Cassano all'Ionio caves (Cassano allo Ionio caves), Cassano all'Ionio (Cassano allo Ionio), Cosenza Province, Calabria, Italyi
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Cassano all'Ionio caves (Cassano allo Ionio caves) | Group of Caves |
| Cassano all'Ionio (Cassano allo Ionio) | Commune |
| Cosenza Province | Province |
| Calabria | Region |
| Italy | - not defined - |
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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
39° 47' 19'' North , 16° 18' 27'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Locality type:
Group of Caves
KΓΆppen climate type:
Nearest Settlements:
| Place | Population | Distance |
|---|---|---|
| Cassano Allo Ionio | 11,560 (2018) | 1.9km |
| Civita | 903 (2014) | 4.4km |
| Varco d'Amendola | 121 (2014) | 5.7km |
| Frascineto | 2,227 (2014) | 6.3km |
| Caccianova | 110 (2014) | 7.2km |
Other Languages:
Italian:
Grotte di Cassano all'Ionio (Grotte di Cassano allo Ionio), Cassano all'Ionio (Cassano allo Ionio; Cassano allo Jonio), Provincia di Cosenza, Calabria, Italia
Hypogenic caves in the karst area of Monte San Marco.
The complex of the Sant'Angelo caves is made up of three caves: Grotta Superiore di SantβAngelo, Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo, and Grotta Sopra le Grotte di SantβAngelo. This cave system, developed in Triassic dark-grey dolostones, is composed of well-ramified caves with sub-horizontal levels and deep shafts carved by sulfuric acid speleogenetic processes. The lower levels, nowadays used as spa, present a still active flow of rising thermal waters.
The floor of Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo is littered with deposits of heterogeneous alluvial material and filled with guano deposits, gypsum that was partially quarried in the past, and many speleothems that also cover the walls. The primary minerals belonging to carbonates, sulfates, oxides and hydroxides, halides, phosphates, and silicates result from the interactions of cave atmosphere or water with thekarst rocks and the nearby metamorphic (phyllite) and sedimentary (conglomerates) rocks. Phosphates in the cave are scattered, and they occur in sections of the cave where bat guano supplied phosphate ions. The presence of halite and sylvite over the gypsum is related to a period of strong evaporation when the cave was no longer flooded by meteoric water. Finally, trioctahedral smectite (sauconite) found in clay-bearing carbonate speleothems could be of authigenic origin. Clay minerals (phlogophite, montmorillonite, and sauconite) and the detrital minerals enstatite, rutile, magnesite, pyrite, chrysotile, quartz, dolomite, and chlinoclore originated from the surrounding carbonate rocks and conglomerates.
Note: D'Angeli et al. (2017) reported a cumulative list of some sulfates present in the Cassano allo Ionio and Cerchiara di Calabria Caves. Later, D'Angeli et al. (2018) gave the precise list of the minerals found for these localities, from which appears that some species are present in one of the two localities only. Consequently, the Mindat list of minerals for both localities is up to date. Therefore, the affirmation made later by other authors on the presence of tschermigite also in the Cassano allo allo Ionio caves is incorrect.
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsMineral List
26 valid minerals.
Rock Types Recorded
Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!
