Paragenetic Mode 11 : Volcanic fumarole minerals; reduced phases (see also #45)
Return to the list of paragentic modesDescription
A modest suite of reduced phases, predominantly transition metal sulfides, likely formed as sublimates at Hadean volcanic fumaroles.Stage
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust - Age: >4.50 Ga |
|---|
| 7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks |
| 8 : Mafic igneous rocks |
| 9 : Lava/xenolith minerals (hornfels, sanidinite facies) |
| 10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals |
| 11 : Volcanic fumarole minerals; reduced phases (see also #45) |
Minerals
Click on a button to filter by elements. Green = must include. Black = must exclude. Mineral names listed in bold are exclusively known from this paragenetic mode.
| Mineral | Formula | Crystal System |
|---|---|---|
| Abramovite | Pb2SnInBiS7 | Triclinic |
| Alacránite | As8S9 | Monoclinic |
| Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 | Orthorhombic |
| Cadmoindite | CdIn2S4 | Isometric |
| Cannizzarite | Pb48Bi56S132 | Monoclinic |
| Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 | Tetragonal |
| Cinnabar | HgS | Trigonal |
| Colimaite | K3VS4 | Orthorhombic |
| Demicheleite-(Br) | BiSBr | Orthorhombic |
| Demicheleite-(Cl) | BiSCl | Orthorhombic |
| Demicheleite-(I) | BiSI | Orthorhombic |
| Digenite | Cu9S5 | Trigonal |
| Dimorphite | As4S3 | Orthorhombic |
| Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 | Monoclinic |
| Galena | PbS | Isometric |
| Galenobismutite | PbBi2S4 | Orthorhombic |
| Greenockite | CdS | Hexagonal |
| Heyrovskýite | Pb6Bi2S9 | Orthorhombic |
| Iron | Fe | Isometric |
| Jordanite | Pb14As6S23 | Monoclinic |
| Kirkiite | Pb10Bi3As3S19 | Monoclinic |
| Lillianite | Pb3-2xAgxBi2+xS6 | Orthorhombic |
| Marcasite | FeS2 | Orthorhombic |
| Metastibnite | Sb2S3 | Amorphous |
| Millerite | NiS | Trigonal |
| Mozgovaite | PbBi4S7 | Orthorhombic |
| Mutnovskite | Pb4As2S6ICl | Orthorhombic |
| Orpiment | As2S3 | Monoclinic |
| Pararealgar | As4S4 | Monoclinic |
| Pyrite | FeS2 | Isometric |
| Realgar | As4S4 | Monoclinic |
| Rosickýite | S | Monoclinic |
| Titanium | Ti | Hexagonal |
| Wurtzite | (Zn,Fe)S | Hexagonal |
| Zinc | Zn | Hexagonal |
| Znamenskyite | Pb4In2Bi4S13 | Orthorhombic |
| Element | Count | Percent | |
|---|---|---|---|
| O | Oxygen | 1 | 2.78% |
| F | Fluorine | 1 | 2.78% |
| Mg | Magnesium | 1 | 2.78% |
| Al | Aluminium | 1 | 2.78% |
| Si | Silicon | 1 | 2.78% |
| S | Sulfur | 32 | 88.89% |
| Cl | Chlorine | 2 | 5.56% |
| K | Potassium | 2 | 5.56% |
| Ti | Titanium | 1 | 2.78% |
| V | Vanadium | 1 | 2.78% |
| Fe | Iron | 5 | 13.89% |
| Ni | Nickel | 1 | 2.78% |
| Cu | Copper | 2 | 5.56% |
| Zn | Zinc | 2 | 5.56% |
| As | Arsenic | 8 | 22.22% |
| Br | Bromine | 1 | 2.78% |
| Ag | Silver | 1 | 2.78% |
| Cd | Cadmium | 2 | 5.56% |
| In | Indium | 3 | 8.33% |
| Sn | Tin | 1 | 2.78% |
| Sb | Antimony | 1 | 2.78% |
| I | Iodine | 2 | 5.56% |
| Hg | Mercury | 1 | 2.78% |
| Pb | Lead | 11 | 30.56% |
| Bi | Bismuth | 12 | 33.33% |
References
Hazen, Robert M., Morrison, Shaunna M. (2022) On the paragenetic modes of minerals: A mineral evolution perspective. American Mineralogist, 107 (7) 1262-1287 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8099
