Hexahydrite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hexahydrite
Formula:
MgSO4 · 6H2O
Colour:
Colourless, white, pale greenish white; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Pearly, Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
1.757
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1911 by Robert Angus Alister Johnston in allusion to its composition, having six (HEXA-) molecules of water (HYDR-) in its formula.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1891
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1891:9
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
6a2650aa-e6ab-40e4-b1f7-2df4fe6fd5db
IMA Classification of Hexahydrite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Mg(SO4) · 6H2O
First published:
1911
Classification of Hexahydrite
7.CB.25
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
29.6.8.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
25.3.5
25 : Sulphates
3 : Sulphates of Mg
25 : Sulphates
3 : Sulphates of Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Hhy | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Hexahydrite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Hexahydrite
Sub-Vitreous, Pearly, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, white, pale greenish white; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {100}, perfect.
On {100}, perfect.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
1.757 g/cm3 (Measured) 1.745 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hexahydrite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.426 nβ = 1.453 nγ = 1.456
2V:
Measured: 38° , Calculated: 36°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.030
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none
Optical Extinction:
Y = b; X ∧ c = 25°.
Chemistry of Hexahydrite
Mindat Formula:
MgSO4 · 6H2O
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Hexahydrite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 24.44 Å, b = 7.21 Å, c = 10.11 Å
β = 98.28°
β = 98.28°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 3.39 : 1 : 1.402
Unit Cell V:
1,762.94 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Good crystals rare; sometimes thick tabular {001}. Also coarse columnar to delicately fibrous to acicular.
Twinning:
1. On {001}; 2. on {110}.
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0009280 | Hexahydrite | Zalkin A, Ruben H, Templeton D H (1964) The crystal structure and hydrogen bonding of magnesium sulfate hexahydrate Acta Crystallographica 17 235-240 | 1964 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
5.45 Å | (50) |
5.10 Å | (45) |
4.88 Å | (30) |
4.39 Å | (100) |
4.16 Å | (35) |
4.04 Å | (45) |
2.94 Å | (30) |
Comments:
ICDD 24-719
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Near-surface Processes | |
21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Type Occurrence of Hexahydrite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Seams (to about 1 cm thick) and scattered patches in altered rock. A somewhat coarse columnar structure or sometimes delictae fibrous. No distinct crystals observed.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type specimen.
Reference:
Johnston, R.A.A. (1911) Hexahydrite, a new mineral. Summary Report of the Geological Survey Branch of the Department of Mines For the Calendar Year 1910: 26: 256-257.
Other Language Names for Hexahydrite
Relationship of Hexahydrite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Bianchite | Zn(SO4) · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
Chvaleticeite | Mn(SO4) · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Ferrohexahydrite | FeSO4 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Moorhouseite | Co(SO4) · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Nickelhexahydrite | Ni(SO4) · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
7 photos of Hexahydrite associated with Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
6 photos of Hexahydrite associated with Betpakdalite-NaCa | [Na2(H2O)17Ca(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O34(OH)3] |
6 photos of Hexahydrite associated with Bandylite | Cu[B(OH)4]Cl |
6 photos of Hexahydrite associated with Blödite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
6 photos of Hexahydrite associated with Nitratine | NaNO3 |
5 photos of Hexahydrite associated with Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
4 photos of Hexahydrite associated with Sulphur | S8 |
4 photos of Hexahydrite associated with Aubertite | CuAl(SO4)2Cl · 14H2O |
3 photos of Hexahydrite associated with Metavoltine | K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
2 photos of Hexahydrite associated with Tschermigite | (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | FeSO4 · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O |
7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O |
7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 · 10H2O |
7.CB.15 | Aplowite | (Co,Mn,Ni)SO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.15 | Boyleite | (Zn,Mg)SO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.15 | Ilesite | (Mn,Zn,Fe)SO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
7.CB.20 | Jôkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O |
7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(SO4) · 6H2O |
7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn(SO4) · 6H2O |
7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | FeSO4 · 6H2O |
7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co(SO4) · 6H2O |
7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni(SO4) · 6H2O |
7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
7.CB.35 | Bieberite | CoSO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.35 | Boothite | CuSO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.35 | Mallardite | MnSO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu)(SO4) · 7H2O |
7.CB.40 | Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.45 | Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | 3CdSO4 · 8H2O |
7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
7.CB.57 | Caichengyunite | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 · 30H2O |
7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 11H2O |
7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 · 6H2O |
7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
7.CB.85 | Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O |
Fluorescence of Hexahydrite
Fluoresces and phosphoresces dull cream white (Sterling Mine, Ogdensburg, NJ, USA).
