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Osmium

Big Photo

Neiva River, Sysert' district, Ekaterinburgskaya (Sverdlovskaya) Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia
© Pavel M. Kartashov

Show Osmium Photos (6)
Formula:
(Os,Ir,Ru)
System:HexagonalColour:White
Lustre:MetallicHardness:6 - 7
Name:After the Greek for odor, for it's pungent and irritating odor when heated in air.
This page provides mineralogical data about Osmium.

Classification of Osmium

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:1/A.13-20
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:1.AF.05

1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
F : Platinum group elements
Dana 7th edition ID:1.2.2.1
Dana 8th edition ID:1.2.2.1

1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
2 : Platinum Group Metals and Alloys
Hey's CIM Ref.:1.76

1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
mindat.org URL:http://www.mindat.org/min-3037.html
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Occurrences of Osmium

Geological Setting:From ultramafic rocks and placers.

Physical Properties of Osmium

Lustre:Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:White
Streak:Grey
Hardness (Mohs):6 - 7
Hardness (Vickers):VHN25=1206 - 1246 kg/mm2
Density (measured):22.48 g/cm3
Density (calculated):22.59 g/cm3

Crystallography of Osmium

Crystal System:Hexagonal
Class (H-M):6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) - Dihexagonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:P63/mmc {P63/m 2/m 2/c}
Cell Parameters:a = 2.7341Å, c = 4.3197Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 1.58
Unit Cell Volume:V 27.96 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:2
Morphology:Prismatic inclusions.

Optical Data of Osmium

Type:Anisotropic
Anisotropism:Strong, reddish orange
Colour in reflected light:White with bluish gray tent
Pleochroism:Weak

Chemical Properties of Osmium

Formula:
(Os,Ir,Ru)
Essential elements:Os
All elements listed in formula:Ir, Os, Ru
Common Impurities:Pt,Rh,Pd

Relationship of Osmium to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
1.AF.05Rutheniridosmine
(Ir,Os,Ru)
1.AF.10Iridium
(Ir,Os,Ru)
1.AF.10Palladium
(Pd,Pt)
1.AF.10Platinum
Pt
1.AF.10Rhodium
(Rh,Pt)
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
1.1Copper
Cu
1.2Silver
Ag
1.5Gold
Au
1.6Auricupride
Cu
 
3
Au
1.7Tetra-auricupride
AuCu
1.8Zinc
Zn
1.9Cadmium
Cd
1.10Danbaite
CuZn
 
2
1.11Zhanghengite
CuZn
1.12Mercury
Hg
1.13Kolymite
Cu
 
7
Hg
 
6
1.14Moschellandsbergite
Ag
 
2
Hg
 
3
1.15Eugenite
Ag
 
11
Hg
 
2
1.16Schachnerite
Ag
 
1.1
Hg
 
0.9
1.17Paraschachnerite
Ag
 
3
Hg
 
2
1.18Luanheite
Ag
 
3
Hg
1.19Weishanite
(Au,Ag)
 
3
Hg
 
2
1.20Indium
In
1.21Aluminium
Al
1.22Khatyrkite
(Cu,Zn)Al
 
2
1.23Cupalite
(Cu,Zn)Al
1.24Diamond
C
1.25Graphite
C
1.26Chaoite
C
1.27Lonsdaleite
C
1.28Silicon
Si
1.29Tin
Sn
1.30Lead
Pb
1.31Anyuiite
Au(Pb,Sb)
 
2
1.31Novodneprite
AuPb
 
3
1.32Leadamalgam
HgPb
 
2
1.33Arsenic
As
1.34Arsenolamprite
As
1.35Paxite
CuAs
 
2
1.36Koutekite
Cu
 
5
As
 
2
1.37Domeykite
Cu
 
3
As
1.38Algodonite
(Cu
 
1-x
As
 
x
)
1.39Novakite
Cu
 
20
AgAs
 
10
1.40Kutinaite
Cu
 
2
AgAs
1.41Antimony
Sb
1.42Stibarsen
AsSb
1.43Paradocrasite
Sb
 
3
As
1.44Horsfordite
1.45Cuprostibite
Cu
 
2
(Sb,Tl)
1.46Allargentum
(Ag
 
1-x
Sb
 
x
)
1.47Aurostibite
AuSb
 
2
1.48Dyscrasite
Ag
 
3
Sb
1.49Bismuth
Bi
1.50Maldonite
Au
 
2
Bi
1.51Sulphur
S
 
8
1.52Rosickýite
S
1.53Selenium
Se
1.54Tellurium
Te
1.55Chromium
Cr
1.56Rhenium
Re
1.57Iron
Fe
1.58Chromferide
Fe
 
3
Cr
 
1-x
 (x=0.6)
1.59Ferchromide
Cr
 
1.5
Fe
 
0.5-x
1.60Wairauite
CoFe
1.61Nickel
Ni
1.62Kamacite
(Fe,Ni)
1.63Taenite
(Fe,Ni)
1.64Tetrataenite
FeNi
1.65Awaruite
Ni
 
3
Fe
1.66Palladium
(Pd,Pt)
1.67Potarite
PdHg
1.68Paolovite
Pd
 
2
Sn
1.69Stannopalladinite
(Pd,Cu)
 
3
Sn
 
2
1.70Cabriite
Pd
 
2
SnCu
1.71Taimyrite
(Pd,Cu,Pt)
 
3
Sn
1.72Atokite
(Pd,Pt)
 
3
Sn
1.73Rustenburgite
(Pt,Pd)
 
3
Sn
1.74Zvyagintsevite
(Pd,Pt,Au)
 
3
(Pb,Sn)
1.75Plumbopalladinite
Pd
 
3
Pb
 
2
1.77Iridium
(Ir,Os,Ru)
1.82Platinum
Pt
1.83Hongshiite
PtCu
1.84Niggliite
PtSn
1.85Isoferroplatinum
Pt
 
3
Fe
1.86Tetraferroplatinum
PtFe
1.87Tulameenite
Pt
 
2
CuFe
1.88Ferronickelplatinum
Pt
 
2
FeNi
1.89Rhodium
(Rh,Pt)
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping):

- +
1.2.2.2Ruthenium
(Ru,Ir)
1.2.2.3Rhenium
Re

Other Names for Osmium

Other Languages:
Arabic:أوزميوم
Armenian:Օսմիում
Basque:Osmio
Belarusian:Осмій
Bengali:অসমিয়াম
Bosnian (Latin Script):Osmijum
Bulgarian:Осмий
Catalan:Osmi
Corsican:Osmiu
Croatian:Osmij
Czech:Osmium
Danish:Osmium
Dutch:Osmium
Esperanto:Osmio
Estonian:Osmium
Finnish:Osmium
French:Osmium
Friulian:Osmi
Galician:Osmio
German:Osmium
Greek:Όσμιο
Hebrew:אוסמיום
Hungarian:Ozmium
Icelandic:Osmín
Ido:Osmio
Indonesian:Osmium
Italian:Osmio
Japanese:オスミウム
Javanese:Osmium
Korean:오스뮴
Kurdish (Latin Script):Osmiyûm
Latin:Osmium
Latvian:Osmijs
Lithuanian:Osmis
Lojban:jinmrbosmi
Luxembourgish:Osmium
Malayalam:ഓസ്മിയം
Manx:Osmium
Norwegian (Bokmål):Osmium
Norwegian (Nynorsk):Osmium
Occitan:Òsmi
Persian:اسمیوم
Polish:Osm
Portuguese:Ósmio
Romanian:Osmiu
Russian:Осмий
Serbian (Cyrillic Script):Осмијум
Serbo-Croatian:Osmijum
Sicilian:Òsmiu
Simplified Chinese:锇
Slovak:Osmium
Slovenian:Osmij
Spanish:Osmio
Swedish:Osmium
Thai:ออสเมียม
Turkish:Osmiyum
Ukrainian:Осмій
Varieties:
IridosmineRhodic Nevyanskite

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Osmium

Reference List:Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume I: 111-113.