Select Rock List Type
Alphabetical List Tree DiagramDetailed Mineral List:
| β 'Apatite' Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61. |
| β Baryte Formula: BaSO4 Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61; D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Brucite Formula: Mg(OH)2 Reference: D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Calcite Formula: CaCO3 Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61; D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Chrysotile Formula: Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61. |
| β Clinochlore Formula: Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61. |
| β Dolomite Formula: CaMg(CO3)2 Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61; D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Enstatite Formula: Mg2Si2O6 Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61. |
| β Epsomite Formula: MgSO4 · 7H2O Reference: D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Goethite Formula: Ξ±-Fe3+O(OH) Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61; D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Gypsum Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O Reference: Jervis, G. (1874) I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Vol. 2: Regione dellβAppennino e vulcani attivi e spenti dipendentivi. Ermanno Loescher, Torino, XVIII+624 pp.; Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61; DβAngeli, M.I., De Waele, J., Carbone, C., Parise, M., Madonia, G., and Vattano, M. (2017) Secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. In: Moore, K., and White, S. (eds.), Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Speleology, Sidney, NSW, Australia, July 22-28, 2017. Australian Speleological Federation Inc., Sideney, Vol.1, 237-24; D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Halite Formula: NaCl Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61. |
| β Hematite Formula: Fe2O3 Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61; D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Hexahydrite Formula: MgSO4 · 6H2O Reference: D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Jarosite Formula: KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 Reference: DβAngeli, M.I., De Waele, J., Carbone, C., Parise, M., Madonia, G., and Vattano, M. (2017) Secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. In: Moore, K., and White, S. (eds.), Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Speleology, Sidney, NSW, Australia, July 22-28, 2017. Australian Speleological Federation Inc., Sideney, Vol.1, 237-24; D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Magnesite Formula: MgCO3 Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61; D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291.
|
| β Montmorillonite Formula: (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61; D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Muscovite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Reference: D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Phlogopite Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61. |
| β Pickeringite Formula: MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O Reference: DβAngeli, M.I., De Waele, J., Carbone, C., Parise, M., Madonia, G., and Vattano, M. (2017) Secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. In: Moore, K., and White, S. (eds.), Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Speleology, Sidney, NSW, Australia, July 22-28, 2017. Australian Speleological Federation Inc., Sideney, Vol.1, 237-24; D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Pyrite Formula: FeS2 Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61; D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Quartz Formula: SiO2 Reference: D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Rutile Formula: TiO2 Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61; D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Sauconite Formula: Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61. |
| β Sulphur Formula: S8 Reference: D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
| β Sylvite Formula: KCl Reference: Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61. |
| β Tamarugite Formula: NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O Reference: DβAngeli, M.I., De Waele, J., Carbone, C., Parise, M., Madonia, G., and Vattano, M. (2017) Secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. In: Moore, K., and White, S. (eds.), Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Speleology, Sidney, NSW, Australia, July 22-28, 2017. Australian Speleological Federation Inc., Sideney, Vol.1, 237-24; D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291. |
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 1 - Elements | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| β | Sulphur | 1.CC.05 | S8 |
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
| β | Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | FeS2 |
| Group 3 - Halides | |||
| β | Halite | 3.AA.20 | NaCl |
| β | Sylvite | 3.AA.20 | KCl |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| β | Brucite | 4.FE.05 | Mg(OH)2 |
| β | Goethite | 4.00. | Ξ±-Fe3+O(OH) |
| β | Hematite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| β | Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| β | Rutile | 4.DB.05 | TiO2 |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| β | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
| β | Dolomite | 5.AB.10 | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| β | Magnesite | 5.AB.05 | MgCO3 |
| Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
| β | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
| β | Epsomite | 7.CB.40 | MgSO4 Β· 7H2O |
| β | Gypsum | 7.CD.40 | CaSO4 Β· 2H2O |
| β | Hexahydrite | 7.CB.25 | MgSO4 Β· 6H2O |
| β | Jarosite | 7.BC.10 | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| β | Pickeringite | 7.CB.85 | MgAl2(SO4)4 Β· 22H2O |
| β | Tamarugite | 7.CC.10 | NaAl(SO4)2 Β· 6H2O |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| β | Chrysotile | 9.ED.15 | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| β | Clinochlore | 9.EC.55 | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| β | Enstatite | 9.DA.05 | Mg2Si2O6 |
| β | Montmorillonite | 9.EC.40 | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 Β· nH2O |
| β | Muscovite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| β | Phlogopite | 9.EC.20 | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| β | Sauconite | 9.EC.45 | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
| Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc. | |||
| β | 'Apatite' | - | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | β Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| H | β Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| H | β Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| H | β Tamarugite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| H | β Goethite | Ξ±-Fe3+O(OH) |
| H | β Brucite | Mg(OH)2 |
| H | β Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
| H | β Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| H | β Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | β Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| H | β Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| H | β Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| H | β Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | β Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| H | β Chrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | β Calcite | CaCO3 |
| C | β Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| C | β Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | β Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| O | β Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| O | β Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| O | β Tamarugite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| O | β Rutile | TiO2 |
| O | β Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| O | β Goethite | Ξ±-Fe3+O(OH) |
| O | β Brucite | Mg(OH)2 |
| O | β Calcite | CaCO3 |
| O | β Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| O | β Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| O | β Baryte | BaSO4 |
| O | β Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
| O | β Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| O | β Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | β Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | β Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| O | β Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| O | β Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| O | β Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| O | β Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | β Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| O | β Chrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| F | Fluorine | |
| F | β Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| Na | Sodium | |
| Na | β Tamarugite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| Na | β Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Na | β Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| Na | β Halite | NaCl |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| Mg | β Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| Mg | β Brucite | Mg(OH)2 |
| Mg | β Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| Mg | β Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Mg | β Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
| Mg | β Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| Mg | β Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Mg | β Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| Mg | β Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Mg | β Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Mg | β Chrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | β Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| Al | β Tamarugite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| Al | β Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | β Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Al | β Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| Al | β Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | β Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | β Quartz | SiO2 |
| Si | β Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | β Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Si | β Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| Si | β Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| Si | β Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | β Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Si | β Chrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| P | Phosphorus | |
| P | β Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | β Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| S | β Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| S | β Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| S | β Tamarugite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| S | β Pyrite | FeS2 |
| S | β Baryte | BaSO4 |
| S | β Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
| S | β Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| S | β Sulphur | S8 |
| Cl | Chlorine | |
| Cl | β Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| Cl | β Sylvite | KCl |
| Cl | β Halite | NaCl |
| K | Potassium | |
| K | β Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| K | β Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| K | β Sylvite | KCl |
| K | β Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | β Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| Ca | β Calcite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | β Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Ca | β Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Ca | β Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| Ti | Titanium | |
| Ti | β Rutile | TiO2 |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | β Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| Fe | β Pyrite | FeS2 |
| Fe | β Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| Fe | β Goethite | Ξ±-Fe3+O(OH) |
| Zn | Zinc | |
| Zn | β Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| Ba | Barium | |
| Ba | β Baryte | BaSO4 |
References
Sort by
Year (asc) Year (desc) Author (A-Z) Author (Z-A)Jervis, G. (1874) I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Vol. 2: Regione dellβAppennino e vulcani attivi e spenti dipendentivi. Ermanno Loescher, Torino, XVIII+624 pp.
Galdenzi, S. (1997) Initial geologic observations in caves bordering the Sibari plain (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 59, 2, 81β86.
Catalano, M., Bloise, A., Miriello, D., Apollaro, C., Critelli, T., Muto, F., Cazzanelli, E., and Barrese, E. (2014) The mineralogical study of the Grotta Inferiore di SantβAngelo (southern Italy). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 76, 1, 51-61.
DβAngeli, M.I., De Waele, J., Carbone, C., Parise, M., Madonia, G., and Vattano, M. (2017) Secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. In: Moore, K., and White, S. (eds.), Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Speleology, Sidney, NSW, Australia, July 22-28, 2017. Australian Speleological Federation Inc., Sideney, Vol.1, 237-241
D'Angeli, I. M., Carbone, C., Nagostinis, M., Parise, M., Vattano, M., Madonia, G., and De Waele, J. (2018) New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves. International Journal of Speleology, 47, 3, 271-291.
Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality
Eurasian PlateTectonic Plate
EuropeContinent
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