Paragenetic Mode 12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33)
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Subsurface Hadean hydrothermal sulfide deposits represent an important yet enigmatic early source of mineral diversity. Today, hydrothermal systems boast more than 850 species of sulfides, arsenides, antimonides, and a wide range of sulfosalts bearing relatively rare elements such as Ge, Sn, Bi, Se, and Te. However, Hazen et al postulate that these uncommon elements were not sufficiently concentrated in Hadean hydrothermal fluids to generate such a wide range of compounds.
Stage
Minerals
Click on a button to filter by elements. Green = must include. Black = must exclude. Mineral names listed in bold are exclusively known from this paragenetic mode.
| Mineral | Formula | Crystal System |
|---|
| Alabandite | MnS | Isometric |
| Alacránite | As8S9 | Monoclinic |
| Arsenopyrite | FeAsS | Monoclinic |
| Atokite | (Pd,Pt)3Sn | Isometric |
| Barquillite | Cu2CdGeS4 | Tetragonal |
| Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 | Orthorhombic |
| Bornite | Cu5FeS4 | Orthorhombic |
| Bowieite | Rh2S3 | Orthorhombic |
| Bowlesite | PtSnS | Orthorhombic |
| Braggite | PdPt3S4 | Tetragonal |
| Briartite | Cu2(Fe,Zn)GeS4 | Tetragonal |
| Bunsenite | NiO | Isometric |
| Cannizzarite | Pb48Bi56S132 | Monoclinic |
| Cattierite | CoS2 | Isometric |
| Černýite | Cu2(Cd,Zn,Fe)SnS4 | Tetragonal |
| Chalcocite | Cu2S | Monoclinic |
| Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 | Tetragonal |
| Cinnabar | HgS | Trigonal |
| Cobaltpentlandite | Co9S8 | Isometric |
| Cooperite | PtS | Tetragonal |
| Copper | Cu | Isometric |
| Covellite | CuS | Hexagonal |
| Cuproiridsite | (Cu,Fe)Ir2S4 | Isometric |
| Cuprorhodsite | (Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4 | Isometric |
| Damiaoite | PtIn2 | Isometric |
| Daomanite | CuPtAsS2 | Orthorhombic |
| Digenite | Cu9S5 | Trigonal |
| Djerfisherite | K6(Fe,Cu,Ni)25S26Cl | Isometric |
| Djurleite | Cu31S16 | Monoclinic |
| Edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 | Monoclinic |
| Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 | Orthorhombic |
| Famatinite | Cu3SbS4 | Tetragonal |
| Ferrokësterite | Cu2FeSnS4 | Tetragonal |
| Fukuchilite | Cu3FeS8 | Isometric |
| Gabrielite | Tl6Ag3Cu6(As,Sb)9S21 | Triclinic |
| Galena | PbS | Isometric |
| Galenobismutite | PbBi2S4 | Orthorhombic |
| Gallite | CuGaS2 | Tetragonal |
| Geocronite | Pb14Sb6S23 | Monoclinic |
| Gilalite | Cu5Si6O17·7H2O | Monoclinic |
| Godlevskite | (Ni,Fe)9S8 | Orthorhombic |
| Gold | Au | Isometric |
| Gratonite | Pb9As4S15 | Trigonal |
| Greenockite | CdS | Hexagonal |
| Gustavite | AgPbBi3S6 | Orthorhombic |
| Heazlewoodite | Ni3S2 | Trigonal |
| Hemusite | Cu6SnMoS8 | Isometric |
| Heyrovskýite | Pb6Bi2S9 | Orthorhombic |
| Hocartite | Ag2(Fe2+,Zn)SnS4 | Tetragonal |
| Horomanite | Fe6Ni3S8 | Tetragonal |
| Inaglyite | Cu3Pb(Ir,Pt)8S16 | Hexagonal |
| Indite | FeIn2S4 | Isometric |
| Isocubanite | CuFe2S3 | Isometric |
| Jordanite | Pb14As6S23 | Monoclinic |
| Jordisite | MoS2 | Amorphous |
| Kësterite | Cu2ZnSnS4 | Tetragonal |
| Keutschite | Cu2AgAsS4 | Tetragonal |
| Kharaelakhite | (Cu,Pt,Pb,Fe,Ni)9S8 | Orthorhombic |
| Kingstonite | (Rh,Ir,Pt)3S4 | Monoclinic |
| Kirkiite | Pb10Bi3As3S19 | Monoclinic |
| Konderite | Cu3Pb(Rh,Pt,Ir)8S16 | Hexagonal |
| Kuramite | Cu3SnS4 | Tetragonal |
| Laflammeite | Pd3Pb2S2 | Monoclinic |
| Lillianite | Pb3-2xAgxBi2+xS6 | Orthorhombic |
| Linnaeite | Co2+Co3+2S4 | Isometric |
| Lisiguangite | PtCuBiS3 | Orthorhombic |
| Löllingite | FeAs2 | Orthorhombic |
| Luzonite | Cu3AsS4 | Tetragonal |
| Mackinawite | FeS | Tetragonal |
| Malanite | Cu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4 | Isometric |
| Marcobaldiite | Pb12(Sb3As2Bi)Σ6S21 | Triclinic |
| Metastibnite | Sb2S3 | Amorphous |
| Miassite | Rh17S15 | Isometric |
| Millerite | NiS | Trigonal |
| Molybdenite | MoS2 | Hexagonal |
| Mozgovaite | PbBi4S7 | Orthorhombic |
| Nukundamite | Cu3.33Fe0.66S4 | Trigonal |
| Oberthürite | Rh3Ni32S32 | Isometric |
| Omphacite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 | Monoclinic |
| Orpiment | As2S3 | Monoclinic |
| Owensite | (Ba,Pb)6(Cu,Fe,Ni)25S27 | Isometric |
| Pararealgar | As4S4 | Monoclinic |
| Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 | Monoclinic |
| Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 | Isometric |
| Permingeatite | Cu3SbSe4 | Tetragonal |
| Pirquitasite | Ag2ZnSnS4 | Tetragonal |
| Polhemusite | (Zn,Hg)S | Tetragonal |
| Polydymite | Ni2+Ni3+2S4 | Isometric |
| Potassic-chloro-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2 | Monoclinic |
| Potassic-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Monoclinic |
| Pyrite | FeS2 | Isometric |
| Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS | Monoclinic |
| Rambergite | MnS | Hexagonal |
| Realgar | As4S4 | Monoclinic |
| Rheniite | ReS2 | Triclinic |
| Rhodplumsite | Rh3Pb2S2 | Trigonal |
| Richardsite | Zn2CuGaS4 | Tetragonal |
| Roxbyite | Cu9S5 | Triclinic |
| Rudashevskyite | (Fe,Zn)S | Isometric |
| Rustenburgite | (Pt,Pd)3Sn | Isometric |
| Rutile | TiO2 | Tetragonal |
| Samaniite | Cu2Fe5Ni2S8 | Tetragonal |
| Siegenite | CoNi2S4 | Isometric |
| Sphalerite | ZnS | Isometric |
| Spionkopite | Cu39S28 | Hexagonal |
| Stannite | Cu2FeSnS4 | Tetragonal |
| Staročeskéite | Ag0.70Pb1.60(Bi1.35Sb1.35)Σ2.70S6 | Orthorhombic |
| Stilbite-Na | Na9(Si27Al9)O72·28H2O | Monoclinic |
| Sugakiite | Cu(Fe,Ni)8S8 | Tetragonal |
| Sulfhydrylbystrite | Na5K2Ca[Al6Si6O24](S5)2(SH) | Trigonal |
| Tarkianite | (Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)4S8 | Isometric |
| Terrywallaceite | AgPb(Sb,Bi)3S6 | Monoclinic |
| Thalfenisite | Tl6(Fe,Ni,Cu)25S26Cl | Isometric |
| Uchucchacuaite | AgMnPb3Sb5S12 | Orthorhombic |
| Vaesite | NiS2 | Isometric |
| Velikite | Cu2HgSnS4 | Tetragonal |
| Villamanínite | (Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S2 | Triclinic |
| Violarite | Fe2+Ni3+2S4 | Isometric |
| Vysotskite | PdS | Tetragonal |
| Westerveldite | (Fe,Ni,Co)As | Orthorhombic |
| Wittite | Pb9Bi12(S,Se)27 | Monoclinic |
| Wurtzite | (Zn,Fe)S | Hexagonal |
| Wuyanzhiite | Cu2S | Tetragonal |
| Xilingolite | Pb3Bi2S6 | Monoclinic |
| Xingzhongite | Pb2+Ir3+2S4 | Isometric |
| Yarrowite | Cu9S8 | Trigonal |
| Zincobriartite | Cu2(Zn,Fe)(Ge,Ga)S4 | Tetragonal |
| Zvyagintsevite | Pd3Pb | Isometric |
| Element | Count | Percent |
|---|
| H | Hydrogen | 6 | 4.69% |
| O | Oxygen | 11 | 8.59% |
| Na | Sodium | 5 | 3.91% |
| Mg | Magnesium | 4 | 3.13% |
| Al | Aluminium | 7 | 5.47% |
| Si | Silicon | 9 | 7.03% |
| S | Sulfur | 109 | 85.16% |
| Cl | Chlorine | 3 | 2.34% |
| K | Potassium | 4 | 3.13% |
| Ca | Calcium | 6 | 4.69% |
| Ti | Titanium | 1 | 0.78% |
| Mn | Manganese | 3 | 2.34% |
| Fe | Iron | 37 | 28.91% |
| Co | Cobalt | 6 | 4.69% |
| Ni | Nickel | 19 | 14.84% |
| Cu | Copper | 47 | 36.72% |
| Zn | Zinc | 11 | 8.59% |
| Ga | Gallium | 3 | 2.34% |
| Ge | Germanium | 3 | 2.34% |
| As | Arsenic | 15 | 11.72% |
| Se | Selenium | 2 | 1.56% |
| Mo | Molybdenum | 4 | 3.13% |
| Rh | Rhodium | 7 | 5.47% |
| Pd | Palladium | 6 | 4.69% |
| Ag | Silver | 9 | 7.03% |
| Cd | Cadmium | 3 | 2.34% |
| In | Indium | 2 | 1.56% |
| Sn | Tin | 12 | 9.38% |
| Sb | Antimony | 9 | 7.03% |
| Ba | Barium | 1 | 0.78% |
| Re | Rhenium | 2 | 1.56% |
| Ir | Iridium | 6 | 4.69% |
| Pt | Platinum | 12 | 9.38% |
| Au | Gold | 1 | 0.78% |
| Hg | Mercury | 3 | 2.34% |
| Tl | Thallium | 2 | 1.56% |
| Pb | Lead | 25 | 19.53% |
| Bi | Bismuth | 14 | 10.94% |
References
Hazen, Robert M., Morrison, Shaunna M. (2022) On the paragenetic modes of minerals: A mineral evolution perspective. American Mineralogist, 107 (7) 1262-1287 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8099