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube it yields a large amount of water of neutral pH. Before the blowpipe, on charcoal, it swells and emits bubbles of vapour, but does not melt; and leaves an infusible mass, of neutral pH. When moistened with a solution of cobalt nitrate and reignited the mass becomes pink.
Notes:
Dissolves readily in cold water, giving a clear solution with a bitter salty taste. Adding ammonium chloride, this solution does not give a precipitate, but when a solution of sodium phosphate is added to the ammoniacal solution, a large amount of white precipitate of ammonium-magnesium phosphate is produced. Adding HCl and barium chloride to the starting aqueous solution produces abundant white precipitate of barium sulphate.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hexahydrite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1891.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Hexahydrite
Localities for Hexahydrite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Watanuki/ Torii/ Nishiyama/ Morikawa |
| Barczuk A. & Tatur A. 2003: BIOGENIC ... |
Barczuk et al. (2003) | |
Argentina | |
| Zavalia et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Peterson (2011) |
| Bengochea et al. (1998) |
Australia | |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| Thienenkamp (2004) |
| Sielecki (1988) +1 other reference |
Sielecki (1988) | |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| Rob Fitzpatrick |
| Raven et al. (2010, August) |
| Mark Raven |
| Wilson et al. (2014) |
Mills et al. (2010) | |
Austria | |
| Götzinger et al. (2009) |
| J. Mörtl: Carinthia II 192./112.:329-330 (2002) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Bojar (2007) |
| Postl et al. (2014) |
| Postl et al. (2019) |
| Taucher (1996) |
| NIEDERMAYR et al. (1995) |
| Meixner (1977) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch et al. (2006) |
| Exel (1993) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bulgaria | |
| Младенова et al. (2007) |
Canada | |
Kohut et al. (1993) | |
| Renaut et al. (1994) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| JOHNSTON (1911) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Geological Association of Canada (2014) |
| Battler et al. (2013) |
Rocks & Min 81:1 pp 24-32 | |
| Zodrow (1989) |
| Gait et al. (1990) |
| geological survey of canada paper 73-13 |
| SABINA (1968) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Sabina (1983) |
| Last (1990) |
Greengrass et al. (1999) | |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
150-152. +2 other references | |
| Sabina (1972) |
Chile | |
| Collao et al. (2002) |
| Samples analysed by Tony Kampf of LAC ... +1 other reference |
Kampf et al. (2013) | |
| Cabestrero et al. (2022) |
Cabestrero et al. (2022) | |
China | |
| Shaoxiu Yang (1991) |
| Shaoxiu Yang (1991) |
| Shaoxiu Yang (1991) |
| Shaoxiu Yang (1991) |
| Yang et al. (2016) |
| Bingxiao Li (1992) |
| Bingxiao Li (1992) |
| Kaiyin Bai and Zhaoxin Han (2007) |
Costa Rica | |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Cyprus | |
| Ng +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Jirásek (2001) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Sejkora et al. (2019) |
| Matýsek D. |
| Matýsek D. |
| Jirásek et al. (2011) |
| Dalibor Matýsek |
Dalibor Matýsek | |
| Matýsek D. (1999) |
| Hofmanovi P. a R.: Příspěvek k ... |
| Dokoupilova P. |
Hršelová et al. (2013) | |
| Petr Němeček (2007) |
| Kruťa T. (1944) +1 other reference |
| Petr Pauliš |
Egypt | |
| |
El Salvador | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
France | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009) |
| Steven M. Richardson (1978) |
Germany | |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
| |
| Schnorrer (2000) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| T. Witzke (1992) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Liebeskind et al. (1992) |
Greece | |
| |
| |
Branko Rieck collection | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
Lapis et al. (1999) | |
Branko Rieck collection | |
Greenland | |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
Hungary | |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
| Szakáll et al. (2008) |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
| www.minerals- of-the- carpathians.eu (Editor:Szakáll) |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. | |
| Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997) |
Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference | |
Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference | |
Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| HOM Collection 2005 |
Mineral Species of Hungary | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. +1 other reference |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
| Farkas et al. (2009) |
| Geoda - Journal of the Hungarian ... |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
Iceland | |
| Balić-Žunić et al. (2016) |
India | |
| Equeenuddin (2015) |
Iran | |
| Khorasanipour (2015) |
Italy | |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| Scacchetti et al. (2023) |
| Galliano et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| Conticini F. et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| C.L. Garavelli (1957) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Mineralogical Record (1) |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
