Baumhauerite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Baumhauerite
Formula:
Pb12As16S36
Simplified Pb3As4S9. May contain minor Sb substituting for As.
Colour:
Lead-grey, steel-grey; iridescent at times
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
5.33 - 5.44
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1902 by Richard Harrison Solly in honor of Heinrich Adolf Baumhauer [October 26, 1848 Bonn, Germany - August 1, 1926 Fribourg, Switzerland], Professor of Mineralogy, University of Fribourg, Switzerland.
Type Locality:
Compare argentobaumhauerite (formerly 'baumhauerite-2a') and bernarlottiite (Sb-rich); also 'UM1966-04-S:AsPb'.
The structure contains isolated and interconnected AsS3 pyramids, as, e.g., in case of dufrénoysite, gratonite, sartorite, and seligmannite.
The structure contains isolated and interconnected AsS3 pyramids, as, e.g., in case of dufrénoysite, gratonite, sartorite, and seligmannite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
572
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:572:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
fb664b78-7b47-44c5-86d4-aea17d4be780
Classification of Baumhauerite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1902
2.HC.05b
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
H : Sulfosalts of SnS archetype
C : With only Pb
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
H : Sulfosalts of SnS archetype
C : With only Pb
3.6.13.1
3 : SULFOSALTS
6 : 2 < ø < 2.49
3 : SULFOSALTS
6 : 2 < ø < 2.49
5.6.4
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
6 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb alone
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
6 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Bha | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Baumhauerite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Lead-grey, steel-grey; iridescent at times
Streak:
Chocolate-brown
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=179 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {100} perfect.
On {100} perfect.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
5.33 - 5.44 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.42 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Baumhauerite
Anisotropism:
Strong, in dark brown, pale brown, pale brownish grey, green, violet, blue-green or yellow
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
---|---|---|
400nm | 38.0% | 42.1% |
420nm | 37.6% | 41.9% |
440nm | 37.2% | 41.6% |
460nm | 36.8% | 41.2% |
480nm | 36.4% | 40.7% |
500nm | 36.0% | 40.4% |
520nm | 35.5% | 39.8% |
540nm | 35.1% | 39.2% |
560nm | 34.6% | 38.6% |
580nm | 34.2% | 37.9% |
600nm | 33.7% | 37.2% |
620nm | 33.2% | 36.5% |
640nm | 32.5% | 35.7% |
660nm | 31.8% | 34.9% |
680nm | 31.1% | 34.2% |
700nm | 30.5% | 33.5% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 42.1%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White
Internal Reflections:
Deep red
Chemical Properties of Baumhauerite
Formula:
Pb12As16S36
Simplified Pb3As4S9. May contain minor Sb substituting for As.
Simplified Pb3As4S9. May contain minor Sb substituting for As.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Sb
Crystallography of Baumhauerite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 22.74 Å, b = 8.33 Å, c = 7.89 Å
α = 90.35°, β = 97°, γ = 90.42°
α = 90.35°, β = 97°, γ = 90.42°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.73 : 1 : 0.947
Unit Cell V:
1,483.34 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Short prismatic [010]; tabular {100}; striated on {100} parallel to [010] and on {010} parallel to [001]. Some crystals considerably rounded, as by etching.
Twinning:
On {100}, polysynthetic, with visible twin lamellae.
Comment:
Pseudomonoclinic. Also a = 22.905, b = 8.329, c = 7.957 (ICDD 12-281)
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0009265 | Baumhauerite | Le Bihan M T (1961) Contribution a l'etude structurale des sulfures d'arsenic et de plomb. Structure de la baumhauerite Acta Crystallographica 14 1210-1211 | 1961 | Binnenthal, Switzerland | 0 | 293 | |
0010683 | Baumhauerite | Engel P, Nowacki W (1969) Die kristallstruktur von baumhauerit Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 129 178-202 | 1969 | Lengenbach quarry, Binnatal, Canton Wallis, Switzerland | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
11.5 Å | (20) |
7.69 Å | (10) |
7.22 Å | (10) |
6.78 Å | (10) |
6.15 Å | (10) |
5.82 Å | (10) |
5.64 Å | (10) |
5.17 Å | (10) |
4.924 Å | (10) |
4.716 Å | (10) |
4.548 Å | (10) |
4.360 Å | (10) |
4.149 Å | (100) |
3.983 Å | (10) |
3.872 Å | (20) |
3.806 Å | (20) |
3.743 Å | (10) |
3.682 Å | (10) |
3.594 Å | (80) |
3.470 Å | (80) |
3.398 Å | (20) |
3.258 Å | (60) |
3.184 Å | (30) |
3.061 Å | (10) |
3.020 Å | (60) |
2.957 Å | (90) |
2.873 Å | (40) |
2.799 Å | (20) |
2.773 Å | (80) |
2.724 Å | (60) |
2.661 Å | (20) |
2.619 Å | (5) |
2.579 Å | (10) |
2.569 Å | (10) |
2.354 Å | (50) |
2.257 Å | (5) |
2.223 Å | (30) |
2.095 Å | (40) |
2.056 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 12-281. Binntal, Switzerland (close to baumhauerite-2a).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Type Occurrence of Baumhauerite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Isolated crystals, closely resembling dufrenoysite and jordanite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
British Museum of Natural History, London, England, 1926,1654.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Dolomite
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Baumhauerite
Other Language Names for Baumhauerite
German:Baumhauerit
Japanese:バウムハウエル鉱
Russian:Баумгауерит
Simplified Chinese:褐硫砷铅矿
Spanish:Baumhauerita
Traditional Chinese:褐硫砷鉛礦
Relationship of Baumhauerite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Argentobaumhauerite | Ag1.5Pb22As33.5S72 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Argentodufrénoysite | Ag3Pb26As35S80 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Argentoliveingite | Ag3+xPb36-2xAs51+xS112 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Barikaite | Ag3Pb10(Sb8As11)S40 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Bernarlottiite | Pb6(As5Sb3)S18 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Boscardinite | TlPb4(Sb7As2)S18 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Carducciite | (Ag2Sb2)Pb12(As,Sb)16S40 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Dekatriasartorite | TlPb58As97S204 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Dufrénoysite | Pb2As2S5 | Mon. 2 : P21 |
Écrinsite | AgTl3Pb4As11Sb9S36 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Enneasartorite | Tl6Pb32As70S140 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Guettardite | Pb8(Sb0.56As0.44)16S32 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Hendekasartorite | Tl2Pb48As82S172 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Heptasartorite | Tl7Pb22As55S108 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Hyršlite | Pb8As10Sb6S32 | Mon. 2 : P21 |
Incomsartorite | Tl6Pb144As246S516 | Mon. 2/m |
Interliveingite | AgPb18As25S56 | Mon. 2 : P21 |
Liveingite | Pb9As13S28 | Mon. 2 : P21 |
Parapierrotite | TlSb5S8 | Mon. m |
Philrothite | TlAs3S5 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Pierrotite | Tl2(Sb,As)10S16 | Orth. mm2 : Pna21 |
Polloneite | AgPb46As26Sb23S120 | Mon. 2 : P21 |
Rathite | Ag2Pb12-xTlx/2As18+x/2S40 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Sartorite | PbAs2S4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Twinnite | Pb0.8Tl0.1Sb1.3As0.8S4 | Mon. 2/m |
Veenite | Pb16Sb9-xAs7+xS40, x ~ 0-0.5 | Mon. 2 : P21 |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
12 photos of Baumhauerite associated with Realgar | As4S4 |
10 photos of Baumhauerite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
9 photos of Baumhauerite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
8 photos of Baumhauerite associated with Tennantite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12S |
8 photos of Baumhauerite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
3 photos of Baumhauerite associated with Argentoliveingite | Ag3+xPb36-2xAs51+xS112 |
3 photos of Baumhauerite associated with Pararealgar | As4S4 |
3 photos of Baumhauerite associated with Liveingite | Pb9As13S28 |
3 photos of Baumhauerite associated with Argentobaumhauerite | Ag1.5Pb22As33.5S72 |
3 photos of Baumhauerite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.HC. | Bernarlottiite | Pb6(As5Sb3)S18 |
2.HC.05b | Argentobaumhauerite | Ag1.5Pb22As33.5S72 |
2.HC.05d | Dufrénoysite | Pb2As2S5 |
2.HC.05a | Guettardite | Pb8(Sb0.56As0.44)16S32 |
2.HC.05c | Liveingite | Pb9As13S28 |
2.HC.05f | Parapierrotite | TlSb5S8 |
2.HC.05f | Pierrotite | Tl2(Sb,As)10S16 |
2.HC.05d | Rathite | Ag2Pb12-xTlx/2As18+x/2S40 |
2.HC.05a | Sartorite | PbAs2S4 |
2.HC.05a | Twinnite | Pb0.8Tl0.1Sb1.3As0.8S4 |
2.HC.05d | Veenite | Pb16Sb9-xAs7+xS40, x ~ 0-0.5 |
2.HC.05g | Marumoite | Pb32As40S92 |
2.HC.05d | Rathite-IV | PbAs2S4 |
2.HC.05f | Philrothite | TlAs3S5 |
2.HC.05h | Polloneite | AgPb46As26Sb23S120 |
2.HC.05e | Heptasartorite | Tl7Pb22As55S108 |
2.HC.05e | Hendekasartorite | Tl2Pb48As82S172 |
2.HC.05e | Écrinsite | AgTl3Pb4As11Sb9S36 |
2.HC.05b | Baumhauerite II | |
2.HC.05c | Argentoliveingite | Ag3+xPb36-2xAs51+xS112 |
2.HC.05e | Incomsartorite | Tl6Pb144As246S516 |
2.HC.05d | Argentodufrénoysite | Ag3Pb26As35S80 |
2.HC.05a | Hyršlite | Pb8As10Sb6S32 |
2.HC.05e | Dekatriasartorite | TlPb58As97S204 |
2.HC.10a | Fülöppite | Pb3Sb8S15 |
2.HC.10c | Heteromorphite | Pb7Sb8S19 |
2.HC.10b | Plagionite | Pb5Sb8S17 |
2.HC.10d | Rayite | Pb8(Ag,Tl)2Sb8S21 |
2.HC.10d | Semseyite | Pb9Sb8S21 |
2.HC.15 | Boulangerite | Pb5Sb4S11 |
2.HC.15 | Falkmanite | Pb3Sb2S6 |
2.HC.20 | Robinsonite | Pb4Sb6S13 |
2.HC.25 | Moëloite | Pb6Sb6S14(S3) |
2.HC.30 | Dadsonite | Pb23Sb25S60Cl |
2.HC.35 | Owyheeite | Ag3Pb10Sb11S28 |
2.HC.35 | Zoubekite | AgPb4Sb4S10 |
2.HC.40 | Parasterryite | Ag4Pb20Sb14As10S58 |
2.HC.50 | Lopatkaite | Pb5Sb3AsS11 |
Fluorescence of Baumhauerite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Baumhauerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-572.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Baumhauerite
Reference List:
Localities for Baumhauerite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland