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Benjaminite

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Big Photo

Clara Mine, Rankach valley, Oberwolfach, Wolfach, Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
© Stephan Wolfsried

Show Benjaminite Photos (5)



Formula:
(Ag,Cu)
 
3
(Bi,Pb)
 
7
S
 
12
System:MonoclinicColour:Grey; tarnishes dull or ...
Lustre:MetallicHardness:3½
Name:For Marcus Benjamin (1857-1932), American chemist, engineer, and editor of the U.S. National Museum (Smithsonian Institute).


Cu-rich and Cu-poor varieties are described by Makovicky et al. (2010).

Classification of Benjaminite

IMA status:Approved
Strunz 8th edition ID:2/E.09-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:2.JA.05e

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
J : Sulfosalts of PbS archetype
A : Galena derivatives with little or no Pb
Dana 8th edition ID:3.8.10.3

3 : SULFOSALTS
8 : 1 < ø < 2
Hey's CIM Ref.:5.7.39

5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
7 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb and other metals
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Type Occurrence of Benjaminite

Co-type Localities:Silver Bear mine (Terra mines; North mine; Terra Mining and Exploration Company mine), Camsell River area, Northwest Territories, Canada
Keeley-Frontier Mine (Canadian Keeley; Frontier Mine; Keeley Mine), South Lorrain Township, Cobalt-Gowganda region, Timiskaming District, Ontario, Canada
Outlaw Mine, Round Mountain District, Nye Co., Nevada, USA
Place of Conservation of Type Material:Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada, 13805; Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 85749; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 95058.
Year of Discovery:1924
Geological Setting of type material:In a quartz vein near the contact of a soda-granite and an intrusive rhyolite.
Associated Minerals at type locality:
AikiniteChalcopyritePyriteCovelliteMuscovite
MolybdeniteQuartz

Occurrences of Benjaminite

Geological Setting:Hydrothermal veins

Physical Properties of Benjaminite

Lustre:Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:Grey; tarnishes dull or yellow to copper-red
Streak:Dull lead-gray
Hardness (Mohs):3½
Hardness (Vickers):VHN50=186 - 232 kg/mm2
Cleavage:Imperfect/Fair
Fair in one direction.
Density (measured):6.34 g/cm3
Density (calculated):6.68 g/cm3

Crystallography of Benjaminite

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:B2/m {B1 1 2/m} {C2/m} {C1 2/m 1}
Space Group Setting:C2/m
Cell Parameters:a = 13.25(2) Å, b = 4.05(1) Å, c = 20.25(3) Å
β = 103.14(7)°
Ratio:a:b:c = 3.272 : 1 : 5
Unit Cell Volume:V 1,058.21 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:2
Morphology:Massive and laths.
Twinning:Commonly polysynthetic.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
3.539 (80)
3.427 (80)
3.302 (50)
2.851 (100)
2.813 (60)
2.022 (60)
2.007 (60)
Comments:Camsell River, Canada. Easily mistaken for pavonite.

Optical Data of Benjaminite

Type:Anisotropic
Anisotropism:Strong
Reflectivity:
400nmR1=44.2%R2= 47.2%
420nmR1=44.8%R2= 47.8%
440nmR1=45.2%R2= 48.6%
460nmR1=45.2%R2= 49.0%
480nmR1=45.0%R2= 49.2%
500nmR1=44.8%R2= 49.2%
520nmR1=44.5%R2= 49.0%
540nmR1=44.0%R2= 48.6%
560nmR1=43.6%R2= 48.0%
580nmR1=43.3%R2= 47.6%
600nmR1=43.1%R2= 47.2%
620nmR1=43.0%R2= 46.8%
640nmR1=42.8%R2= 46.3%
660nmR1=42.7%R2= 45.9%
680nmR1=42.6%R2= 45.6%
700nmR1=42.5%R2= 45.2%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 49.2%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:Creamy white to very pale brownish

Chemical Properties of Benjaminite

Formula:
(Ag,Cu)
 
3
(Bi,Pb)
 
7
S
 
12
Idealised Formula:
Ag
 
3
Bi
 
7
S
 
12
Essential elements:Ag, Bi, S
All elements listed in formula:Ag, Bi, Cu, Pb, S
Analytical Data:Round Mountain, Nevada, USA; by electron microprobe, average of four analyses.
Ag (12.6)
Cu (1.4)
Pb (3.7)
Bi (65.1)
S (16.4)
Total (99.2)
Empirical Formula:
(Ag
 
