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Lithiophilite

Big Photo

Foote Lithium Co. Mine (Foote Mine), Kings Mountain District, Cleveland Co., North Carolina, USA
© 2005 JBS

Show Lithiophilite Photos (27)
Formula:
LiMn
2+
 
[PO
 
4
]
System:OrthorhombicColour:Reddish-Brown, yellowish ...
Lustre:Vitreous, ResinousHardness:4 - 5
Name:From LITHIum and the Greek φιλός for "friend" in allusion to its composition containing lithium.


Triphylite Group Triphylite-Lithiophilite Series

A complete series exists with Triphylite.

Classification of Lithiophilite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:7/A.02-20
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:8.AB.10

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
B : With medium-sized cations
Dana 7th edition ID:38.1.1.2
Dana 8th edition ID:38.1.1.2

38 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, AND VANADATES
1 : ABXO4
Hey's CIM Ref.:19.1.10

19 : Phosphates
1 : Phosphates of the alkali metals
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Type Occurrence of Lithiophilite

Type Locality:Abija N. Fillow Quarry (Branchville Quarry), Branchville, Redding, Fairfield Co., Connecticut, USA
Place of Conservation of Type Material:Yale University, Connecticut 3.5641 3.5645
Year of Discovery:1878
Geological Setting of type material:Pegmatite.

Occurrences of Lithiophilite

Geological Setting:Granite pegmatites, especially the "complex" type containing lithium and phosphate species.

Physical Properties of Lithiophilite

Lustre:Vitreous, Resinous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Colour:Reddish-Brown, yellowish brown, golden-yellow, salmon-orange; colourless to light yellow, pink in transmitted light.
Streak:Colorless to Grayish White
Hardness (Mohs):4 - 5
Cleavage:Very Good
On {100} nearly perfect; on {010} imperfect; on {011} interrupted.
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density (measured):3.345 - 3.5 g/cm3
Density (calculated):3.433 g/cm3
Comment:Value for the Mn end-member.

Crystallography of Lithiophilite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:a = 6.094(5) Å, b = 10.427(5) Å, c = 4.743(1) Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.584 : 1 : 0.455
Unit Cell Volume:V 301.38 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:4
Morphology:Crystals rare; commonly coarse wuith uneven surfaces; stout prismatic [100]. Usually massive, cleavable to compact.
Twinning:Rare contact twins on {130}

Optical Data of Lithiophilite

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 1.669 nβ = 1.673 nγ = 1.682
2V:Measured: 48° to 70°, Calculated: 68°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.013

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:High
Dispersion:strong r < v
Pleochroism:Weak
Comments:X= deep pink
Y= pale greenish yellow
Z= pale pink

Chemical Properties of Lithiophilite

Formula:
LiMn
2+
 
[PO
 
4
]
Essential elements:Li, Mn, O, P
All elements listed in formula:Li, Mn, O, P
Common Impurities:Mg,Ca,Fe

Relationship of Lithiophilite to other Species

Series:Forms a series with Triphylite (see here)
Member of Group:
Triphylite Group:
AB(XO
 
4
)
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
8.AB.05Farringtonite
Mg
 
3
[PO
 
4
]
 
2
8.AB.10Ferrisicklerite
(Fe
3+
 
,LiMn
2+
 
)[PO
 
4
]
8.AB.10Heterosite
(Fe
3+
 
,Mn
3+
 
)[PO
 
4
]
8.AB.10Natrophilite
NaMn
2+
 
[PO
 
4
]
8.AB.10Purpurite
(Mn
3+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)[PO
 
4
]
8.AB.10Sicklerite
(LiMn
2+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)[PO
 
4
]
8.AB.10Simferite
Li(Mg,Fe
3+
 
,Mn
3+
 
)
 
2
[PO
 
4
]
 
2
8.AB.10Triphylite
LiFe
2+
 
[PO
 
4
]
8.AB.15Sarcopside
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
,Mg)
 
3
[PO
 
4
]
 
2
8.AB.15Chopinite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)
 
3
[PO
 
4
]
 
2
8.AB.20Beusite
(Mn
2+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,Ca,Mg)
 
3
[PO
 
4
]
 
