Wurtzite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
About Wurtzite
Formula:
(Zn,Fe)S
Colour:
Dark reddish-brown to black, orange-brown
Lustre:
Resinous
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Specific Gravity:
4 - 4.1
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1861 by Charles Friedel in honor of Charles Adolphe Wurtz [November 26, 1817, Wolfisheim, near Strasbourg, France - May 10, 1884, Paris, France], French chemist who promoted ideas of atomic structure and organic chemistry. Wurtz was a laboratory assistant for Jean Baptiste Dumas at the Γcole de MΓ©decine and succeeded Dumas and was later appointed Professor of organic and mineral chemistry and eventually promoted to dean of the college. Wurtz was appointed chair of organic chemistry at the Sorbonne. Wurtz was one of the most influential chemists in the world and he received many honors in his lifetime and his name is one of 72 scientists, mathematicians, and engineers whose name is on the Eifel Tower. Biography by Rocke (2001).
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
Wurtzite Group.
Usually found as black to dark reddish-brown massive resinous to sub-metallic material, also as botryoidal banded crusts, and more rarely as hemimorphic pyramidal, or tabular, crystals.
Several polytypes are known; the hexagonal 2H polytype is the most common. HaussΓΌhl and MΓΌller (1963) also mention the 4H, 6H, 8H, 10H, and 15R ones.
Usually found as black to dark reddish-brown massive resinous to sub-metallic material, also as botryoidal banded crusts, and more rarely as hemimorphic pyramidal, or tabular, crystals.
Several polytypes are known; the hexagonal 2H polytype is the most common. HaussΓΌhl and MΓΌller (1963) also mention the 4H, 6H, 8H, 10H, and 15R ones.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4318
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4318:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
f0ad0ccb-fac9-4506-b38d-65ecf9e5b97a
IMA Classification of Wurtzite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
ZnS
Classification of Wurtzite
2.CB.45
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
B : With Zn, Fe, Cu, Ag, etc.
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
B : With Zn, Fe, Cu, Ag, etc.
Dana 7th ed.:
2.8.7.1
2.8.7.1
2 : SULFIDES
8 : AmXp, with m:p = 1:1
2 : SULFIDES
8 : AmXp, with m:p = 1:1
3.4.5
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
4 : Sulphides etc. of Group II metals other than Hg (Mg, Ca, Zn, Cd)
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
4 : Sulphides etc. of Group II metals other than Hg (Mg, Ca, Zn, Cd)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Wur | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Wur | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185β187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Wtz | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Wurtzite
Resinous
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Brilliant submetallic on crystal faces.
Colour:
Dark reddish-brown to black, orange-brown
Streak:
Brown
Hardness:
3½ - 4 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Very Good
Very good and easy on {1120), more difficult on {0001}.
Very good and easy on {1120), more difficult on {0001}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
4 - 4.1 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.09 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Wurtzite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 2.356 nε = 2.378
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.022
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Internal Reflections:
Yellow to dark brown
Chemistry of Wurtzite
Mindat Formula:
(Zn,Fe)S
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Cd
Crystallography of Wurtzite
Polytype:
Formula:
Crystal System:
Class (H-M)
Space Group:
Space Group Setting:
Cell Parameters:
Ratio:
Unit Cell Volume (calc):
Z:
Wurtzite-10H | Wurtzite-12R | Wurtzite-15R | Wurtzite-18R | Wurtzite-21R | Wurtzite-2H | Wurtzite-4H | Wurtzite-5H | Wurtzite-6H | Wurtzite-8H |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZnS | (Zn,Fe)S | ZnS | |||||||
Hexagonal | Trigonal | Hexagonal | Hexagonal | ||||||
6mm - Dihexagonal Pyramidal | 3m - Ditrigonal Pyramidal | 6mm - Dihexagonal Pyramidal | 6mm - Dihexagonal Pyramidal | ||||||
P63mc | R3m | P63mc | P63mc | ||||||
a = 3.824 Å, b = 3.824 Å, c = 31.20 Å α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120° | α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120° | a = 3.82 Å, c = 6.26 Å | a = 3.8227 Å, b = 3.8227 Å, c = 12.52 Å α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120° | ||||||
a:b:c = 1 : 1 : 8.159 | a:c = 1 : 1.639 | a:b:c = 1 : 1 : 3.275 | |||||||
V 395.113 Γ Β³ | V 79.11 Γ Β³ | V 158.444 Γ Β³ | |||||||
10 | 15 | 2 | 4 |
Crystallographic forms of Wurtzite
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
Toggle
Edge Lines | Miller Indices | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Toggle
Edge Lines | Miller Indices | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000088 | Wurtzite | Evans H T, McKnight E T (1959) New wurtzite polytypes from Joplin, Missouri American Mineralogist 44 1210-1218 | 1959 | 0 | 293 | ||
0000089 | Wurtzite | Evans H T, McKnight E T (1959) New wurtzite polytypes from Joplin, Missouri American Mineralogist 44 1210-1218 | 1959 | 0 | 293 | ||
0000115 | Wurtzite | Myer G H (1962) Hydrothermal wurtzite at Thomaston Dam, Connecticut American Mineralogist 47 977-979 | 1962 | Thomaston Dam, Connecticut | 0 | 293 | |
0005074 | Wurtzite | Mloszewski M J, Saha A K, Nuffield E W (1957) Manganoan ferroan wurtzite from Llallagua, Bolivia (II) The Canadian Mineralogist 6 136-139 | 1957 | Llallagua, Bolivia | 0 | 293 | |
0005075 | Wurtzite | Mloszewski M J, Saha A K, Nuffield E W (1957) Manganoan ferroan wurtzite from Llallagua, Bolivia (II) The Canadian Mineralogist 6 136-139 | 1957 | Llallagua, Bolivia | 0 | 293 | |
0005544 | Wurtzite | Chao G Y, Gault R A (1998) The occurence of two rare polytypes of wurtzite, 4H and 8H, at Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec The Canadian Mineralogist 36 775-778 | 1998 | Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada | 0 | 293 | |
0010082 | Wurtzite | Kisi E H, Elcombe M M (1989) U parameters for the wurtzite structure of ZnS and ZnO using powder neutron diffraction Acta Crystallographica C45 1867-1870 | 1989 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0010492 | Wurtzite | Aminoff G (1923) Untersuchungen ueber die kristallstrukturen von wurtzit und rotnickelkies Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 58 203-219 | 1923 | 0 | 293 | ||
0010493 | Wurtzite | Ulrich F, Zachariasen W H (1925) Ueber die kristallstruktur des alpha- und beta-CdS, sowie des wurtzits Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 62 260-273 | 1925 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0011556 | Wurtzite | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Crystal Structures 1 85-237 | 1963 | 0 | 293 | ||
0014934 | Wurtzite | Kullerud G (1953) The Fe S - Zn S system. A geological thermometer Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 32 61-147 | 1953 | 0 | 293 | ||
0014935 | Wurtzite | Kullerud G (1953) The Fe S - Zn S system. A geological thermometer Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 32 61-147 | 1953 | 0 | 293 | ||
0014998 | Wurtzite | Ballentyne D W G, Roy B (1961) Electroluminescence and crystal structure in the alloy system ZnS - CdS Physica 27 337-341 | 1961 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0015169 | Wurtzite | Yeh C, Lu Z W, Froyen S, Zunger A (1992) Zinc-blende-wurtzite polytypism in semiconductors Physical Review B46 10086-10097 | 1992 | 0 | 293 | ||
0015179 | Wurtzite | Xu Y N, Ching W Y (1993) Electronic, optical, and structural properties of some wurtzite crystals Physical Review B48 4335-4351 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
0015413 | Wurtzite | Frondel C, Palache C (1948) Three new polymorphs of zinc sulfide Science 107 602-602 | 1948 | 0 | 293 | ||
0015414 | Wurtzite | Frondel C, Palache C (1948) Three new polymorphs of zinc sulfide Science 107 602-602 | 1948 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Wurtzite
Epitaxial Minerals:
Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.31 Γ | (100) |
3.13 Γ | (90) |
2.93 Γ | (80) |
2.27 Γ | (30) |
1.91 Γ | (70) |
1.76 Γ | (50) |
1.63 Γ | (50) |
1.30 Γ | (10) |
Comments:
Data given are for synthetic -1H material.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3a: Earthβs earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
11 : Volcanic fumarole minerals; reduced phases (see also #45) | |
Stage 3b: Earthβs earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
15 : Black/white smoker minerals and other seafloor hydrothermal minerals | |
Near-surface Processes | |
23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
High-π alteration and/or metamorphism | |
31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
Found in hydrothermal veins rich in Zn and as concretions in sedimentary rocks.
Type Occurrence of Wurtzite
Synonyms of Wurtzite
Other Language Names for Wurtzite
Catalan:Wurtzita
Dutch:Wurtziet
German:Wurtzit
Italian:Wurtzite
Japanese:γ¦γ«γι±
Polish:Wurcyt
Russian:ΠΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Simplified Chinese:ηΊ€η»΄ιηΏ
ηΊ€ιηΏ
ηΊ€ιηΏ
Spanish:Wurtzita
Traditional Chinese:ηΊηΆι
瀦
ηΊι 瀦
ηΊι 瀦
Ukrainian:ΠΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Varieties of Wurtzite
Cadmium-rich Wurtzite | From lunar regolith. |
Polywurtzite | Hexagonal polymorphs of Wurtzite. |
Voltzite | Wurtzite intergrown with an organometallic zinc compound (Frondel, 1967). |
Relationship of Wurtzite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Buseckite | (Fe,Zn,Mn)S | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
Cadmoselite | CdSe | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
Greenockite | CdS | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
Rambergite | MnS | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
101 photos of Wurtzite associated with Galena | PbS |
72 photos of Wurtzite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
56 photos of Wurtzite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
35 photos of Wurtzite associated with Jordanite | Pb14As6S23 |
25 photos of Wurtzite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
24 photos of Wurtzite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
22 photos of Wurtzite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
21 photos of Wurtzite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
18 photos of Wurtzite associated with Teallite | PbSnS2 |
16 photos of Wurtzite associated with Cylindrite | Pb3Sn4FeSb2S14 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.CB. | Agmantinite | Ag2MnSnS4 |
2.CB. | Richardsite | Zn2CuGaS4 |
2.CB. | Gachingite | Au(Te1-xSex) |
2.CB. | Tolstykhite | Au3S4Te6 |
2.CB. | Hanswilkeite | KFeS2 |
2.CB. | Auroselenide | AuSe |
2.CB. | Ruizhongite | (Ag2β»)Pb3Ge2S8 |
2.CB. | Okruginite | Cu2SnSe3 |
2.CB.05a | Coloradoite | HgTe |
2.CB.05a | Hawleyite | CdS |
2.CB.05a | Metacinnabar | HgS |
2.CB.05c | Polhemusite | (Zn,Hg)S |
2.CB.05b | Sakuraiite | (Cu,Zn,Fe)3(In,Sn)S4 |
2.CB.05a | Sphalerite | ZnS |
2.CB.05a | Stilleite | ZnSe |
2.CB.05a | Tiemannite | HgSe |
2.CB.05 | UM1998-15-S:CuFeZn | Cu2Fe3Zn5S10 |
2.CB.05a | Rudashevskyite | (Fe,Zn)S |
2.CB.05a | Ishiharaite | (Cu,Ga,Fe,In,Zn)S |
2.CB.07a | Shenzhuangite | NiFeS2 |
2.CB.07a | Unnamed (Cu-Mn-Sn Sulpide) | Cu2MnSnS4 |
2.CB.10a | Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
2.CB.10a | Eskebornite | CuFeSe2 |
2.CB.10a | Gallite | CuGaS2 |
2.CB.10b | Haycockite | Cu4Fe5S8 |
2.CB.10a | Lenaite | AgFeS2 |
2.CB.10b | Mooihoekite | Cu9Fe9S16 |
2.CB.10b | Putoranite | Cu1.1Fe1.2S2 |
2.CB.10a | Roquesite | CuInS2 |
2.CB.10b | Talnakhite | Cu9(Fe,Ni)8S16 |
2.CB.10a | LaforΓͺtite | AgInS2 |
2.CB.10a | Unnamed (Cu-Zn-In Sulphide) | CuZn2InS4 |
2.CB.10a | UM1984-30-S:CuFeSn | Cu2Fe2Sn3S7 |
2.CB.10c | Omariniite | Cu8Fe2ZnGe2S12 |
2.CB.15a | ΔernΓ½ite | Cu2(Cd,Zn,Fe)SnS4 |
2.CB.15a | FerrokΓ«sterite | Cu2FeSnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Hocartite | Ag2(Fe2+,Zn)SnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Idaite | Cu5FeS6 |
2.CB.15a | KΓ«sterite | Cu2ZnSnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Kuramite | Cu3SnS4 |
2.CB.15b | Mohite | Cu2SnS3 |
2.CB.15a | Pirquitasite | Ag2ZnSnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Stannite | Cu2FeSnS4 |
2.CB.15c | Stannoidite | Cu+6Cu2+2(Fe2+,Zn)3Sn2S12 |
2.CB.15a | Velikite | Cu2HgSnS4 |
2.CB.15c | UM2006-11-S:CuFeGeZn | Cu8(Fe,Zn)3Ge2S12 (?) |
2.CB.17a v | Arsenic-bearing Renierite | Cu11GeAsFe4S16 |
2.CB.20 | Chatkalite | Cu6FeSn2S8 |
2.CB.20 | Mawsonite | Cu6Fe2SnS8 |
2.CB.30 | Argyropyrite | near Ag2Fe7S11 |
2.CB.30 | Colusite | Cu13VAs3S16 |
2.CB.30 | Germanite | Cu13Fe2Ge2S16 |
2.CB.30 | Germanocolusite | Cu26V2(Ge,As)6S32 |
2.CB.30 | Nekrasovite | Cu26V2(Sn,As,Sb)6S32 |
2.CB.30 | Stibiocolusite | Cu13V(Sb,Sn,As)3S16 |
2.CB.30 | Ovamboite | Cu20(Fe,Cu,Zn)6W2Ge6S32 |
2.CB.30 | Maikainite | Cu20(Fe,Cu)6Mo2Ge6S32 |
2.CB.30 | Frieseite | Ag2Fe5S8 (?) |
2.CB.35a | Hemusite | Cu6SnMoS8 |
2.CB.35a | Kiddcreekite | Cu6SnWS8 |
2.CB.35a | Polkovicite | (Fe,Pb)3(Ge,Fe)1-xS4 |
2.CB.35a | Renierite | (Cu1+,Zn)11Fe4(Ge4+,As5+)2S16 |
2.CB.35a | Vinciennite | Cu+7Cu2+3Fe2+2Fe3+2Sn(As,Sb)S16 |
2.CB.35a | Morozeviczite | (Pb,Fe)3Ge1-xS4 |
2.CB.35b | Catamarcaite | Cu6GeWS8 |
2.CB.40 | Lautite | CuAsS |
2.CB.42 | Lingbaoite | AgTe3 |
2.CB.45 | Cadmoselite | CdSe |
2.CB.45 | Greenockite | CdS |
2.CB.45 | Rambergite | MnS |
2.CB.45 | Buseckite | (Fe,Zn,Mn)S |
2.CB.45 | Maletoyvayamite | Au3Se4Te6 |
2.CB.47 | Murchisite | Cr5S6 |
2.CB.50 | Zincselenide | ZnSe |
2.CB.50 | Wassonite | TiS |
2.CB.52 | Dzhezkazganite | ReMoCu2PbS6 ? |
2.CB.55a | Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
2.CB.55b | Isocubanite | CuFe2S3 |
2.CB.60 | Picotpaulite | TlFe2S3 |
2.CB.60 | Raguinite | TlFeS2 |
2.CB.65 | Argentopyrite | AgFe2S3 |
2.CB.65 | Sternbergite | AgFe2S3 |
2.CB.70 | Sulvanite | Cu3VS4 |
2.CB.75 | Vulcanite | CuTe |
2.CB.80 | Empressite | AgTe |
2.CB.85 | Muthmannite | AuAgTe2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Wurtzite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Wurtzite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4318.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Wurtzite
Reference List:
Localities for Wurtzite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Parodi et al. (2010) |
Moore et al. (2014) | |
Arctic Ocean | |
| Kravchishina et al. (2023) |
Olsen (2016) | |
Argentina | |
| DE BRODTKORB +1 other reference |
MARQUEZ-ZAVALIA | |
| Sureda (1978) |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) +1 other reference |
Singer et al. (2009) | |
| DE BRODTKORB +3 other references |
| Paar et al. (2000) |
| Coira et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| DE BRODTKORB |
Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| DE BRODTKORB |
| PENALVA |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| OndrΓ©as et al. (2012) |
Firstova et al. (2016) | |
Melekestseva | |
Liu et al. (2022) | |
Gablina et al. (2017) | |
Maslennikov et al. (2023) | |
Gablina et al. (2018) | |
| Bortnikov et al. (2001) |
| Firstova et al. (2019) |
Fouquet et al. (1993) | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26 (1988) |
Gablina et al. (2017) | |
| Melchert et al. (2008) |
PaΕ‘ava et al. (2007) | |
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Confirmed by Peter Elliot |
| Ramdohr (1950) |
| Museum Victoria collection |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Dana 6:A2:112 +1 other reference |
| Parbhakar-Fox |
Austria | |
| |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Huber et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Exel (1993) |
Exel (1993) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| E.Reiter |
| L.Weber |
L.Weber | |
| E.Reiter (OberΓΆsterreichs 1930 β 1982) |
P.Arthofer et al. (1998) | |
| L.Weber |
| J.Taucher |
| L.Weber |
Belgium | |
| geokogud.info (n.d.) |
[Wurtzite-2H] www.fluomin.org (2014) | |
MΓ©lon et al. (1976) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Bolivia | |
| Collections of Alfredo Petrov and Dr. ... |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
| Wilson (2001) |
Chris Emproto Collection | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Cacho et al. (2019) |
Petrov (n.d.) | |
Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
| Wilson (2001) |
Dana 7:I:440. | |
Dana 7:I:440. | |
Dr. Fritz Berndt +2 other references | |
Wilson (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
Dana 7:I:449 +1 other reference | |
Alfredo Petrov | |
Petrov (n.d.) | |
| doi:10.3390/min7050068 +1 other reference |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
| Turneaure et al. (1945) +2 other references |
Ahlfeld et al. (1964) | |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge MuΓ±oz Reyes (1955) |
| PXRD by John Attard |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Cazorla MartΓnez et al. (2019) |
Wilson (2001) | |
American Mineralogist: 54 +1 other reference | |
Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) | |
Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
| Smith et al. (2001) |
Bulgaria | |
| Marcus Voigt Collection +2 other references |
| systematic-mineralogy.com specimen |
| MinΔeva-Stefanova (1993) |
| Lips (2006) |
| ATANASSOVA +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
