[AlO4]3 |
4.CC. | Yttriaite-(Y) | Y2O3 |
4.CC. | Chlorkyuygenite | Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4Cl2] |
4.CC. | Anzaite-(Ce) | Ce3+ 4Fe2+Ti6O18 (OH)2 |
4.CC. | Heamanite-(Ce) | (K0.5Ce0.5)TiO3 |
4.CC. | Priscillagrewite-(Y) | (Ca2Y)Zr2(AlO4)3 |
4.CC. | Saranovskite | SrCaFe2+2(Cr4Ti2)Ti12O38 |
4.CC. | Botuobinskite | SrFe2+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)[O36(OH)2] |
4.CC. | Mirnyite | SrZr4+Mg2(Cr3+6Ti4+12)O38 |
4.CC. | Haitaite-(La) | LaU4+Fe3+2(Ti13Fe2+4Fe3+)O38 |
4.CC. | Shagamite | KFe11O17 |
4.CC.05 | Chrombismite | Bi3+16Cr6+O27 |
4.CC.10 | Freudenbergite | Na2(Ti,Fe)8O16 |
4.CC.10 | Fluormayenite | Ca12Al14O32F2 |
4.CC.10 | Fluorkyuygenite | Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4F2] |
4.CC.15 | Grossite | CaAl4O7 |
4.CC.17 | Goldschmidtite | KNbO3 |
4.CC.20 | Chlormayenite | Ca12Al14O32[◻4Cl2] |
4.CC.20 | Unnamed (HBU UK-4) | NaFe2+Zn2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)6Ti12O38 |
4.CC.20 | Paseroite | PbMn2+(Mn2+,Fe3+)2(V5+,Ti,◻)18O38 |
4.CC.20 | Mianningite | (◻,Pb,Ce,Na)(U4+,Mn,U6+)Fe3+2 (Ti,Fe3+)18O38 |
4.CC.20 | UM1987-03-O:FePbTiU | ~(U,Pb)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn)21O38 |
4.CC.22 | Kahlenbergite | KAl11O17 |
4.CC.22 | Gorerite | CaAlFe3+11O19 |
4.CC.25 | Yafsoanite | Ca3Te6+2(ZnO4)3 |
4.CC.25 | Nixonite | Na2Ti6O13 |
4.CC.30 | Latrappite | Ca2NbFe3+O6 |
4.CC.30 | Lueshite | NaNbO3 |
4.CC.30 | Natroniobite | NaNbO3 |
4.CC.30 | Barioperovskite | BaTiO3 |
4.CC.30 | Lakargiite | Ca(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3 |
4.CC.30 | Megawite | CaSnO3 |
4.CC.32 | Usturite | Ca3(Sb5+Zr)[Fe3+O4]3 |
4.CC.32 | Elbrusite | Ca3(U6+0.5Zr1.5)[Fe3+O4]3 |
4.CC.32 | Dzhuluite | Ca3(Sb5+Sn4+)[Fe3+O4]3 |
4.CC.32 | Monteneveite | Ca3Sb5+2(Fe3+2Fe2+)O12 |
4.CC.35 | Loparite-(Ce) | (Na,REE)2Ti2O6 |
4.CC.35 | Macedonite | PbTiO3 |
4.CC.35 | Tausonite | SrTiO3 |
4.CC.35 | Isolueshite | (Na,La)NbO3 |
4.CC.35 | Panguite | (Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)1.8O3 |
4.CC.37 | Pauloabibite | NaNbO3 |
4.CC.40 | Crichtonite | Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 |
4.CC.40 | Davidite-(Ce) | Ce(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
4.CC.40 | Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
4.CC.40 | Davidite-(Y) | (La,Ce,Na,Ca,Pb)(Y,Fe2+,◻)(Fe2+,Mn2+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb,Zr)18O38 (hypothetical) |
4.CC.40 | Landauite | NaMnZn2(Ti,Fe)6Ti12O38 |
4.CC.40 | Lindsleyite | (Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38 |
4.CC.40 | Loveringite | (Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)18O38 |
4.CC.40 | Mathiasite | (Mg,Cr,Fe,Ca,K)2(Ti,Zr,Cr,Fe)5O12 |
4.CC.40 | Senaite | Pb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 |
4.CC.40 | Uhligite | Ca3(Ti,Al,Zr)9O20 ? |
4.CC.40 | Dessauite-(Y) | (Sr,Pb)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe3+)20O38 |
4.CC.40 | Cleusonite | (Pb,Sr)(U4+,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn)2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38 |
4.CC.40 | Gramaccioliite-(Y) | (Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38 |
4.CC.45 | Diaoyudaoite | NaAl11O17 |
4.CC.45 | Hawthorneite | BaMgTi3Cr4Fe2+2Fe3+2O19 |
4.CC.45 | Hibonite | CaAl12O19 |
4.CC.45 | Lindqvistite | Pb2Mn2+Fe16O27 |
4.CC.45 | Magnetoplumbite | (Pb,Mn)(Fe,Mn)12O19 |
4.CC.45 | Plumboferrite | Pb2(Fe3+,Mn2+,Mg)11O19 |
4.CC.45 | Yimengite | K(Cr,Ti,Fe,Mg)12O19 |
4.CC.45 | Haggertyite | BaFe2+4Fe3+2Ti5MgO19 |
4.CC.45 | Nežilovite | PbZn2Mn4+2Fe3+8O19 |
4.CC.45 | Batiferrite | BaTi2Fe3+8Fe2+2O19 |
4.CC.45 | Chihuahuaite | FeAl12O19 |
4.CC.45 | Barioferrite | BaFe3+12O19 |
4.CC.45 | Kangite | (Sc,Ti,Al,Zr,Mg,Ca,◻)2O3 |
4.CC.45 | Mizraite-(Ce) | Ce(Al11Mg)O19 |
4.CC.50 | Jeppeite | (K,Ba)2(Ti,Fe)6O13 |
4.CC.55 | Zenzénite | Pb3Fe3+4Mn4+3O15 |
4.CC.60 | Mengxianminite (of Huang et al.) | (Ca,Na)3(Fe,Mn)2Mg2(Sn,Zn)5Al8O29 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
In forceps and on charcoal, infusible. Dissolves easily with salt of phosporous in oxidizing flame, giving a greenish bead while hot, becoming colorless on cooling.
Notes:
Decomposed entirely by boiling sulfuric acid.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Perovskite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Perovskite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3166.html
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References for Perovskite
Reference List:
Nickel, E. H., McAdam, R. C. (1963) Niobian perovskite from Oka, Quebec; a new classification for minerals of the perovskite group. The Canadian Mineralogist, 7 (5) 683-697
Localities for Perovskite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Varenna Stream, Varenna Valley, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy