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Aikinite

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Berezovskoe Au Deposit (Berezovsk Mines), Berezovskii (Berezovskii Zavod), Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk), Ekaterinburgskaya (Sverdlovskaya) Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia
© Christopher O'Neill

Show Aikinite Photos (10)
Formula:
PbCuBiS
 
3
System:OrthorhombicColour:Blackish lead-grey;
Lustre:MetallicHardness:2 - 2½
Name:
Named after Dr. Arthur Aikin (1773-1854), a founder, and for many years Secretary, of the Geological Society of London.


Aikinite-Bismuthinite Series.

Classification of Aikinite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:2/E.30-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:2.HB.05a

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
H : Sulfosalts of SnS archetype
B : With Cu, Ag, Fe, Sn and Pb
Dana 7th edition ID:3.4.5.1
Dana 8th edition ID:3.4.5.1

3 : SULFOSALTS
4 : ø = 3
Hey's CIM Ref.:5.7.9

5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
7 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb and other metals
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Type Occurrence of Aikinite

Type Locality:Berezovskoe Au Deposit (Berezovsk Mines), Berezovskii (Berezovskii Zavod), Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk), Ekaterinburgskaya (Sverdlovskaya) Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia
Year of Discovery:1843

Occurrences of Aikinite

Geological Setting:Hydrothermal veins.

Physical Properties of Aikinite

Lustre:Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:Blackish lead-grey;
Comment:Tarnishes brown or copper red; sometimes has yellowish green coating.
Streak:grey-black
Hardness (Mohs):2 - 2½
Cleavage:Poor/Indistinct
on {010}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven
Density (measured):7.06 - 7.08 g/cm3
Density (calculated):7.255 g/cm3

Crystallography of Aikinite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:Pnma {P21/n 21/m 21/a}
Cell Parameters:a = 11.638(3) Å, b = 4.039(1) Å, c = 11.319(2) Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 2.881 : 1 : 2.802
Unit Cell Volume:V 532.06 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Prismatic to acicular and striated [001] to 3cm. Also massive.

Optical Data of Aikinite

Type:Anisotropic
Anisotropism:Distinct
Colour in reflected light:Cream-white
Pleochroism:Visible
Comments:Parallel [001] cream-white perpendicular [001] either pure white or light brown.

Chemical Properties of Aikinite

Formula:
PbCuBiS
 
3
Essential elements:Bi, Cu, Pb, S
All elements listed in formula:Bi, Cu, Pb, S

Relationship of Aikinite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Bismuthinite (see here)
Common Associates:
GoldPyriteGalenaTennantiteEnargite
ChalcopyriteQuartz
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
2.HB.05aFriedrichite
Pb
 
5
Cu
 
5
Bi
 
7
S
 
18
2.HB.05aGladite
PbCuBi
 
5
S
 
9
2.HB.05aHammarite
Pb
 
2
Cu
 
2
Bi
 
4
S
 
9
2.HB.05cJaskólskiite
Pb
 
2+x
Cu
 
x
(Sb,Bi)
 
2-x
S
 
6
 (x = 0.2)
2.HB.05aKrupkaite
PbCuBi
 
3
S
 
6
2.HB.05aLindströmite
Pb
 
3
Cu
 
3
Bi
 
7
S
 
15
2.HB.05bMeneghinite
Pb
 
13
CuSb
 
7
S
 
24
2.HB.05aPekoite
PbCuBi
 
11
(S,Se)
 
18
2.HB.05aEmilite
Pb
 
2.7
Cu
 
2.7
Bi
 
5.3
S
 
12
2.HB.05UM2000-46-S:BiCuPb
Cu
 
0.33
Pb
 
0.33
Bi
 
7.67
S
 
12
2.HB.05aSalzburgite
Pb
 
1.6
Cu
 
1.6
Bi
 
6.4
S
 
12
2.HB.05UM1990-54-Se:BiCuPb
CuPb(Ni,Co)
 
0.3
Bi
 
3
Se
 
6
2.HB.05aPaarite
Pb
 
1.7
Cu
 
1.7
Bi
 
6.3
S
 
12
2.HB.10cEclarite
(Cu,Fe)Pb
 
9
Bi
 
12
S
 
28
2.HB.10bGiessenite
Pb
 
27
Cu
 
2
(Bi,Sb)
 
19
S
 
57
2.HB.10bIzoklakeite
Pb
 
27
(Cu,Fe,Ag)
 
2
(Sb,Bi)
 
19
S
 
57
2.HB.10aKobellite
Pb
 
22
Cu
 
4
(Bi,Sb)
 
30
S
 
69
2.HB.10aTintinaite
Pb
 
22
Cu
 
4
(Sb,Bi)
 
30
S
 
69
2.HB.15Benavidesite
Pb
 
4
(Mn,Fe)Sb
 
6
S
 
14
2.HB.15Jamesonite
Pb
 
4
FeSb
 
6
S
 
14
2.HB.20dBerryite
Pb
 
3
(Ag,Cu)
 
5
Bi
 
7
S
 
16
2.HB.20bBuckhornite
AuPb
 
2
BiTe
 
2
S
 
3
2.HB.20aNagyágite
Pb
 
5
Au(Te,Sb)
 
4
S
 
5-8
2.HB.20eWatkinsonite
Cu
 
2
PbBi
 
4
(Se,S,Te)
 
8
2.HB.20cMuseumite
Pb
 
5
AuSbTe
 
2
S
 
12
2.HB.20eIMA2009-036
Ag
 
2
PbBi
 
4
Se
 
8
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
5.7.1Seligmannite
PbCuAsS
 
3
5.7.2Bournonite
PbCuSbS
 
3
5.7.3Meneghinite
Pb
 
13
CuSb
 
7
S
 
24
5.7.4Gladite
PbCuBi
 
5
S
 
9
5.7.5Lindströmite
Pb
 
3
Cu
 
3
Bi
 
7
S
 
15
5.7.6Krupkaite
PbCuBi
 
3
S
 
6
5.7.7Hammarite
Pb
 
2
Cu
 
2
Bi
 
4
S
 
9
5.7.8Friedrichite
Pb
 
5
Cu
 
5
Bi
 
7
S
 
18
5.7.10Nuffieldite
Pb
 
2
Cu(Pb,Bi)Bi
 
2
S
 
7
5.7.11Jaskólskiite
Pb
 
2+x
Cu
 
x
(Sb,Bi)
 
2-x
S
 
6
 (x = 0.2)
5.7.12Tintinaite
Pb
 
22
Cu
 
4
(Sb,Bi)
 
30
S
 
69
5.7.13Kobellite
Pb
 
22
Cu
 
4
(Bi,Sb)
 
30
S
 
69
5.7.14Proudite
CuPb
 
7.5
Bi
 
9.33
(S,Se)
 
22
5.7.15Nordströmite
CuPb
 
3
Bi
 
7
(Se
 
4
S
 
10
)
5.7.16Watkinsonite
Cu
 
2
PbBi
 
4
(Se,S,Te)
 
8
5.7.17Pekoite
PbCuBi
 
11
(S,Se)
 
18
5.7.18Petrovicite
Cu
 
3
HgPbBiSe
 
5
5.7.19Eclarite
(Cu,Fe)Pb
 
9
Bi
 
12
S
 
28
5.7.20Marrite
AgPbAsS
 
3
5.7.21Baumhauerite-2a
Pb
 
11
Ag(As,Sb)
 
18
S
 
36
5.7.22Andorite
PbAgSb
 
3
S
 
6
5.7.23Ramdohrite
(Cd,Mn,Fe)Ag
 
5.5
Pb
 
12
Sb
 
21.5
S
 
48
5.7.24Roshchinite
Ag
 
19
Pb
 
10
Sb
 
51
S
 
96
5.7.25Ourayite
Ag
 
3
Pb
 
4
Bi
 
5
S
 
13
5.7.26Eskimoite
Ag
 
7
Pb
 
10
Bi
 
15
S
 
36
5.7.27Fizélyite
Pb
 
14
Ag
 
5
Sb
 
21
S
 
48
 ?
5.7.28Owyheeite
Ag
 
3+x
Pb
 
10-2x
Sb
 
11+x
S
 
28
, -0.13 < x > +0.20
5.7.29Freieslebenite
AgPbSbS
 
3
5.7.30Diaphorite
Ag
 
3
Pb
 
2
Sb
 
3
S
 
8
5.7.31Sterryite
Ag
 
2
Pb
 
10
(Sb,As)
 