Caudle +1 other reference | |
| MINFILE NUMBER: 104B 008 |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Gait et al. (1990) +2 other references |
| Gunnar Farber catalogue |
| Andrew Haighton Collection |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Harris (1989) |
Sabina (1991) | |
| Wilson (1986) |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| John A. Jaszczak collection |
| Chris Emproto Collection |
| Yukon Geological Survey |
| Richard Gunter |
| R Tafti |
| R Tafti |
China | |
| Senning Tang (1984) |
| Lin Ye and Chaoyang Li (2003) |
| Jensen (2009) +1 other reference |
| Juemin Bao et al. (2003) |
| Jordi Fabre |
| Baisheng Zhang (1998) |
| Youren Hua and Zhiguo Hu (1980) |
| Xianchang Luo (1983) |
| Shengshun Su et al. (2014) |
| Huaping Zhu and Dequan Zhang (2002) +1 other reference |
| Yinjie Gong et al. (2013) |
| Mantang Hou et al. (2013) |
| Runsheng Han et al. (2000) |
Guoxing Wu (1990) | |
| Xiaohu Wang et al. (2008) +2 other references |
| Yinjie Gong et al. (2013) |
| Wei Li et al. (2010) |
| Shiye Xie et al. (2002) |
| Chunji Xue et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Hui Xiang (2001) |
Costa Rica | |
| RodrΓguez et al. (2017) |
Czech Republic | |
| PauliΕ‘ P. MineralogickΓ© lokality ... |
| Paul De Bondt collection |
| Dana 7:I:231. |
| Mineralienwelt 1993 (1) |
Petr PauliΕ‘ | |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
Fiji | |
| Frenzel et al. (1967) |
Finland | |
| Kouvo +1 other reference |
France | |
| [var: Voltzite] Jean Fournet (1833) |
| [Wurtzite-2H] De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2012) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| Martaud et al. (2004) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| [Le Cahier des Micromonteurs |
Gol et al. (2010) | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| undefined +2 other references |
| Laubmann et al. (1920) |
| Weber (2013) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| SEM-EDS + Visual by Joy Desor and ... |
| jacques peters collection |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| BlaΓ et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| BlaΓ et al. (1995) |
| Graf et al. (1990) |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) |
Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
| GeoMontanus: Die Mineralien von Rescheid |
| GeoMontanus: Die Mineralien von Rescheid |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Lapis 2005 (30) |
| SOUHEUR (1894) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Lapis 2003 (2) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Hajek (2010) |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| 90. +1 other reference |
| Siemroth (2008) |
Greece | |
| |
| |
| Skarpelis (1999) +3 other references |
| Amstutz et al. (Eds.) |
| Tombros +3 other references |
Hungary | |
| Gazdag et al. (2008) |
Koch: Minerals of Hungary | |
Farkas et al. (2009) | |
SzakΓ‘ll-Gatter-Szendrei:Hungarian ... | |
SzakΓ‘ll (2002) | |
SzakΓ‘ll et al. (1996) | |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
India | |
| Ramakrishna et al. (1995) |
Indian Ocean | |
| Wang et al. (2018) |
Wang et al. (2023) | |
Iran | |
| Nezafatis (2006) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Adorni F. (1989) |
| Biffi P. et al. (Varese) |
| Gentile et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Lapis (10) |
| Ruggieri et al. (1) |
Ruggieri et al. (1) | |
Ruggieri et al. (1) | |
| GARAVELLI A. et al. (1997) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Paolo Gasparetto et al. (2014) |
| Dill (1979) |
| Giuliano Bettini collection. +1 other reference |
| Marinai et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Bonifazi (2020) | |
Giuliano Bettini collection. +1 other reference | |
| Del Chiaro et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +5 other references |
Morino et al. (2014) | |
Orlandi et al. (1994) +3 other references | |
Orlandi et al. (1994) | |
Dallegno et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
Morino et al. (2014 a) | |
Orlandi et al. (2009) +2 other references | |
Biagioni et al. (2019) | |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
Del Chiaro et al. (1990) +3 other references | |
Biagioni et al. (2019) | |
Orlandi et al. (1980) | |
Orlandi et al. (1994) +4 other references | |
Franzini et al. (1982) +2 other references | |
Franzini et al. (1982) +2 other references | |
Orlandi et al. (1980) +6 other references | |
Orlandi et al. (1980) +2 other references | |
Amici Mineralogisti Fiorentini [ Brizzi (1984) +8 other references | |
Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Bellè et al. (1997) +2 other references |
Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
Orlandi et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Tufar (1992) |
Japan | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Shimizu et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Koubutsu Jouhou (15-4-2002) | |
| Yoshikawa +1 other reference |
| Min. Jour. (Japan) +3 other references |
| Kagaya (1962) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Narita (1961) +2 other references |
| Hu et al. (2017) |
Kaul et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Yeats et al. (2017) |
| - (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors) +1 other reference |
| Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Jordan | |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Chunyong Liu (2006) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Filippov et al. (2013) |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Il'yasova +2 other references |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
Mexico | |
| University of Arizona analysis |
| Saini-Eidukat et al. +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Mongolia | |
| Baichuang Guo et al. (2013) |
Morocco | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
Namibia | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (single-crystal X-ray diffraction + SEM-EDS) +1 other reference |
| Pinch et al. (1977) |
Ettler et al. (2009) | |
Netherlands | |
T.G. Nijland | |
Oman | |
| Moreira (2017) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
Magnetite Olivine Pyroxene Plagioclase ... | |
| Peng Xiaotong (2005) |
| Hannington et al. (1986) |
| Schrenk et al. (2003) |
Haymon (1983) +1 other reference | |
Hannington et al. (1986) | |
| Tuomo TΓΆrmΓ€nen (2005) |
Lalou et al. (1989) | |
| Schwarz-Schampera et al. (2007) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Chuck Adan +1 other reference |
| Yeats et al. (2014) |
Lein et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
Lein et al. (1993) | |
Peru | |
| HyrΕ‘l (2009) |
| Tony Peterson and Jaroslav Hyrsl ... |
| Econ Geol (1985) +1 other reference |
| Lewis Jr (1964) |
| Min.Rec. 28 (1997) |
| studies of structure et al. (7) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Ref.: Kucha H. |
| J. Cabala et al. (2008) |
| Eligiusz SzeΕΔg collection |
| Janeczek et al. (1991) |
Siuda (2001) | |
| WΕodek et al. (2015) |
| Grabarczyk et al. (2022) |
| P. Ramdohr +1 other reference |
| Eligiusz SzeΕΔg collection |
Portugal | |
| |
Red Sea | |
Missack et al. (1989) | |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2000) |
| Marias Francisc |
| SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of Carpathian Reg. +1 other reference |
Damian et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
Damian et al. (2008) | |
| RΔdulescu Dan |
| SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of Carpathian region +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Tolstykh et al. (2022) |
| A.B.Makjeyev |
| Sokol et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Gritsenko et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Yulia D. Gritsenko (2005) +2 other references |
| Barkov et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Pekov (2005) |
| Simonov et al. (2006) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
Dobrovolβskaya et al. (2008) | |
| August 2007 +9 other references |
| Kiseleva et al. (2008) |
Slovakia | |
| Duda et. all. |
| Chovan et al. (1995) |
Slovenia | |
β’ Aleksander ReΔnik (2010) | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Velasco et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2019) |
Sweden | |
| Natural History Museum |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Natalia Efimenko et al. (2014) |
| Schweizer Strahler 2/2009 |
| Graeser (2011) |
| Ansermet et al. (2011) |
Taiwan | |
| James Huang +2 other references |
L. P. Tan (1993) | |
Tajikistan | |
| |
Tanzania | |
| PXRD by John Attard (Attars Minerals) +3 other references |
Anon (2015) | |
Tonga | |
| Paropkari et al. (2010) |
| Wendt (2013) |
Wendt (2013) | |
UK | |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Ford et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Grguric et al. (2006) |
Collection Richard De Nul | |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
Ukraine | |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
O.K.Babynin et al. (2006) | |
| Nechaev S & Pastukhov V (2001) |
USA | |
| Galbraith (1947) +1 other reference |
| Rocks and Minerals (1988) +1 other reference |
Rocks and Minerals (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Minerals 71:2 pp134-137 |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Econ Geol (1980) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Shannon et al. (1985) |
| Shannon +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:502. |
| Myer (1962) +1 other reference |
| [var: Voltzite] Schooner (1958) |
| [var: Voltzite] Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| [var: Voltzite] Ralph Lieser of Pappyβs Beryl Shop +2 other references |
Tank (1972) +2 other references | |
| Ream (1995) |
Ream (2004) | |
Ream (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Ream (1995) |
Ream (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Roadcap et al. (2005) |
| R&M 77:6 pp 404-413 |
| R&M 77:6 pp 404-413 |
R&M 77:6 pp 404-413 | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| P. Cristofono collection |
| George W. Robinson and S.M. Carlson (2009) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
R&M 72:6 pp 400-419 | |
Rocks & Min.: 64:28. +1 other reference | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
Econ Geol (1992) +1 other reference | |
| Igneous Rocks and Related Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| Weed (1912) |
Rocks & Min.: 16:247. | |
J Lorengo collection | |
Dana 6:1091. +1 other reference | |
Weed (1912) | |
| |
| Rocks & Minerals |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Min.: 22:317. |
| Mineralogical Record |
| [var: Voltzite] Frondel (1967) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... +3 other references | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| geoinfo.nmt.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
NY State Museum spec. no. 15057 | |
| John H. Betts (2009) |
| Jensen (1978) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Anderson (1979) |
Carlson (2015) | |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
Am Min 35:43-50 | |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Am Min 35:43-50 |
| Am Min 35:43-50 |
| Ref. Mineral Collecting in Pennsylvania +2 other references |
Am Min 35:43-50 | |
Am Min 35:43-50 | |
Am Min 35:43-50 | |
Am Min 35:43-50 | |
| Am Min 35:43-50 |
| Piatak et al. (2012) |
Piatak et al. (2012) | |
| Dague (2003) |
| Am Min 35:43-50 |
| Lapham & Geyer |
| Gordon |
| Am Min 35:43-50 |
American Mineralogist (1950) | |
Am Min 35:43-50 | |
| Am Min 35:43-50 |
| Lapham & Geyer |
| ElΒ Goresy (1965) |
Rocks & Min. | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
Butler (1913) +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
| Marty et al. (1993) |
- (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Chao et al. (1961) |
| Milton et al. (1955) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| D. Allen Penick (1987) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Heyl et al. (1959) |
| Moreau et al. (2004) |
| Cordua (1998) |
Cordua (1998) | |
Cordua (1998) | |
| Cordua (1998) |
Vietnam | |
| Ishihara et al. (2010) |
| Ishihara et al. (2010) |
Zambia | |
| Korowski et al. (1980) |
The Moon | |
| Mokhov A.V. et al. (2007) |
Quick NavTopAbout WurtziteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystallographic forms Crystal StructureEpitaxial Relationships X-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesVarietiesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatOther InformationWurtzite in petrologyInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Val Pulita Quarry, Torano quarrying basin, Carrara, Massa-Carrara Province, Tuscany, Italy