Canadian Mineralogist (1974): 12: 104-112.

Canadian Mineralogist (1991): 29: 231-237.

Internet Links for Osmium

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
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    Localities for Osmium

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Albania
     
    • Tropoja ophiolitic Massif
    		http://www.env.duke.edu/faculty/boudreau/9thPtSymposium/Boshnjaku_Abstract.pdf
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Clarke Co.
    		Carlo Tortorella
      • Cunningham Co.
        • Fifield
          • Woodburn
    		[var: Iridosmine] Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data
      • Kennedy Co.
        • Condobolin
          • Fifield
    		No reference listed
      • Rous Co.
    		[var: Iridosmine] G. A. Albertson Data
    G. A. Albertson Data
    Carlo Tortorella
        • Evans Head
    		G. A. Albertson Data
    • Tasmania
    		Bottrill & Baker in prep
      • Corinna-Savage River district
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
      • Heazlewood district
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
      • Huon district
        • Weld river
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
      • Rosebery district
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
    Brazil
     
    • Northeast Region
      • Bahia
    		33rd International Geological Congress (2008) session MPM-04 Platinum-group mineralogy: Diversity of Platinum group minerals (PGM) in chromitites from Brazil, preliminary results
    Bulgaria
     
    • Blagoevgrad Oblast
    • Burgas Oblast (Bourgas Oblast)
    		[var: Iridosmine] Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    Canada
     
    • British Columbia
      • Atlin Mining Division
    		Canadian Mineralogist (2005): 43: 1705.
    Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
      • Liard Mining Division
        • Dease Lake
    		Canadian Mineralogist (2005): 43: 1705.
      • Similkameen Mining Division
        • Tulameen River
    		[var: Iridosmine]
    • Québec
      • Mégantic Co.
        • Thetford Mines
    		Can. Min. 28, 579.
    China
     
    • Hebei Province
      • Chengde Prefecture
        • Luan River (Luan He) valley
    		Yu Zuxiang (1995): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 15(1), 1-4.
    • Hunan Province
      • Huaihua Prefecture
        • Yuanling Co.
    		Chen Lechang et al. (1994), Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 13, 232-238; abstract in Min. Rec. 27 (1996), 395
    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
      • Hohhot (Huhehaote) League
        • Wuchuan Co.
    		[var: Iridosmine] Chen Keqiao, Yang Huifang, Ma Letian, and Peng Zhizhong (1981): Dizhi Lunping [Geological Review] 27(2), 108-115.
    • Tibet Autonomous Region
      • Nagchu (Naqu) Prefecture
        • Amdo (Anduo) Co.
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
          • Dongqiao (Donqiao) ophiolite
    		[var: Iridosmine] Shi, R.D., Zhi, X.C., O\'Reilly, S.Y., Griffin, W.L., Pearson, N.J., Bai, W.J., Fang, Q.S., Alard, O., and Zhang, M. (2006): Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts 2006, A 583.
      • Shannan (Lhokha; Lhoka) Prefecture
        • Qusum (Qusong) Co.
    		[var: Iridosmine] Wenji Bai, Robinson, P.T., Qingsong Fang, Jingsui Yang, Binggang Yan, Zhongming Zhang, Xufeng Hu, Meifu Zhou, and Malpas, J. (2000): Canadian Mineralogist 38(3), 585-598.
    Colombia
     
    • Cauca Department
    		Min Mag (1997) 61:367-375
    • Chocó Department
    		No reference listed
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Hradec Králové Region
        • Nová Paka (Neupaka)
    		[var: Iridosmine] Moravec, B.: Zajímavé nerosty z granátových náplavů v Podkrkonoší. Minerál, 2002, roč. 10 č. 4, s. 262-268.
    Ethiopia
     
    • Wallaga (Welega; Wollega; Ouallega) Province
      • Assosa region
    		P.M. Kartashov data
      • Gimbi
    		Econ Geol (1986) 81:1278-1285
    C. J. Stanley et al.: Mineralogical Magazine 69(4):447-453 (2005)
    France
     
    • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
      • Bouches-du-Rhône
        • Aix-en-Provence
          • Peyrolles-en-Provence
    		Y. Moëlo : "Compte-rendu de la réunion "Systématique des Minéraux" du 23 novembre 1989", Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéral.
    Greece
     
    • Macedonia Department
      • Kozáni Prefecture
        • Kozáni and Grevena prefectures border area
          • Vourinos Mt ophiolite complex
    		[var: Iridosmine] Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    Indonesia
     
    • Kalimantan Island (Borneo Island)
      • Kalimantan Selatan Province (South Kalimantan Province)
    		Frank Keutsch specimen; microprobe analysis
    Japan
     
    • Hokkaido Island
      • Sorachi Province
        • Uryuu-gun
    		[var: Iridosmine] Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto)
    [var: Iridosmine] Ryoichi SADANAGA and Michiaki BUNNO (1974) THE WAKABAYASHI MINERAL COLLECTION Bulletin No. 7 The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
      • Soya Province
        • Esashi-gun
    		[var: Iridosmine] Mitsubishi Corporation mineral collection, Ikuno
    Urashima et al (1972) Reports of the Faculty of Science, Kagoshima University, 21, 119-135.
    [var: Iridosmine] Ryoichi SADANAGA and Michiaki BUNNO (1974) THE WAKABAYASHI MINERAL COLLECTION Bulletin No. 7 The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
    Morocco
     
    • Souss-Massa-Draâ Region
      • Ouarzazate Province
        • Tazenakht
    		S. Weiß: Lapis 31(7/8), 72-73 (2006)
    New Caledonia
     
    • Pirogues River
    		Economic Geology: 89: 1454-1468
    New Zealand
     
    • South Island
      • Parapara
    		[var: Iridosmine] www.med.govt.nz/crown_minerals/minerals/docs/comreports/report05_pgm.pdf.
    Norway
     
    • Nord-Trøndelag
      • Leka
    		Nilsson, L. P. & Larsen, R. B. (11998): Edle mineraler i mafiske og ultramafiske bergarter- en oppsummering av platina-gruppe mineraler (PGM) funnet i Norge i de senere år. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift 14: 40-49; Econ Geol (1993) 88:782-803
    • Sogn og Fjordane
      • Vik
    		[var: Iridosmine] Nilsson, L. P. & Larsen, R. B. (11998): Edle mineraler i mafiske og ultramafiske bergarter- en oppsummering av platina-gruppe mineraler (PGM) funnet i Norge i de senere år. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift 14: 40-49
    • Sør-Trøndelag
      • Røros
        • Feragen
    		Nilson, L. P. (1990): Platinum-group mineral inclusions in chromitite from the Osthammeren ultramafic tectonite body, South Central Norway. Mineralogy and Petrology 42: 249-263
    Oman
     