12
S
 
29
5.7.32Vikingite
Ag
 
5
Pb
 
8
Bi
 
13
S
 
30
5.7.33Zoubekite
AgPb
 
4
Sb
 
4
S
 
10
5.7.34Schirmerite
AgPb
 
2
Bi
 
3
S
 
7
5.7.36Gustavite
Ag
 
3
Pb
 
5
Bi
 
11
S
 
24
5.7.37Kitaibelite
Ag
 
10
PbBi
 
30
S
 
51
5.7.38Treasurite
Ag
 
7
Pb
 
6
Bi
 
15
S
 
32
5.7.39Benjaminite
(Ag,Cu)
 
3
(Bi,Pb)
 
7
S
 
12
5.7.40Lengenbachite
(Ag,Cu)
 
2
Pb
 
6
As
 
4
S
 
13
5.7.41Berryite
Pb
 
3
(Ag,Cu)
 
5
Bi
 
7
S
 
16
5.7.42Neyite
Pb
 
7
(Cu,Ag)
 
2
Bi
 
6
S
 
17
5.7.43Larosite
(Cu,Ag)
 
21
(Pb,Bi)
 
2
S
 
13
5.7.44Cupropavonite
AgCu
 
2
PbBi
 
5
S
 
10
5.7.45Padĕraite
Cu
 
5.9
Ag
 
1.3
Pb
 
1.6
Bi
 
11.2
S
 
22
5.7.46Rayite
Pb
 
8
(Ag,Tl)
 
2
Sb
 
8
S
 
21
5.7.47Rathite
Pb
 
8
Pb
 
4-x
(Tl
 
2
As
 
2
)
 
x
(Ag
 
2
As
 
2
)As
 
16
S
 
40
5.7.48Hatchite
AgTlPbAs
 
2
S
 
5

Other Names for Aikinite

Synonyms:
Acicular BismuthAcicular bismuth glanceAcicular-oreAciculite (of Nicol)Aikenite
Aikinite (of Chapman)Belonite (of Glocker)Cupreous BismuthNadelerzNeedle-ore
Patrinite
Other Languages:
Czech:Aikinit
Dutch:Aikiniet
French:Bismuth sulfuré plumbo-cuprifère
German:Aikinit
Aciculit
Aikenit
Patrinit
Italian:Aikinite
Latvian:Aikinīts
Russian:Айкинит
Spanish:Aciculita
Aikenita
Aikinita
Patrinita
Ukrainian:Айкініт
Varieties:
Argentoaikinite

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Aikinite

Reference List:Mohs (1804): 3: 726.

Hauy (1809): 105.

Chapman (1843): 127.

Haidinger (1845): 568.

Glocker (1847): 27.

Nicol (1849) 487.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 412-413.

Ohmasa, M. and Nowacki, W. (1970a) Note on the space group and on the structure of aikinite derivatives. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1970: 158-162.

Ohmasa, M. and Nowacki, W. (1970b) A redetermination of the crystal structure of aikinite [BiS2|S|Cu IV Pb VII]. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 132: 71-86.

Kohatsu, I. and Wuensch, B.J. (1971) The crystal structure of aikinite, PbCuBiS3. Acta Crystallographica: B27: 1245-1252.

American Mineralogist (1976): 61: 15.

Pring, A. (1989) Structural disorder in aikinite and krupkaite. American Mineralogist: 74: 250-255.

Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 132: 71-86.

D. Topa, E. Makovicky, and W.H. Paar (2002): Composition ranges and exsolution pairs for the members of the Bismuthinite-Aikinite series from Felbertal, Salzburg. Can. Mineral. 40, 849-869.

Petrícek, Vaclav and Emil Makovicky (2006), Interpretation of selected structures of the bismuthinite – aikinite series as commensurately modulated structures: Canadian Mineralogist: 44(1): 189-206.

Internet Links for Aikinite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
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  • Aikinite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    Localities for Aikinite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Catamarca
      • Andalgalá
    • Chubut
      • Gastre
    		Brodtkorb (2002): Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina
    Topa, D., Makovicky, E., Paar, W., Brodtkorb, M. (2004): The crystal structure of Angelaite, Cu2AgPbBiS4, a new mineral species from Angela mine, Province of Chubut, Argentina. 32nd IGC - Florence, 2004.
    • Salta
      • Organullo Mining District
    		Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina)
    • San Juan
      • La Huerta Range
        • Marayes mining district
    		The Canadian Mineralogist; February 2009; v. 47; no. 1; p. 129-141
    Australia
     
    • Northern Territory
      • Tennant Inlier
        • Tennant Creek
    		Econ Geol (1997) 92:468-484
    • Tasmania
      • Hampshire district
        • Kara Mines
    		Whitehead, 1990; Ralph Bottril 6/10/2005.
      • Queenstown district
    		Ralph Bottrill et al in prep.
    Bottrill RS & Baker, WE (in prep) Catalogue of Minerals of Tasmania. Mineral Resources Tasmania
      • Rosebery district
        • Rosebery
      • Zeehan district
        • North Dundas
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
    • Western Australia
      • Teutonic Bore
    		Lead, Zinc and Silver Deposits of Western Australia, 1999
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Hohe Tauern Mts
        • Goldberg group
          • Innerfragant
            • Großfragant
    		W. Günther, W. Paar, F. Gruber, V. Höck: Schatzkammer Hohe Tauern - 2000 Jahre Goldbergbau, Anton Pustet (Salzburg, Munich), 2000
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern Mts
        • Felben valley
          • Scheelite deposit
    		Eur. J. Mineral., 13:961-972.
        • Gastein valley
          • Siglitz - Bockhart area
    		Aikinit, Bavenit, Gips, Granat, ein Mineral der Kaolinitgruppe, Malachit und Molybdänit aus den Deponien des Kraftwerkbaues im hinteren Gasteinertal (Sportgastein): Kolizsch et al. in Niedermayr, G. et al. (2009): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LVIII. Carinthia II, 199/119, 211
      • Lungau
        • Murwinkel
          • Rotgülden
            • Lower Rotgülden lake
    		W.H. Paar, J. Weidinger, R. Mrazek, H. Heiss: Lapis 18(5):13-28 (1993)
    • Vorarlberg
      • Montafon
    		Mitt. Österreich. Mineral. Ges. 153 (2007) 36.
    Bolivia
     
    • La Paz Department
      • Aroma Province
        • Laurani District
    		USGS Bulletin # 1975, p. 255.
    • Potosí Department
      • Sud Chichas Province
        • Atocha-Quechisla District
    		Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes. (Santa Cruz)
        • San Vicente District
    		Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes. (Santa Cruz)
      • Sud Lípez Province
        • Cerro Bonete
    USGS Bulletin # 1975, p. 252.
        • San Antonio de Lípez
    		Geology and Mineral Resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental, Bolivia (USGS Bulletin no. 1975)
    Bulgaria
     
    • Balkan Mts (Stara-Planina Mts)
    		http://www.bgd.bg/summanual_2003_5.htm
    • Pazardzhik (Pazardjik) Oblast
      • Srednogorie (Sredna Gora; Srdnia Gora) Region
        • Panagyurishte (Panagurishte) Obshchina
          • Elshitsa
    		Bogdanov, K., Tsonev, D., and Kuzmanov, K. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 219-229.
    Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
          • Panagyurishte
    		Strashimirov, S., Petrunov, R., and Kanazirski, M. (2002): Mineralium Deposita 37, 587-598.; Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    • Plovdiv Oblast
      • Rhodope Mts
        • Laki (Luki)
    • Smolyan Oblast
      • Rhodope Mts
    		[MinRec 22 p.439]
    Canada
     
    • British Columbia
      • Skeena Mining Division
        • Alice Arm
          • Kitsault
            • Patsy Creek
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990
    • Manitoba
      • Lac-du-Bonnet area
        • Bernic Lake
    • New Brunswick
      • Charlotte Co.
        • southwest of Fredericton
    • Ontario
      • Timiskaming District
        • Coleman Township
          • Cobalt
    		No reference listed
    • Québec
      • Nord-du-Québec
        • Baie-James
          • Otish Mountains
    		Zdenek, J., Picot, P., and Ruhlmann, F. (1987): Canadian Mineralogist 25, 625-638.
    China
     
    • Jiangsu Province
      • Nanjing Prefecture
        • Jiangning District
          • Ningzhen Mining District
    		Xiangping, G., Watanabe, M., Ohkawa, M., Hoshino, K., Shibata, Y., and Desong, C. (2001): Canadian Mineralogist 39(6), 1641-1652.
    • Jiangxi Province
      • Shangrao Prefecture
        • Dexing Co.
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Ústí Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Krupka (Graupen)
            • Knöttel (Knötel; Knödel) area
    		Lapis 23(4), 18-34 (1998)
    Lapis 23(4), 18-34 (1998)
    Lapis 23(4), 18-34 (1998)
    France
     
    • Alsace
      • Haut-Rhin
        • Doller Valley
          • Rimbach-près-Masevaux
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997, p. 116
        • Ste Marie-aux-Mines (Markirch)
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997
    • Auvergne
      • Puy-de-Dôme
        • Puy-Guillaume
          • Lachaux
    • Brittany
      • Morbihan
        • Le Faouët
          • Berné
    		R. Pierrot, L. Chauris, C. Laforêt and F. Pillard : "Inventaire Minéralogique de la France N° 9 : Morbihan", BRGM, 1980.
        • Pontivy
          • Guern
    		R. Pierrot, L. Chauris, C. Laforêt and F. Pillard : "Inventaire Minéralogique de la France N° 9 : Morbihan", BRGM, 1980.
    • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
      • Alpes-Maritimes
        • Tende
    		R. Pierrot, P. Picot, J. Feraud, J. Vernet : "Inventaire Minéralogique de la France, N° 4, Alpes Maritimes", BRGM, 1974
    P. Picot, Z. Johan : "Atlas of Ore Minerals", BRGM, Elsevier, 1982
      • Hautes-Alpes
        • Lautaret pass area
    		R. Pierrot, P. Picot, P.A. Poulain, "Inventaire Minéralogique de la France : Hautes-Alpes", BRGM, 1972
    • Rhône-Alpes
      • Isère
        • Bourg d'Oisans
    		"Les minéraux, leurs gisements, leurs associations", P. Bariand, F. Cesbron et J. Geffroy (1977), Editions Minéraux et Fossiles, BRGM
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Bad Rippoldsau
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
        • Haslach
          • Urenkopf Mt.
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
        • Schenkenzell
          • Wittichen
            • Böckelsbach valley
    		Natural History Museum Vienna collection
            • Burgfelsen
    		No reference listed
            • Gallenbach valley
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
        • Wolfach
          • Reutherberg Mt.
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
      • Odenwald
        • Weinheim
          • Hohensachsen
    		S. Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Hesse
      • Odenwald
        • Heppenheim
          • Sonderbach
            • Kohlplatte Mt.
    		S. Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
        • Wald-Michelbach
          • Mackenheim
    		S. Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz Mts
        • Bad Lauterberg
    		No reference listed
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Siegerland
        • Eiserfeld
          • Kohlenbach Valley
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Siegerland
        • Betzdorf
          • Schutzbach
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
        • Niederfischbach
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
        • Altenberg
    		Mineralien-Welt, (2), 17-39.
        • Johanngeorgenstadt District
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
        • Schmiedeberg
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    No reference listed
        • Schwarzenberg District
          • Pöhla
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    Greece
     
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
        • Lavrion District Mines
          • Agios Konstantinos [St Constantine] (Kamariza)
    		No reference listed
    Greenland
     
    • Kitaa (West Greenland) Province
      • Arsuk
        • Arsuk Firth
          • Ivittuut (Ivigtut)
    		[www.hedegaard.com]
    Italy
     
    • Veneto
      • Vicenza Province
        • Torrebelvicino
          • Mercanti Valley
    		Pegoraro, S., Orlandi, P., Chiereghin, P., Contin, A. & Toniolo, E. (2009). I minerali del Monte Trisa (Torrebelvicino, Vicenza). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 3/2009, 160-179.
    Japan
     
    • Hokkaido Island
      • Sapporo
    		Polymetallic mineralization at the Shin-Ohtoyo Deposit, Harukayama District, Hokkaido, Japan, Imai, Akira; Matsueda, Hiroharu; Yamada, Ryoichi; Masuta, Kenzo, Resource Geology (Tokyo 1998), vol.49, no.2, pp.75-88, 1999
    • Honshu Island
      • Chugoku Region
        • Yamaguchi Prefecture
          • Asahi-son
    		The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) Matsubara
    Kazakhstan
     
    • Qaraghandy Oblysy (Karaganda Oblast')
      • Aqshatau (Akchatau; Akschatau; Akchataul)
    		Efimov A.V. Bismuthian mineralisation of tin and wolfram deposits, 1993
    Mexico
     
    • Sonora
      • Mun. de Cananea
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    • Zacatecas
      • Mun. de Zacatecas
        • Francisco I. Madero
    		Canet, C., Camprubí, A., González-Partida, E., Linares, C., Alfonso, P., Piñeiro-Fernández, F., and Prol-Ledesma, R.M. (2009): Ore Geology Reviews 35, 423-435.
    New Zealand
     
