Joaquinite-(Ce)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Joaquinite-(Ce)
Formula:
NaBa2Ce2FeTi2[Si4O12]2O2(OH,F) · H2O
Colour:
Honey-yellow to brown
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
5 - 5½
Specific Gravity:
3.89 - 3.98
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named joaquinite in 1909 by G.D. Louderback and W.C. Blasdale for the Joaquin Ridge in the Diablo Range where the mineral was discovered. The ridge also also borders the San Joaquin Valley. The suffix denotes the cerium content and was added by Nickel & Mandarino (1987).
This page provides mineralogical data about Joaquinite-(Ce).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2099
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2099:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
23f6b1ec-152c-4f7e-9829-62049a19477a
IMA Classification of Joaquinite-(Ce)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
IMA Formula:
NaBa2Fe2+Ti2Ce2(Si4O12)2O2(OH) · H2O
First published:
1909
Approval history:
Redefined IMA 00–D: Matsubara (2001); Grice and Ferraris (2003).
Classification of Joaquinite-(Ce)
9.CE.25
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
C : Cyclosilicates
E : [Si4O12]8- 4-membered single rings (vierer-Einfachringe), without insular complex anions
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
C : Cyclosilicates
E : [Si4O12]8- 4-membered single rings (vierer-Einfachringe), without insular complex anions
60.1.1a.1
60 : CYCLOSILICATES Four-Membered Rings
1 : Four-Membered Rings, as Titanosilicates
60 : CYCLOSILICATES Four-Membered Rings
1 : Four-Membered Rings, as Titanosilicates
14.9.12
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
9 : Silicates of Ti
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
9 : Silicates of Ti
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Jq-Ce | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Joaquinite-(Ce)
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Honey-yellow to brown
Hardness:
5 - 5½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
{001}
{001}
Density:
3.89 - 3.98 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.93 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Joaquinite-(Ce)
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.748 - 1.754 nβ = 1.760 - 1.767 nγ = 1.762 - 1.823
2V:
Measured: 30° to 55°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.014 - 0.069
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Dispersion:
r < v marked
Optical Extinction:
Parallel. X = a; Y = b; Z = c.
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X = Y = colorless; Z = pale yellow.
Comments:
Absorption: Z > Y > X.
Chemistry of Joaquinite-(Ce)
Mindat Formula:
NaBa2Ce2FeTi2[Si4O12]2O2(OH,F) · H2O
Crystallography of Joaquinite-(Ce)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2 - Sphenoidal
Space Group:
B2
Setting:
C2
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.516(3) Å, b = 9.686(3) Å, c = 11.833(4) Å
β = 109.67(3)°
β = 109.67(3)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.086 : 1 : 1.222
Unit Cell V:
1,134.95 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Equant or tabular crystals. Pyramidal with a tiny facet of the base, to flat tabular parallel to the base.
Twinning:
On {001}, polysynthetic, common.
Comment:
Pseudo-orthorhombic.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000469 | Joaquinite-(Ce) | Dowty E (1975) Crystal structure of joaquinite American Mineralogist 60 872-878 |  | 1975 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.943 Å | (100) |
| 4.43 Å | (95) |
| 2.890 Å | (85) |
| 3.29 Å | (60) |
| 2.606 Å | (60) |
| 3.05 Å | (40) |
| 2.978 Å | (40) |
Comments:
San Benito Co., California, USA.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Type Occurrence of Joaquinite-(Ce)
General Appearance of Type Material:
Small generally individual crystals or grains rarely over one millimeter in diameter. Generally equant, occasionally slightly tabular. Striated.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Harvard Mineralogical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, number 90840.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In natrolite veins cutting a glaucophane schist inclusion in a serpentinite body.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Joaquinite-(Ce)
German:Joaquinit-(Ce)
Russian:Джоакинит-(Ce)
Relationship of Joaquinite-(Ce) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Bario-orthojoaquinite | (Ba,Sr)4Fe2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2 · H2O | Orth. |
| Byelorussite-(Ce) | NaBa2Ce2MnTi2[Si4O12]2O2(F,OH) · H2O | Orth. mm2 : Ama2 |
| Dutkevichite-(Ce) | NaZnBa2Ce2Ti2Si8O26F · H2O | Orth. mm2 : Ama2 |
| Orthojoaquinite-(Ce) | NaBa2Ce2FeTi2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH) · H2O | Orth. |
| Orthojoaquinite-(La) | NaBa2La2Fe2+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH) · H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Strontio-orthojoaquinite | (Na,Fe)2Sr2Ba2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH)2 · H2O | Orth. |
| Strontiojoaquinite | Sr2Ba2(Na,Fe)2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH)2 · H2O | Mon. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 187 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Benitoite | BaTi(Si3O9) |
| 169 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Neptunite | KNa2Li(Fe2+)2Ti2[Si4O12]2 |
| 128 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 44 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Crossite | |
| 8 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 7 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Djurleite | Cu31S16 |
| 4 photos of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Mg3Al2]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 1 photo of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Ancylite-(Ce) | CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O |
| 1 photo of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Glaucophane schist | |
| 1 photo of Joaquinite-(Ce) associated with Digenite | Cu9S5 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.CE. | Dutkevichite-(Ce) | NaZnBa2Ce2Ti2Si8O26F · H2O |
| 9.CE. | Niobobaotite | Ba4(Ti2.5Fe2+1.5)Nb4Si4O28Cl |
| 9.CE.05 | Papagoite | CaCu[H3AlSi2O9] |
| 9.CE.10 | Verplanckite | Ba4Mn2+2Si4O12(OH,H2O)3Cl3 |
| 9.CE.15 | Baotite | Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl |
| 9.CE.20 | Nagashimalite | Ba4(V,Ti)4B2Si8O27(O,OH)2Cl |
| 9.CE.20 | Taramellite | Ba4(Fe3+,Ti,Fe2+,Mg)4(B2Si8O27)O2Clx |
| 9.CE.20 | Titantaramellite | Ba4(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mg)4(B2Si8O27)O2Clx |
| 9.CE.25 | Bario-orthojoaquinite | (Ba,Sr)4Fe2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2 · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Byelorussite-(Ce) | NaBa2Ce2MnTi2[Si4O12]2O2(F,OH) · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Orthojoaquinite-(Ce) | NaBa2Ce2FeTi2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH) · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Strontiojoaquinite | Sr2Ba2(Na,Fe)2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH)2 · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Strontio-orthojoaquinite | (Na,Fe)2Sr2Ba2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH)2 · H2O |
| 9.CE.25 | Orthojoaquinite-(La) | NaBa2La2Fe2+Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH) · H2O |
| 9.CE.30a | Unnamed (Ca-Na-ordered analogue of Korobitsynite) | (Ca,Na)2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3-4H2O |
| 9.CE.30e | Labuntsovite-Mn | Na4K4(Ba,K)2Mn2+(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · 10-12H2O |
| 9.CE.30a | Nenadkevichite | (Na,◻)8Nb4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 8H2O |
| 9.CE.30d | Lemmleinite-K | K2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.CE.30a | Korobitsynite | Na2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3-4H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Kuzmenkoite-Mn | K2Mn2+(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(OH,O)4 · 5-6H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Vuoriyarvite-K | K2(Nb,Ti)2(Si4O12)(O,OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Tsepinite-Na | Na2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Karupmøllerite-Ca | (Na,Ca,K)2Ca(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 7H2O |
| 9.CE.30e | Labuntsovite-Mg | Na4K4(Ba,K)2Mg(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · 10H2O |
| 9.CE.30e | Labuntsovite-Fe | Na4K4(Ba,K)2Fe2+(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · 10H2O |
| 9.CE.30d | Lemmleinite-Ba | Na2K2Ba(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Gjerdingenite-Fe | K2Fe2+(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 9.CE.30h | Neskevaaraite-Fe | K3Na2Fe2+(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 5-6 H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Tsepinite-K | K2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Paratsepinite-Ba | Ba4(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(OH,O)8 · 8H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Tsepinite-Ca | Ca(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.CE.30h | Alsakharovite-Zn | NaSrKZn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 7H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Gjerdingenite-Mn | K2Mn2+(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Lepkhenelmite-Zn | (Ba,K)2Zn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 7H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Tsepinite-Sr | Sr(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.CE.30b | Paratsepinite-Na | (Na,Sr,K,Ca)7(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · nH2O n ~ 8 |
| 9.CE.30f | Paralabuntsovite-Mg | Na8K8Mg4Ti16(Si4O12)8(OH,O)16 · 20-24H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Gjerdingenite-Ca | K2Ca(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Gjerdingenite-Na | K2Na(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(OH,O)4 · 5H2O |
| 9.CE.30h | Gutkovaite-Mn | K2CaMn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Kuzmenkoite-Zn | K2Zn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(OH,O)4 · 6-8H2O |
| 9.CE.30g | Organovaite-Mn | K2Mn(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 5-7H2O |
| 9.CE.30g | Organovaite-Zn | K2Zn(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 9.CE.30g | Parakuzmenkoite-Fe | (K,Ba)4Fe(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8 · 14H2O |
| 9.CE.30c | Burovaite-Ca | (Na,K)4Ca2(Ti,Nb)8(Si4O12)4(OH,O)8 · 12H2O |
| 9.CE.45 | Komarovite | (Ca,Mn)(Nb,Ti)2[Si2O7](O,F)3 · 3.5H2O |
| 9.CE.45 | Natrokomarovite | (Na,Ca,H)2Nb2Si2O10(OH,F)2 · H2O |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube it becomes paler in color, loses luster, and yields a little water but does not fuse. Fuses readily in the lower part of a Bunsen flame (fusability 2.5), with intumescence, to a brown glass.
Notes:
Resists hot hydrochloric and nitric acids. Easily attacked by hydrofluoric acid which leaves a white film of decomposition products on its surface.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Joaquinite-(Ce)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2099.html
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References for Joaquinite-(Ce)
Reference List:
Palache, Charles, Foshag, W. F. (1932) The chemical nature of joaquinite. American Mineralogist, 17 (7) 308-312
Semenov, E. I., Bukin, V. I., Balashov, Yu. A., Sorensen, and H. (1967) Rare earths in minerals of the joaquinite group. American Mineralogist, 52 (11-12) 1762-1769
Laird, Jo, Albee, Arden L. (1972) Chemical composition and physical, optical, and structural properties of benitoite, neptunite, and joaquinite. American Mineralogist, 57 (1-2) 85-102
Rossman, George R. (1975) Joaquinite: The nature of its water content and the question of four coordinated ferrous iron. American Mineralogist, 60 (5-6) 435-440
Wise, W. S. (1982) Strontiojoaquinite and bario-orthojoaquinite: two new members of the joaquinite group. American Mineralogist, 67 (7-8) 809-816
Nickel, Ernest H., Mandarino, Joseph A. (1987) Procedures involving the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names and guidelines on mineral nomenclature. American Mineralogist, 72 (9-10) 1031-1042
Localities for Joaquinite-(Ce)
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Canada | |
| GSC locality database +2 other references |
| Nickel et al. (1964) | |
| GSC locality database +1 other reference | |
| 166-175. +2 other references |
Greenland | |
| [Mineralogical Record - Vol 24 No 2] +1 other reference |
| Semenov et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| www.geomania.hu |
| www.geomania.hu +1 other reference | |
| www.minerofil.hu (2023) | |
USA | |
| Barwood (1995) |
| Howard (1987) | |
| Rocks and Minerals (1989) |
| Mineralogical Research Company +1 other reference |
| Joseph F. Cooper Jr. et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 470. +6 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 467. +1 other reference |
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California State Gem Mine, Santa Rita Peak, San Benito County, California, USA