    • Northern Oman Ophiolite
    		[var: Iridosmine]
    Papua New Guinea
     
    • Central Province
      • Port Moresby area
    		http://www.minport.com/showmrds-M045032.html
    • Northern Province (Oro Province)
    		[AmMin 85:1325]
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
    		www.cosis.net/abstracts/EAE03/14099/EAE03-A-14099.pdf.
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
    		[var: Iridosmine] [World of Stones 12:49]
          • Aldan
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Amurskaya Oblast'
    		[var: Iridosmine] Stepanov, V.A., Rogulina, L.I., Melnikov, A.V., and Yusupov, D.V. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(7), 619-623.
      • Chukotskii Autonomous Okrug
        • Pekul'nei Range
          • Northern Pekul'nei River
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
      • Kamchatka Oblast'
        • Koryak Mts
    		[MinRec 31:201]
    Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    [CanMin 38 p1251-1264 "The association of platinum-group minerals in placers of the Pustaya River, Kamchatka, Russia"]
      • Khabarovskiy Kray
        • Ayan-Maya district
          • Aldan shield
    		[MinRec 31:201]; Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    Cabri, L.J., Laflamme, H.H. Giles, (1997), Platinum Group Minerals from the Konder Massif, Russian Far East, Min Rec. 28, 97-106
      • Koriak Autonomous Okrug
        • Koryak (Koriak; Koriakskhiye) Upland
          • Ust'-Bel'skii ultrabasic Massif
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
      • Primorskiy Kray
        • Khanka lake
    		Shcheka G.G., Vrzhosek A.A., Lehmann B., Tolstykh N.D. (2004) Associations of platinum-group minerals from the Zolotaya gold placiers, Primorye, Russian Far East, - Can. Miner., v.42, pp. 583-599.
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
          • Monche-Tundra
            • Monchegorsk
    		Neradovsky, Y.N., and Savchenko, E.E. (2008): Geology of Ore Deposits 50(8), 746-748.
    • Urals Region
      • Middle Urals
        • Ekaterinburgskaya (Sverdlovskaya) Oblast'
          • Isovsky District
    		P.M. Kartashov data
          • Nizhnii Tagil
            • Solov'eva Mtn
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    [var: Iridosmine] P.M. Kartashov data
    [var: Iridosmine] Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data
      • Southern Urals
        • Chelyabinsk Oblast'
    		[var: Iridosmine] P.M. Kartashov data
    South Africa
     
    • Free State Province
    		Minerals of South Africa
    UK
     
    • Scotland
      • Shetland Islands
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    USA
     
    • Alaska
      • Bethel Borough
        • Goodnews Bay
    		Canadian Mineralogist: 22: 543-552.
    USGS Open-File Report 01-269
    Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    USGS Open-File Report 01-269
      • Wrangell-Petersburg Borough
        • Ketchikan District
    		[var: Iridosmine] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Iridosmine] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Iridosmine] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Iridosmine] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Iridosmine] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    [var: Iridosmine] U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    • California
      • Del Norte Co.
    		[var: Iridosmine] Hittell, John Sherzer (1868), The resources of California, 494 pp., San Francisco, A. Roman & Co.: 61; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 229.
      • Mariposa Co.
    		Min Mag (1997) 61:367-375
      • Nevada Co.
        • North San Juan District (Badger Hill District)
          • Yuba River
    		[var: Iridosmine] Sjoberg, J. and Gomes, J.M. (1980) Platinum-group minerals in California alluvial deposits. US Bureau of Mines, Reno Research Center, unpublished manuscript: 15, figure 1; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 45.
      • Placer Co.
        • American River
          • North Fork American River
    		[var: Iridosmine] Genth, Frederick Augustus (1852), On some minerals which accompany gold in California: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Proceedings: 6: 113-114; […(abstract): Neues Jahrb.: 68-69 (1855)]: 113; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 229.
      • Sacramento Co.
        • Folsom District
    		Sjoberg, J. and Gomes, J.M. (1980) Platinum-group minerals in California alluvial deposits. US Bureau of Mines, Reno Research Center, unpublished manuscript: 15, figure 1; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 43.
      • Trinity Co.
        • North Fork District
    		Alfredo Petrov collection; Excalibur Mineral Co. analyses
        • Trinity River (South Fork) Area
    		[var: Iridosmine] U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    • Nevada
      • Clark Co.
        • Crescent District
    		[var: Iridosmine] NBMG ofr 88-1
    • Oregon
      • Coos Co.
    		[var: Iridosmine]
      • Curry Co.
        • Beach Area
    		[var: Iridosmine] U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
        • Sixes River District
    		[var: Iridosmine] U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    [var: Iridosmine] U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Jackson Co.
        • Applegate District
    		Min Mag (1997) 61:367-375
      • Josephine Co.
        • Josephine Creek District
    		[var: Iridosmine] www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/faculty/Bird.html.
    • Washington
      • Clallam Co.
        • Makah Bay
    		[var: Iridosmine] Metal Mines of Washington-Preliminary Report; Derkey, Joseph, Lasmanis
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