    • North Island
      • Waikato
        • Thames-Coromandel
          • Tararu
    		Railton, G.L. & Watters, W.A., Minerals of New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey Bull. #104 (1990).
          • Waiomu
    		Railton, G.L. & Watters, W.A., Minerals of New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey Bull. #104 (1990).
    • South Island
      • Nelson
        • Canaan
    		Railton, G.L. & Watters, W.A., Minerals of New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey Bull. #104 (1990).
      • West Coast (Westland)
    		Railton, G.L. & Watters, W.A., Minerals of New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey Bull. #104 (1990).
    Nigeria
     
    http://www.smenet.org/opaque-ore/PLATE19.htm
    Norway
     
    • Buskerud
      • Drammen
        • Konnerud
    		Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 46
    Nilsen, Øyvind Juul (1993): Konnerudområdets sekundærmineraler. STEIN 20 (1), 12-21
    Peru
     
    • Cajamarca Department
      • Celendin Province
        • Lucmapampa
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    • Huancavelica Department
      • Angaraes Province
    		Min.Rec. 28, no.4 (1997)
    B. Duval, Y. Moëlo and P. Picot, Bull. Minéral. , 1986, 109, pp. 649-655.
    • Huánuco Department
      • Dos de Mayo Province
        • Huallanca District
    		Rocks & Min.: 60:228.
    • Junín Department
      • Yauli Province
    		Min.Rec. 28, #4 (1997)
    Poland
     
    • Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie)
      • Jelenia Góra District
        • Kowary area
    		Econ Geol (1997) 92:468-484
      • Kaczawskie Mts
        • Radzimowice
          • Stara Góra
    Janeczek, J, Kozłowski, K., Żaba, J.: Zbieramy minerały i skały. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, 1991. s. 210-222.
      • Rudawy Janowickie Mts
        • Czarnów
          • Rędziny
    		Gołębiowska B., Pieczka A., Parafiniuk J. 2006: Cu(Ag)-Pb-Bi(Sb) sulphosalts from Rędziny (Western Sudetes, Poland). Mineralogia Polonica - Special Papers, vol. 28, 78-80
        • Jelenia Góra District
    		Zimnoch E. 1978: Mineralizacja kruszcowa złoża Miedzianka w Sudetach. Biul. Inst. Geol. 308
    • Upper Silesia (Śląskie)
      • Myszków District
    		Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
    Romania
     
    • Bihor Co.
      • Nucet
    		Mineralogical Record: 27: 304.
    • Maramures Co.
      • Baia Borsa
    		Nigel G. Cook : "Bismuth Sulphosalts from Hydrothermal Vein Deposits of Neogen Age, N.W. Romania, Mitt. Österr. Miner. Ges. , 143, 1998 / Lecture to the Austrian Mineralogical Society, 23rd June 1997, Salzburg.
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye)
        • Buriatia (Buryatia) Republic
          • Zakamensk
            • Dzhida District
    		M.M. Povilaitis data (http://klopotow.narod.ru/mindata/locathn/R_Buryat/zakamensk/djida.html)
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Magadanskaya Oblast'
        • Kolyma River Basin
          • Susuman district
            • Stakhanovsky ore field
    		Volkov, A.V., Egorov, V.N., Prokof’ev, V.Y., Sidorov, A.A., Goryachev, N.A., and Biryukov, A.V. (2008): Geology of Ore Deposits 50(4), 275-298.
    • Urals Region
      • Middle Urals
        • Ekaterinburgskaya (Sverdlovskaya) Oblast'
          • Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk)
            • Berezovskii (Berezovskii Zavod)
    		[Clark, 1993 - \; Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
          • Rezh District
    		Vikent\'ev, I.V., Moloshag, V.P. and Yudovskaya, M.A. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(2), 77-107.
    • Western-Siberian Region
      • Altai Republic (Gorno-Altayskaya Autonomous Oblast')
    		Potseluev, A.A., Babkin, D.I., and Kotegov, V.I. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(5), 384-401.
    Serbia
     
    • Podrinje District
      • Boranja orefield
    		Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic, A. S., Stojanovic, J. N., Dimitrijevic, R. Z. & Radosavljevic, S. A. (2007): Rare Pb-Bi sulfosalt mineralization from the Boranja orefield (Podrinje district, Serbia). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, 184, 217-224.
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Southern Low Tatra Mts
    		Pršek J.,2004: Štruktúra a kryštálochémia sulfosolí zo sulfidických mineralizácii Západnych Karpát (Kandid. Diz.práca).Archív Katedry miner. a petrografie Prírodoved. Fak. UK,Bratislava, 135 s.
      • Starohorské Mts
        • Špania Dolina ore belt
    		Koděra, M., a kol.: Topografická mineralogie Slovenska. Sv. 3 Sed-Ž, Bratislava, Veda 1990, s. 1247-1256.
          • Staré Hory
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
      • Štiavnica Mts
        • Banská Štiavnica Mining District
          • Banská Štiavnica (Selmecbánya; Schemnitz)
    Koděra, M., a kol.: Topografická mineralogie Slovenska. Sv. 1 A-Kl, Bratislava, Veda 1986, s. 448-472.
    • Košice Region
      • Eastern Slovenské Rudohorie Mts
        • Dobšiná (Dobschau) Mining District
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
        • Gelnica ore belt
    		Pauliš P., Ďuďa R., 2002: Nejzajimavejší mineralogická nalezište Slovenska. Kuttna, Kutná Hora, 134p.
    Háber,M., 1980: Mineralogische – geochemische und paragenetische Erfoschung hydrotermaler Gänge im Gebiet zwischen Prakovce und Kojšov (SGR). Záp.Karpáty – sér. Miner.,petrograf.,geochém., metalog., 7 – 131
        • Medzev
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
        • Rožňava (Rozsnyo; Rosenau) Mining District
    		Pauliš P., Ďuďa R., 2002:Nejznámejší mineralogická nalezište Slovenska. Kuttna, Kutná Hora, 136p
    Hurný J.,Krištín J.,1978: aikinite and xenotime from Slovinky (Spišsko-gemerské rudohorie).Geol.Zbor.Geol.carpath.,Bratislava, 29, 1, 167-171
        • Smolnik Mining District
          • Smolnícka Huta
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
    • Trenčín region
      • Suchý and Malá Magura Mts
        • Čierna Lehota
    		Pršek, J., Mikuš, T., Makovicky, E., Chovan, M.(2005): Cuprobismutite, kupčíkite, hodrushite and associated sulfosalts from the black shale hosted Ni-Bi-As mineralization at Čierna Lehota, Slovakia. Eur. J. Mineral., 17, p.155-162.
    • Žilina Region
      • Northern Low Tatra Mts
    		Ozdin D., Chovan M., 1999: New mineralogical and paragenetic knowledge about siderite veins in the vicinity of Vyšná Boca, Nízke Tatry Mts. Slov. Geol. Magazine, Bratislava, 5, 4, 255-271
    South Africa
     
    • Limpopo Province
      • Mokopane (Potgietersrus) District
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Sweden
     
    • Dalarna
      • Hedemora
        • Garpenberg
    		No reference listed
    • Småland
      • Västervik
    		Wilke, H.-J. (1976): Mineral-Fundstellen Band 4: Skandinavien. Chr. Weise Verlag, München, p. 142-143
    • Södermanland
      • Nyköping
        • Tunaberg
    		Mineralogy and Petrology (1991) 44 (1-2), 1438-1168
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
        • Gåsborn
    		CanMin 28, 17
    Nysten, P., Holtstam, D. and Jonsson, E. (1999) The Långban minerals. In Långban - The mines,their minerals, geology and explorers (D. Holtstam and J. Langhof, eds.), Swedish Museum of Natural History and Raster Förlag, Stockholm & Chr. Weise Verlag, Munich, pp. 89-183.
      • Säffle
    		No reference listed
    Switzerland
     
    • Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden)
      • Vorderrhein Valley
        • Tujetsch (Tavetsch)
          • Curnera Valley
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 390.
    • Wallis (Valais)
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 25
      • Binn Valley
        • Giessen
    		Most recent: Gea 1993/04 p.137 with most literature references
      • Brig
        • Simplon pass area
    		Weibel, M. (1990): Die Mineralien der Schweiz, 165.
      • Turtmann Valley
        • Blüomatttälli
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 25
    Tajikistan
     
    • Viloyati Mukhtori Gorno-Badakhshan (Viloyati Badakhshoni Kuni)
      • Pamir Mts
        • Pamir Silver District
          • Bazardara ore cluster
    		Pavlova, G.G., and Borisenko, A.S. (2009): Ore Geology Reviews 35, 164-185.
    Turkey
     
    • Black Sea Region
      • Artvin Province
        • Murgul
          • Murgul Cu-Zn-Pb deposit
    		Özgür, N. (1993): Resource Geology, Special Issue 17, 180-185.
    A. Willgallis et al. : "Se- and Te-bearing sulphides in copper ore deposits of Murgul, NE Turkey", Eur. J. Mineral., 1990, 2, pp. 145-148.
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cumbria
        • North and Western Region (Cumberland)
          • Caldbeck Fells
            • Carrock Fell
    		BMS Database
      • Devon
        • Tavistock District
          • Peter Tavy
    		UKJMM Vol.25 p.19; UKJMM Vol.29 p.49-52
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Cochise Co.
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 102.
        • Mule Mts
          • Warren District
    		No reference listed
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 103, 267; Graeme, R. (1993), Bisbee revisited, Min.Rec.: 24: 421-436.
      • Gila Co.
        • Globe-Miami District
          • Miami-Inspiration District
            • Miami
              • Miami-Inspiration deposit
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 103, 213, 390; Peterson, N.P. (1962), Geology and ore deposits of the Globe-Miami District, Arizona, USGS PP 342: 71; Legge, J.A., Jr. (1939), Paragenesis of the ore minerals of the Miami Mine, AZ, Univ. AZ M.S. thesis.
      • Pima Co.
        • Tohono O'odom (Papago) Indian Reservation
          • Coyote Mts
            • Coyote District
              • Pan Tak
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 103; Galbraith, F.W. (1947), AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 153: 28.
    • California
      • Plumas Co.
        • Last Chance District
          • Spring Creek area
    		Mineralogical Record (In press)
    • Colorado
      • Boulder Co.
        • Gold Hill District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
        • Jamestown District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
          • Jamestown
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
      • Chaffee Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Clear Creek Co.
        • Alice District
    		"Minerals of Colorado, updated & revised", p. 13, by Eckel, Edwin B., 1997
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
        • Lawson District (Dumont District)
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Custer Co.
        • Rosita District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Hinsdale Co.
        • Lake City District (Lake District)
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
          • Lake City
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • La Plata Co.
        • La Plata District (California District)
          • Parrott City
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Lake Co.
        • Leadville District
          • Iron Hill
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    MinRec 16:171-201
      • Park Co.
        • Alma District
          • Alma
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
        • Montezuma District
          • Hall Valley
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
          • Hall Valley Cirque
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • San Juan Co.
        • Silverton District
          • Howardsville
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    Rocks & Min.: 63: 366-384.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
          • Poughkeepsie Gulch
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • San Miguel Co.
        • Ouray District (Uncompahgre District)
          • Telluride
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Summit Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Idaho
      • Adams Co.
        • Seven Devils District
    		Ream, Lanny L. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
      • Blaine Co.
        • Germania Creek District
    		Ream, Lanny L. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
      • Butte Co.
        • Champagne Creek
    		Dana 7:I:413; Rocks & Min. 70:247
    • Montana
      • Jefferson Co.
        • Whitehall District (Cardwell District)
    		Spry, P.G., Foster, F., Truckle, J.S., and Chadwick, T.H. (1997): Mineralogy and Petrology 59, 143-164.; Economic Geology,(1996) Vol. 91-3, pp.507-526
      • Silver Bow Co.
        • Butte District
          • Butte
    		The Mineralogy of The Butte District, Montana; Guilbert and Zeihen 1964
    The Mineralogy of The Butte District, Montana; Guilbert and Zeihen 1964
    • Nevada
      • Esmeralda Co.
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Tule Canyon District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Nye Co.
        • Round Mountain District
    		[MinRec 22:181]
    • North Carolina
      • Wake Co.
        • Raleigh
    		Rocks & Min.: 60:99.
    • Utah
      • Salt Lake Co.
        • Wasatch Mts
          • Little Cottonwood District (Alta District)
            • Little Cottonwood Canyon
              • Dromedary Peak
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    Dana 7:I:413.
      • Tooele Co.
        • Deep Creek Mts
          • Gold Hill District (Clifton District)
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
            • Gold Hill
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah by Kenneth C. Bullock Utah Department of Natural Resources Bulletin 117 Jan. 1981
    UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    • Virginia
      • Loudoun Co.
        • Chantilly
    		Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
      • Rockbridge Co.
        • Northern Section-Blue Ridge Province
          • Montebello
    		Rocks & Min.:60:168.
    Mineral and/or Locality
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