2.74
Cu
 
0.52
)(Bi
 
7.31
Pb
 
0.42
)S
 
12.00

Relationship of Benjaminite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
2.JA.05gBorodaevite
Ag
 
5
(Bi,Pb,Fe)
 
8
(Sb,Bi)
 
2
S
 
17
2.JA.05aCupropavonite
AgCu
 
2
PbBi
 
5
S
 
10
2.JA.05aKitaibelite
Ag
 
10
PbBi
 
30
S
 
51
2.JA.05iLivingstonite
HgSb
 
4
S
 
8
2.JA.05dMakovickyite
Ag
 
1.5
Bi
 
5.5
S
 
9
2.JA.05fMummeite
(Cu,Ag)
 
3-4
(Bi,Pb)
 
7-8
S
 
13
2.JA.05aPavonite
(Ag,Cu)(Bi,Pb)
 
3
S
 
5
2.JA.05bGrumiplucite
HgBi
 
2
S
 
4
2.JA.05hMozgovaite
PbBi
 
4
(S,Se)
 
7
2.JA.05dCupromakovickyite
Cu
 
8
Pb
 
4
Ag
 
2
Bi
 
18
S
 
36
2.JA.05cKudriavite
(Cd,Pb)Bi
 
2
S
 
4
2.JA.05aCupromakopavonite
Ag
 
3
Cu
 
8
Pb
 
4
Bi
 
19
S
 
38
2.JA.05Dantopaite
Cu
 
1.06
Ag
 
4.24
Pb
 
0.9
Bi
 
12.23
S
 
21.89
Te
 
0.11
2.JA.10aCuprobismutite
Cu
 
8
AgBi
 
12
S
 
24
2.JA.10cHodrušite
Cu
 
8
Bi
 
12
S
 
22
2.JA.10ePadĕraite
Cu
 
5.9
Ag
 
1.3
Pb
 
1.6
Bi
 
11.2
S
 
22
2.JA.10dPizgrischite
(Cu,Fe)Cu
 
14
PbBi
 
17
S
 
35
2.JA.10bKupčíkite
Cu
 
3.4
Fe
 
0.6
Bi
 
5
S
 
10
2.JA.15Schapbachite
Ag
 
0.4
Pb
 
0.2
Bi
 
0.4
S
2.JA.15Cuboargyrite
AgSbS
 
2
2.JA.20Bohdanowiczite
AgBiSe
 
2
2.JA.20Matildite
AgBiS
 
2
2.JA.20Volynskite
AgBiTe
 
2
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
5.7.1Seligmannite
PbCuAsS
 
3
5.7.2Bournonite
PbCuSbS
 
3
5.7.3Meneghinite
Pb
 
13
CuSb
 
7
S
 
24
5.7.4Gladite
PbCuBi
 
5
S
 
9
5.7.5Lindströmite
Pb
 
3
Cu
 
3
Bi
 
7
S
 
15
5.7.6Krupkaite
PbCuBi
 
3
S
 
6
5.7.7Hammarite
Pb
 
2
Cu
 
2
Bi
 
4
S
 
9
5.7.8Friedrichite
Pb
 
5
Cu
 
5
Bi
 
7
S
 
18
5.7.9Aikinite
PbCuBiS
 
3
5.7.10Nuffieldite
Pb
 
2
Cu(Pb,Bi)Bi
 
2
S
 
7
5.7.11Jaskólskiite
Pb
 
2+x
Cu
 
x
(Sb,Bi)
 
2-x
S
 
6
 (x = 0.2)
5.7.12Tintinaite
Pb
 
22
Cu
 
4
(Sb,Bi)
 
30
S
 
69
5.7.13Kobellite
Pb
 
22
Cu
 
4
(Bi,Sb)
 
30
S
 
69
5.7.14Proudite
CuPb
 
7.5
Bi
 
9.33
(S,Se)
 
22
5.7.15Nordströmite
CuPb
 
3
Bi
 
7
(Se
 
4
S
 
10
)
5.7.16Watkinsonite
Cu
 
2
PbBi
 
4
(Se,S,Te)
 
8
5.7.17Pekoite
PbCuBi
 
11
(S,Se)
 
18
5.7.18Petrovicite
Cu
 
3
HgPbBiSe
 
5
5.7.19Eclarite
(Cu,Fe)Pb
 
9
Bi
 
12
S
 
28
5.7.20Marrite
AgPbAsS
 
3
5.7.21Baumhauerite-2a
Pb
 
11
Ag(As,Sb)
 
18
S
 
36
5.7.22Andorite
PbAgSb
 
3
S
 
6
5.7.23Ramdohrite
(Cd,Mn,Fe)Ag
 
5.5
Pb
 
12
Sb
 
21.5
S
 
48
5.7.24Roshchinite
Ag
 
19
Pb
 
10
Sb
 
51
S
 
96
5.7.25Ourayite
Ag
 
3
Pb
 
4
Bi
 
5
S
 
13
5.7.26Eskimoite
Ag
 
7
Pb
 
10
Bi
 
15
S
 
36
5.7.27Fizélyite
Ag
 
5
Pb
 
14
Sb
 
21
S
 
48
5.7.28Owyheeite
Ag
 
3+x
Pb
 
10-2x
Sb
 
11+x
S
 
28
, -0.13 < x > +0.20
5.7.29Freieslebenite
AgPbSbS
 
3
5.7.30Diaphorite
Ag
 
3
Pb
 
2
Sb
 
3
S
 
8
5.7.31Sterryite
Ag
 
2
Pb
 
10
(Sb,As)
 
12
S
 
29
5.7.32Vikingite
Ag
 
5
Pb
 
8
Bi
 
13
S
 
30
5.7.33Zoubekite
AgPb
 
4
Sb
 
4
S
 
10
5.7.34Schirmerite
PbAgBi
 
3
S
 
6
 - Pb
 
3
Ag
 
1.5
Bi
 
3.5
S
 
9
5.7.36Gustavite
Ag
 
3
Pb
 
5
Bi
 
11
S
 
24
5.7.37Kitaibelite
Ag
 
10
PbBi
 
30
S
 
51
5.7.38Treasurite
Ag
 
7
Pb
 
6
Bi
 
15
S
 
32
5.7.40Lengenbachite
(Ag,Cu)
 
2
Pb
 
6
As
 
4
S
 
13
5.7.41Berryite
Cu
 
3
Ag
 
2
Pb
 
3
Bi
 
7
S
 
16
5.7.42Neyite
Ag
 
2
Cu
 
6
Pb
 
25
Bi
 
26
S
 
68
5.7.43Larosite
(Cu,Ag)
 
21
(Pb,Bi)
 
2
S
 
13
5.7.44Cupropavonite
AgCu
 
2
PbBi
 
5
S
 
10
5.7.45Padĕraite
Cu
 
5.9
Ag
 
1.3
Pb
 
1.6
Bi
 
11.2
S
 
22
5.7.46Rayite
Pb
 
8
(Ag,Tl)
 
2
Sb
 
8
S
 
21
5.7.47Rathite
Pb
 
8
Pb
 
4-x
(Tl
 
2
As
 
2
)
 
x
(Ag
 
2
As
 
2
)As
 
16
S
 
40
5.7.48Hatchite
AgTlPbAs
 
2
S
 
5

Other Names for Benjaminite

Other Languages:
German:Benjaminit
Russian:Бенджаминит
Simplified Chinese:铜银铅铋矿
本硫铋银矿
Spanish:Benjaminita

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Benjaminite

Reference List:

- +
SHANNON, E.V. (1924): Benjaminite, a new sulfosalt mineral of the klaprothite group. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 65(24), 1-9. (check 1925)

NUFFIELD, E.W. (1953): Benjaminite. American Mineralogist 38, 550-552.

NUFFIELD, E.W. (1975): Benjaminite B a re-examination of the type material. Canadian Mineralogist 13, 394-401.

HARRIS, D.C. & CHEN, T.T. (1975): Benjaminite, reinstated as valid species. Canadian Mineralogist 13, 402-407.

MAKOVICKY, E. & MUMME, W.G. (1979): The crystal structure of benjaminite Cu0.5Pb0.4Ag2.3Bi6.8S12. Canadian Mineralogist 17, 607 618.

Herbert, H.K. & Mumme, W.G. (1981): Unsubstituted benjaminite from the AW mine, New South Wales: a discussion of metal substitutions and stability. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Monatsh., 69-80.

Chang, L. L. Y.; Wu, D.; Knowles, C. R. (1988): Phase relations in the system Ag2S-Cu2S-PbS-Bi2S3. Economic Geology 83, 405-418.