2
8.AB.20Graftonite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
,Ca)
 
3
[PO
 
4
]
 
2
8.AB.25Xanthiosite
Ni
 
3
[AsO
 
4
]
 
2
8.AB.30Lammerite
Cu
 
3
[AsO
 
4
]
 
2
8.AB.30IMA2009-002
Cu
 
3
(AsO
 
4
)
 
2
8.AB.35Mcbirneyite
Cu
 
3
(VO
 
4
)
 
2
8.AB.35Stranskiite
(Zn,Cu)
 
3
[AsO
 
4
]
 
2
8.AB.40Lyonsite
Cu
 
3
Fe
 
4
(VO
 
4
)
 
6
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
19.1.1Lithiophosphate
Li
 
3
[PO
 
4
]
19.1.2Olympite
Na
 
5
Li[PO
 
4
]
 
2
19.1.3Nahpoite
Na
 
2
HPO
 
4
19.1.4Dorfmanite
Na
 
2
(PO
 
3
OH)·2H
 
2
O
19.1.5Nalipoite
NaLi
 
2
[PO
 
4
]
19.1.6Stercorite
NaNH
 
4
HPO
 
4
·4H
 
2
O
19.1.7Archerite
(K,NH
 
4
)[H
 
2
PO
 
4
]
19.1.8Biphosphammite
(NH
 
4
,K)H
 
2
PO
 
4
19.1.9Phosphammite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
HPO
 
4
19.1.11Sicklerite
(LiMn
2+
 
,Fe
3+
 
)[PO
 
4
]
19.1.12Ferrisicklerite
(Fe
3+
 
,LiMn
2+
 
)[PO
 
4
]
19.1.13Triphylite
LiFe
2+
 
[PO
 
4
]
19.1.14Tavorite
LiFe
3+
 
[OH|PO
 
4
]
19.1.15Marićite
NaFe
2+
 
[PO
 
4
]
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping):

- +
38.1.1.1Triphylite
LiFe
2+
 
[PO
 
4
]
38.1.1.3Natrophilite
NaMn
2+
 
[PO
 
4
]

Other Names for Lithiophilite

Synonyms:
LithioliteLithio-Mangano-Triphylite
Other Languages:
German:Lithiolit
Lithiophilit
Spanish:Lithiolita
Lithiophilita

Other Information

Other Information:Soluble in acids.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Lithiophilite

Reference List:Brush and Dana (1878) American Journal of Science: 16: 118.

Brush and Dana (1879) American Journal of Science: 18: 45.

Goldschmidt, V. (1923) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text. Heidelberg: vol. 9: 6.

Vassar in: Landes (1925) American Mineralogist: 10: 383.

Berggren analysis in: Quensel (1937) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm. Förhandlinger, Stockholm: 59: 77.

Mason (1941) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm. Förhandlinger, Stockholm: 63: 117.

Mason (1942) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm. Förhandlinger, Stockholm: 64: 335.

Lindberg (1950) American Mineralogist: 35: 59.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 665-669.

Acta Crystallographica: 13: 325-331.

American Mineralogist (1968): 53: 1804.

Internet Links for Lithiophilite

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    Localities for Lithiophilite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Salta
      • Nevados de Palermo
    		Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina)
    • San Luis
      • Coronel Pringles Department
        • La Florida
    		No reference listed
    Collection of NHM, Vienna; Am Min 53:1799-1812
    GALLISKI M.A., CERNÝ P., OYARZÁBAL J., CHAPMAN R. and MÁRQUEZ-ZAVALÍA M. F., THE ASSOCIATION QINGHEIITE-BEUSITE-LITHIOPHILITE IN THE SANTA ANA PEGMATITE, SAN LUIS, ARGENTINA, 6 CONGRESO DE MINERALOGIA Y METALOGENIA: 157. (2002)
    Australia
     
    • Western Australia
      • Pilbara Region
        • East Pilbara Shire
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 667.
    American Mineralogist (1928): 13: 457; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 667.
    Mason, B. & Dunn, P.J. (1974): An unusual occurrence of Bobierrite at Wodgina, Western Australia. Mineralogical Record 5 (6): 265
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Koralpe Mts
        • Moschkogel Mt. - Weinebene area
          • Brandrücken
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    • Lower Austria
      • Waldviertel
        • Spitz
          • Miesling valley
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    Brazil
     
    • Northeast Region
      • Rio Grande do Norte
        • Borborema mineral province
          • Parelhas
    		[MinRec 29:196]
    • Southeast Region
      • Minas Gerais
        • Doce valley
          • Mendes Pimentel
    		Atencio, D., Coutinho, J.M.V., Mascarenhas, Y.P., Ellena, J. (2006): Matioliite, the Mg-analog of burangaite, from Gentil mine, Mendes Pimentel, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and other occurrences. American Mineralogist, 91, 1932-1936.; Atencio, D., Coutinho, J.M.V., Mascarenhas, Y.P., Ellena, J. (2006): Matioliite, the Mg-analog of burangaite, from Gentil mine, Mendes Pimentel, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and other occurrences. American Mineralogist, 91, 1932-1936.; Atencio, D., Coutinho, J.M.V., Mascarenhas, Y.P., Ellena, J. (2006): Matioliite, the Mg-analog of burangaite, from Gentil mine, Mendes Pimentel, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and other occurrences. American Mineralogist, 91, 1932-1936.
        • Poços de Caldas plateau
          • Poços de Caldas
    		Waber (1991)
    Canada
     
    • Manitoba
      • Lac-du-Bonnet area
        • Bernic Lake
    		[MinRec 32:416]
    • Northwest Territories
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 667.
    • Québec
      • Abitibi-Témiscamingue
        • Abitibi RCM
          • La Motte
    		Sabina, A.P. (2003) Rocks & Minerals for the collector; Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d\'Or, Ontario & Quebec. GSC Misc. Report 77, 308 p.
    Finland
     
    • Etelä-Suomen Lääni
      • Orivesi
        • Eräjärvi area
    		No reference listed
    France
     
    • Limousin
      • Haute-Vienne
        • Razès
    		"Les minéraux, leurs gisements, leurs associations", P. Bariand, F. Cesbron et J. Geffroy (1977), Editions Minéraux et Fossiles, BRGM
        • Saint-Sylvestre
    		"Les minéraux, leurs gisements, leurs associations", P. Bariand, F. Cesbron et J. Geffroy (1977), Editions Minéraux et Fossiles, BRGM
    Ireland
     
    • Co. Carlow
    		No reference listed
    Madagascar
     
    • Antananarivo Province
      • Vakinankaratra Region (Betafo - Antsirabé region)
        • Sahatany Pegmatite Field (Mt Bity (Ibity) area)
          • Sahatany Valley
    		Ranorosoa, N. (1986): Etude mineralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar. These de doctorat de L'Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse
    • Fianarantsoa Province
      • Amoron'i Mania Region
        • Ampandramaika-Malakialina Pegmatite Field
          • Ambatofinandrahana District
    		J. Behier (1960): Contribution à la Mineralogie de Madagascar. Ann.Geol.Mad. XXIX, p 47
    Namibia
     
    • Erongo Region
      • Karibib District
        • Goabeb 63 farm
    		Mineralogical Research Co. specimen
        • Okongava-Ost farm
    		Keller, P. (1991): The occurrence of Li-Fe-Mn phosphate minerals in granitic pegmatites of Namibia. Communs. Geol. Surv. Namibia, 7, 21-34.
      • Swakopmund District
        • Cape Cross area
    		http://www.mineral.tu-freiberg.de/econgeology/lehre/namibia/snlipegm/snlipegm_2_4.html
    Norway
     
    • Nordland
      • Meløy
        • Holandsfjord
    		R. Kristiansen (1971, pers. com.); Neumann (1985, p. 115).
    Portugal
     
    • Guarda District
      • Gouveia
        • Folgosinho
      • Sabugal
    		Schnorrer-Köhler (1991), Mineral Occurrences.
    • Viana do Castelo District
      • Caminha
        • Arga de Baixo/Arga de Cima
    		no reference ( self-finds )
    • Viseu District
      • Mangualde
        • Chãs de Tavares
    		Rui Nunes 29th May, 2007
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 667.
    Russia
     