Japan | |
| Seki et al. (1987) |
| Nambu et al (1980) |
| Shimobayashi et al. (2011) |
Kenya | |
| Bowell et al. (1996) |
Mexico | |
| Gazquez et al. (1) |
| |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Yta et al. (2005) |
Morocco | |
| S. Weiß: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
Namibia | |
| Dill et al. (2002) |
Nicaragua | |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
North Macedonia | |
| Alois Lechner collection (analysed by Günter Blass) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
Norway | |
| Henrich Neumann (1985) |
| Garmo (1974) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1989) |
| Raade (1973) +2 other references |
| Witsø (1994) +1 other reference |
| Jørgensen et al. (2001) |
| Jørgensen et al. (2001) |
| Henrich Neumann (1985) |
| Raade et al. (1990) |
| Raade (1989) |
| Ellingsen (1989) |
| Henrich Neumann (1985) |
Peru | |
| Diaby et al. (2006) |
Poland | |
| powder rtg. 2007 |
| Cabała et al. (2008) |
| Ciesielczukk |
| Stepisiewicz (1983) |
| Lukasz Kruszewski 2005: Minerals arising in cause of underground fires of "Skalny" coal mine dump in Laziska (unpublished) +1 other reference |
| Kruszewski (2013) |
| Kruszewski (2013) |
| Bril et al. (2008) |
Kruszewski (2013) | |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD data (to be published soon) |
| Kruszewski et al. (2018) |
Portugal | |
| Joana Ribeiro et al. (2013) |
| Álvarez-Valero et al. (2008) |
Romania | |
| Apopei et al. (2005) |
| Januszewska et al. (2023) |
A. Januszewska PXRD data / Januszewska et al. (in preparation) | |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| [Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] +1 other reference |
[Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p.163-180] | |
| |
| Indolev L N et al. (1971) |
| Antonov A.A. [Антонов А.А.] (2003) |
Senegal | |
| Montoroi (1995) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Števko M. et al. (2017) |
| Myšľan P. et al. (Slovenská republika) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Rewitzer et al. (part 2) |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| MinMag 67 (2) |
| Romero et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Vizcayno et al. (1995) |
| Fernando Gascón collection +1 other reference |
Fernando Gascón collection | |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Sanz-Montero et al. (2019) |
| Garcia-Guinea et al. (2018) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com) |
| Crespo López et al. (2023) |
| Benavente +2 other references |
| Benavente et al. (2018, September) |
Switzerland | |
| Romani E. (2000) |
| Romani (2000) +1 other reference |
| Philipp R. (1983) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cannon (2005) +1 other reference |
| Perroud et al. (1987) +2 other references |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tunisia | |
| Smykatz-Kloss et al. (2010) |
Turkey | |
| Helvaci (1998) |
Çelik Karakaya M & Karakaya N (2011) | |
| van Doesburg et al. (1982) |
Turkmenistan | |
| |
UK | |
| Smith et al. (2014) |
Kemp et al. (2016) | |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) |
Ukraine | |
| Popov S.P. Mineralogy of the Crimea (1938) |
| Deyak M.A. Modern water-chemogenic ... |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| A. Tischenko. Minerals of the Crimea - ... |
| Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914) |
| Möckel et al. (1992) |
| Dobrovolskaya T.I. (2004) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Graeme (1981) +1 other reference | |
Wenrich (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Gornitz (2004) |
| Anthony et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Howard (2007) |
| Anthony R. Kampf & FM Locality Index Committee (1989) |
[Mineralogical Record 20 129-142] | |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| a spectroscopic exploration. Economic ... +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 267. +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Zielinski et al. (2001) |
| Januzzi (1976) |
| Hon et al. (2011) |
| |
| Cerato |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Buck et al. (2006) |
| USGS Prof Paper 860 +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dunn (1995) |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... |
| Patrick Haynes collection |
| Januzzi +1 other reference |
| Carlson (2015) |
Carlson (2015) | |
| Carlson (2015) |
| King (n.d.) |
Ernest H. Carlson. Jerret Whitford. ... | |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| gsa.confex.com (2002) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
Carlson (2015) | |
| Gold (2006, October) |
| Barnes (1973) +2 other references |
| www.jonesgeo.com (2011) |
| Coskren et al. (2000) |
| Journal of Geosciences (2015) +2 other references |
| USGS TEI #514 |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1985) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Kilburn et al. (1996) |
| Cannon (1975) |
Cannon (1975) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Uklonskiy et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| Slyusareva (1964) |
Venezuela | |
Franco Urbani (2009) |
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