Makovicky, E., Paar, W.H., Putz, H., Zagler, G. (2010): Dantopaite, Ag5Bi13S22, the 6P natural member of the pavonite homologous series, from Erzwies, Austria. Canadian Mineralogist, 48, 467-481

Internet Links for Benjaminite

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    • Localities for Benjaminite

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Jujuy
      • Rinconada Department
        • Pirquitas Ag-Sn Deposit
    		Amer.Min.(2000) 85, 1066-1075
    • Salta
      • Organullo Mining District
    		Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina); DE BRODTKORB, Milka K. Precious metaltellurides and other Te-bearing minerals in different paragenesis of Argentina: A review. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 365-372.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Clive Co.
        • Bolivia
    		Herbert, H.K. & Mumme, W.G. (1981): Unsubstituted benjaminite from the AW mine, New South Wales: a discussion of metal substitutions and stability. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Monatsh., 69-80.; Handbook of Mineralogy
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Hohe Tauern
        • Goldberg group
          • Zirknitz
            • Kleine Zirknitz valley
              • Kluidscharte
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern
        • Gastein valley
    		Makovicky, E., Paar, W.H., Putz, H., Zagler, G. (2010): Dantopaite, Ag5Bi13S22, the 6P natural member of the pavonite homologous series, from Erzwies, Austria. Canadian Mineralogist, 48, 467-481.
    Bolivia
     
    • La Paz Department
      • Aroma Province
        • Laurani District
    		Kempff, O., Paar, W.H., Tawackoli, S.: "Minerales de Bolivia", 115pp (La Paz, 2009)
    • Oruro Department
      • Cercado Province
        • Oruro City
    		Keutsch, F. & Brodtkorb, M. (2007) Metalliferous parageneses of the San Jose mine. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 26, 485-491.
    • Potosí Department
      • Sud Lípez Province
        • Cerro Bonete
    USGS Bulletin # 1975 (1992)
    Brazil
     
    • Minas Gerais
      • Iron Quadrangle
        • Mariana (Marianna de Itacolumy)
          • Passagem de Mariana District
    		Oberthür, T. and Weiser, T. W. (2008): Gold-bismuth-telluride-sulphide assemblages at the Viceroy Mine, Harare-Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Mineral. Mag. 72, 953-970. [contains also data on Passagem de Mariana Mine]
    Bulgaria
     
    • Balkan Mts (Stara Planina)
    		http://www.bgd.bg/summanual_2003_5.htm
    Canada
     
    • Northwest Territories
      • Camsell River area
    		SHANNON, E.V. (1924): Benjaminite, a new sulfosalt mineral of the klaprothite group. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 65(24), 1-9. (check 1925) NUFFIELD, E.W. (1953): Benjaminite. American Mineralogist 38, 550-552. NUFFIELD, E.W. (1975): Benjaminite B a re-examination of the type material. Canadian Mineralogist 13, 394-401. HARRIS, D.C. & CHEN, T.T. (1975): Benjaminite, reinstated as valid species. Canadian Mineralogist 13, 402-407.
    • Ontario
      • Timiskaming District
        • Cobalt-Gowganda region
          • South Lorrain Township
    		NUFFIELD, E.W. (1953): Benjaminite. American Mineralogist 38, 550-552. NUFFIELD, E.W. (1975): Benjaminite B a re-examination of the type material. Canadian Mineralogist 13, 394-401. HARRIS, D.C. & CHEN, T.T. (1975): Benjaminite, reinstated as valid species. Canadian Mineralogist 13, 402-407.
    China
     
    • Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
      • Hechi Prefecture
        • Nandan Co.
          • Dachang Sn-polymetallic ore field
    		Yingchen Ren (1999): Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research 14(1), 1-12, 38
    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
      • Ulanhad League (Chifeng Prefecture)
        • Linxi Co.
    		Yuhua Xie and Jiayin Zhang (1990): Geology and Prospecting 26(8), 24-29
    • Jiangsu Province
      • Nanjing Prefecture
        • Jiangning District
    		Xiangping, G., Watanabe, M., Ohkawa, M., Hoshino, K., Shibata, Y., and Desong, C. (2001): Canadian Mineralogist 39(6), 1641-1652.
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Wolfach
          • Oberwolfach
            • Rankach valley
    		Blaß, G. & Graf, H.W. (2001): Neue Funde aus dem Schwarzwald. Mineralien-Welt, 12 (4), 24-26.
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Kinki Region
        • Hyogo Prefecture
          • Asago City
            • Ikuno-cho-ono
    		The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) Matsubara
    Poland
     
    • Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie)
      • Rudawy Janowickie Mts
        • Czarnów
          • Rędziny
    		Gołębiowska B., Pieczka A., Parafiniuk J. 2006: Cu(Ag)-Pb-Bi(Sb) sulphosalts from Rędziny (Western Sudetes, Poland). Mineralogia Polonica - Special Papers, vol. 28, 78-80
    Romania
     
    • Bihor Co.
      • Nucet
    		www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009)
    • Maramureș Co.
      • Băiuț
    		Nigel G. Cook : "Bismuth Sulphosalts from Hydrothermal Vein Deposits of Neogen Age, N.W. Romania, Mitt. Österr. Miner. Ges. , 143, 1998 / Lecture to the Austrian Mineralogical Society, 23rd June 1997, Salzburg.
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia)
        • Indigirka River Basin
          • Ust'-Nera
    		American Mineralogist, Volume 79, pages 763-767, 1994
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Primorskiy Kray
        • Kavalerovo Mining District
          • Karadubsky ore field
    		http://www.fegi.ru/FEGI/museum/polisk_e.htm
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Poltár Co.
        • Kokava nad Rimavicou
    		Ferenc Š, Bakoš F.,2006: Au-Bi-Te mineralizácia v sineckej astrižnej zóne (Kokava nad Rimavicou) – nový typ mineralizácie v Západných Karpatoch. Min.Slovaca, 38, 223-240
    • Košice Region
      • Michalovce Co.
    		Bacsó,Z.,Ďuďa,R.,1988: Metalogenéza a rudné formácie rudného poľa Remetské Hámre. Min.Slovaca,Bratislava, 3, 193-220p
      • Rožňava Co.
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
      • Trebišov Co.
    		Kaličiak, M., Ďuďa, R., 1996: Geolgický vývoj, stavba a metalogenéza neovulkanitov na Východnom Slovensku. Manuskript, Archív Geofond, Bratislava, 83p
    • Žilina Region
      • Liptovský Mikuláš Co.
    		Ozdin D., Chovan M., 1999: New mineralogical and paragenetic knowledge about siderite veins in the vicinity of Vyšná Boca, Nízke Tatry Mts. Slov. Geol. Magazine, Bratislava, 5, 4, 255-271
    Sweden
     
    • Värmland
      • Säffle
    		No reference listed
    Tajikistan
     
    • Viloyati Mukhtori Gorno-Badakhshan (Viloyati Badakhshoni Kuni)
      • Pamir Mts
        • Pamir Silver District
          • Bazardara ore cluster
    		Pavlova, G.G., and Borisenko, A.S. (2009): Ore Geology Reviews 35, 164-185.
    USA
     
    • Colorado
      • Clear Creek Co.
        • Alice District
    		"Minerals of Colorado, updated & revised", p. 13, by Eckel, Edwin B., 1997
    Min Rec 18:3 pp185-187
        • Montezuma (Summit Co.)
          • Cinnamon Gulch
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Ouray Co.
        • Gold Hill District
    		U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1753
      • Park Co.
        • Montezuma District
          • Hall Valley
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
      • San Juan Co.
        • Red Mountain District
          • Poughkeepsie Gulch
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Summit Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Montana
      • Jefferson Co.
        • Whitehall District (Cardwell District)
    		Spry, P.G., Foster, F., Truckle, J.S., and Chadwick, T.H. (1997): Mineralogy and Petrology 59, 143-164.; Economic Geology,(1996) Vol. 91-3, pp.507-526
    • Nevada
      • Nye Co.
        • Round Mountain District
    		SHANNON, E.V. (1924): Benjaminite, a new sulfosalt mineral of the klaprothite group. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 65(24), 1-9. (check 1925) NUFFIELD, E.W. (1953): Benjaminite. American Mineralogist 38, 550-552. NUFFIELD, E.W. (1975): Benjaminite B a re-examination of the type material. Canadian Mineralogist 13, 394-401. HARRIS, D.C. & CHEN, T.T. (1975): Benjaminite, reinstated as valid species. Canadian Mineralogist 13, 402-407.
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