    • Southern Siberia
      • Sayan Mts
        • Eastern Sayan
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    Rwanda
     
    • Western Province
      • Gatumba District
    South Africa
     
    • Northern Cape Province
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 667.
        • Steinkopf
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Sweden
     
    • Västerbotten
      • Skellefteå
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 667.
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Maricopa Co.
        • White Picacho District
          • San Domingo Wash
    		Am Min 67:97-113
      • Mohave Co.
        • Big Sandy Valley
          • Wikieup area
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd. ed.: 279.
      • Yavapai Co.
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 253, 279; Jahns, Richard H. (1952), Pegmatite Deposits of the White Picacho District, Maricopa and Yavapai Counties, Arizona, Arizona Bureau of Mines Bull. 162.
          • Independence Gulch
    		Am Min 67:97-113
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 260, 279; Jahns, R.H. (1952), Pegmatite deposits of the White Picacho district, Maricopa and Yavapai Cos., AZ, AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 162: 47, 98-103.
    Am Min 67:97-113
    Jahns, R.H. (1952), AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 162: 87-90.
    Jahns, Richard H. (1952), AZ Bur. of Mines Bull. 162: 86-87.
    Am Min 67:97-113
    • California
      • San Diego Co.
        • Jacumba District
          • Mt. Tule
    		Mineralogical Record 33(5):363-407; Moore, P. B., 2000, in Mineralogy of Maine, p. 333-336.
    Mineralogical Record 33(5):363-407
    No reference listed
          • Chief Mountain
    		Mineralogical Record (2002): 33(5): 388. Moore (2000) in Mineralogy of Maine, v2, p. 333-336.
          • Hiriart Mountain (Heriart; Heriot; Hiriat Hill)
    		Rocks & Minerals, May, 1999; Moore, P. B., 2000, in Mineralogy of Maine v2, p. 333-336.
    Anonymous (1951), World news on mineral occurrences: Rocks & Minerals: 26: 265-279; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 245.
    Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 38, pp. 1399-1408 (2000)
          • Tourmaline Queen Mountain (Pala; Queen)
    		Seaman, 1976. Pegmatite Minerals of the World.
    Sheppard, J. B. 2008. History of the surface prospects and underground mining developments made along the northern portion of the Stewart pegmatite; personal communication with Scott L. Ritchie, SDMC. June/July.
    San Diego Mining Company, 2003.; San Diego Mining Company, 2003.
    San Diego Mining Company, 2001.
        • Rincon District
          • Rincon Mountain (Boucher Hill)
    		Fisher, J. 2002. Gem and rare-element pegmatites of southern California. Mineralogical Record, Vol. 33: p. 389-390.
        • Warner Springs District
    		San Diego Mining Company, 2007.
    • Colorado
      • Jefferson Co.
        • Clear Creek pegmatite Province
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Larimer Co.
        • Crystal Mountain Pegmatite District (Storm Mountain District)
    		Meeves, H., et al (1966), Reconnaissance of beryllium-bearing pegmatite deposits in six western states, US Bur. Mines Info. Circ. 8298: 30 (Table A-1).
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
    • Connecticut
      • Fairfield Co.
        • Redding
          • Branchville
    		American Mineralogist (1946): 31: 329-345; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 667, 671, 855, 938.
      • Middlesex Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 667.
          • Collins Hill
    		Moore, P. B., 2000, in Mineralogy of Maine v2, p. 333-336.
    • Idaho
      • Latah Co.
        • Avon District (Mica Mountain District)
          • Sand Mountain
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    • Maine
      • Androscoggin Co.
        • Auburn
          • Mt. Apatite District
    		No reference listed
    Moore, P. B., 2000, in Mineralogy of Maine v2, p. 333-336.
    No reference listed
    No reference listed
    Moore, P. B., 2000, in Mineralogy of Maine, p. 333-336.
    No reference listed
        • Poland
    		Moore, P.B., 2000, in Mineralogy of Maine v2, p. 333-336.
      • Cumberland Co.
        • Baldwin
    		Rocks & Min. (May, 1999)
      • Oxford Co.
        • Buckfield
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 667.
        • Greenwood
    		Moore, P. B., 2000, in Mineralogy of Maine v2, p. 333-336.
          • Uncle Tom Mt
    		Moore, P. B., 2000, in Mineralogy of Maine v2, p. 333-336.
        • Hebron
    		Moore (2000) in Mineralogy of Maine v2, p. 333-336.
        • Norway
    		Moore, P. B., 2000, Analysis of Primary Phosphates ..., Mineralogy of Maine, v. 2.
        • Paris
    		Moore, P., 2000, in Mineralogy of Maine, v. 2.
    • Massachusetts
      • Hampshire Co.
        • Huntington
    • New Hampshire
      • Cheshire Co.
        • Marlow
    		Personal collection and XRD analysis by Fred E Davis
      • Grafton Co.
        • Alexandria
    		Rocks & Min.: 17:250; Morrill, P., 1960, New Hampshire Mines and Mineral Localities.
        • Grafton
    		Morrill, P., 1960, New Hampshire Mines and Mineral Localities.
        • Groton
    		Morrill, P., 1960, New Hampshire Mines and Mineral Localities.
    No reference listed
      • Rockingham Co.
        • Raymond
    		Francis, C. A. (1985): Minerals of the Chandler Mine, A Zoned Lithium Rich Pegmatite (Rocks and Minerals, 60:263-264)
      • Strafford Co.
        • Farmington
    		No reference listed
    • New Mexico
      • Taos Co.
        • Picuris District
    		Jahns, R. H. and Ewing, R. C. (1977): The Harding mine, Taos County, New Mexico. Mineralogical Record, 8 (2): 115-126.
    • North Carolina
      • Cleveland Co.
        • Kings Mountain
    		Wilson,W.F and Mckenzie,B.J ,1978, Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina,Information Circular 24
        • Kings Mountain District
    		John S. White, "Mineralogy of the Foote Mine" in Geol. Invest. of the Kings Mtn. Belt...1981; Am Min 54 (1969), 1467-1469 ; Thomssen, R. W. & Anthony, J. W. (1977): Lithiophilite crystals from the Foote mine. Mineralogical Record 8 (2): 95-97
    Gems and Minerals of America-Jay Ellis Ransom-1974
    Genth,F.A and Kerr,W.C,1881,Mineral and Mineral Localities of North Carolina,Geologic Survey
        • Lincolnton
    		Genth,F.A and Kerr,W.C, 1881,Mineral Localities of North Carolina, Geologic Survey, North Carolina
    • South Dakota
      • Custer Co.
        • Custer District
          • Berne
    		R&M 75:3 pp 156-169
          • Custer
    		R&M 75:3 pp 156-169
    Meeves, H., et al (1966), Reconnaissance of beryllium-bearing pegmatite deposits in six western states, US Bur. Mines Info. Circ. 8298: 32 (Table A-1).
    R&M 75:3 pp 156-169
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
          • Fourmile
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Lawrence Co.
        • Tinton pegmatite District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Pennington Co.
        • Keystone District
          • Glendale
    		Rocks & Minerals: 60: 116.
    SDSMT Bull 18 Roberts and Rapp "Mineralogy of the Black Hills"
          • Keystone
    		U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 297
    Dana 6: 1088; Rocks & Minerals: 10: 121-122,146-147.
    R&M 75:3 pp 156-169; Meeves, H., et al (1966), Reconnaissance of beryllium-bearing pegmatite deposits in six western states, US Bur. Mines Info. Circ. 8298: 32 (Table A-1).
    R&M 75:3 pp 156-169; Meeves, H., et al (1966), Reconnaissance of beryllium-bearing pegmatite deposits in six western states, US Bur. Mines Info. Circ. 8298: 33 (Table A-1).
    • Wisconsin
      • Florence Co.
        • Fern
    		The Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Animikie Red Ace Pegmatite, Florence County, Wisconsin. Alexander U. Falster, Wm. B. Simmons, and Karen L. Webber, Recent Research Developments in Mineralogy, 1(1996); Rocks and Minerals 63:455
    Zimbabwe
     
    • Mashonaland
      • Mtoko
    		Hornung. G. PhD thesis. Pegmatites of th N. Mtoko Region. University of Leeds, Research Institute of African Geology. !961
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