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Coronadite

Big Photo

Les Montmins Mine (Ste Barbe vein), Échassières, Ébreuil, Allier, Auvergne, France
© T. Brunsperger

Show Coronadite Photos (35)
Formula:
Pb(Mn
4+
 
,Mn
3+
 
)
 
8
O
 
16
System:MonoclinicColour:Dark grey, black
Hardness:4½ - 5
Name:
After Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (ca. 1500-1554), a famous Spanish explorer of the American southwest.
This page provides mineralogical data about Coronadite.

Classification of Coronadite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/D.08-70
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.DK.05

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
K : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; tunnel structures
Dana 8th edition ID:7.9.1.4

7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
9 : AB8X16
Hey's CIM Ref.:7.11.28

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
11 : Oxides of Sn and Pb
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Type Occurrence of Coronadite

Type Locality:Horse-Shoe shaft (Horseshoe Mine), Coronado Mine (Coronado Mining Co. property; Arizona Copper Co. group [in part]), Coronado vein, Copper Plate Gulch, Copper Mountain District (Clifton-Morenci District), Shannon Mts, Greenlee Co., Arizona, USA
Place of Conservation of Type Material:Smithsonian R2012, 86040
Year of Discovery:1904

Occurrences of Coronadite

Geological Setting:In hydrothermal veins or hot springs, as a weathering product in manganese deposits, bedded sedimentary deposits.

Physical Properties of Coronadite

Lustre:Sub-Metallic, Dull
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Opaque
Colour:Dark grey, black
Streak:Brown-black
Hardness (Mohs):4½ - 5
Density (measured):5.246 - 5.505 g/cm3
Density (calculated):5.45 g/cm3

Crystallography of Coronadite

Crystal System:Monoclinic
Class (H-M):2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:a = 9.938(1) Å, b = 2.8678(5) Å, c = 9.834(2) Å
β = 90.39(2)°
Ratio:a:b:c = 3.465 : 1 : 3.429
Unit Cell Volume:V 280.26 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:1
Morphology:Massive. Botryoidal crusts with a fibrous structure.

Optical Data of Coronadite

Type:Biaxial
Type:Anisotropic
Anisotropism:Strong
Dispersion:r > v strong
Colour in reflected light:Nearly galena-white
Pleochroism:Strong
Comments:Dark brown to gray

Chemical Properties of Coronadite

Formula:
Pb(Mn
4+
 
,Mn
3+
 
)
 
8
O
 
16
Essential elements:Mn, O, Pb
All elements listed in formula:Mn, O, Pb
Common Impurities:Fe,Al,H2O

Relationship of Coronadite to other Species

Member of Group:
Cryptomelane Group:
Common Associates:
WadPyrolusiteHollandite
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.DK.05Akaganeite
β-Fe
3+
 
O(OH,Cl)
4.DK.05Ankangite
Ba(Ti,V
3+
 
,Cr)
 
8
O
 
16
4.DK.05Hollandite
Ba(Mn
4+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)
 
8
O
 
16
4.DK.05Manjiroite
(Na,K)Mn
 
8
O
 
16
·nH
 
2
O
4.DK.05Mannardite
Ba
 
x
Ti
 
8-2x
V
 
2x
O
 
16
·2-xH
 
2
O
4.DK.05Priderite
(K,Ba)(Ti,Fe)
 
8
O
 
16
4.DK.05Redledgeite
Ba
 
x
([Cr,Fe,V]
3+
2x
Ti
 
8-2x
)O
 
16
4.DK.05Henrymeyerite
BaFe
2+
 
Ti
 
7
O
 
16
4.DK.10Cryptomelane
K(Mn
4+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)
 
8
O
 
16
4.DK.10Romanèchite
(Ba,H
 
2
O)
 
2
Mn
 
5
O
 
10
4.DK.10Todorokite
(Ca,K,Na,Mg,Ba,Mn)(Mn,Mg,Al)
 
6
O
 
12
·3H
 
2
O
4.DK.10Strontiomelane
SrMn
4+
6
Mn
3+
2
O
 
16
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
7.11.1Romarchite
SnO
7.11.2Cassiterite
SnO
 
2
7.11.4Schoenfliesite
Mg[Sn(OH)
 
6
]
7.11.5Burtite
Ca[Sn(OH)
 
6
]
7.11.6Vismirnovite
Zn[Sn(OH)
 
6
]
7.11.7Wickmanite
Mn
2+
 
[Sn(OH)
 
6
]
7.11.8Tetrawickmanite
Mn
2+
 
[Sn
4+
 
(OH)
 
6
]
7.11.9Jeanbandyite
(Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)[Sn
4+
 
(OH)
 
6
]
7.11.10Natanite
Fe
2+
 
[Sn(OH)
 
6
]
7.11.11Mushistonite
(Cu,Zn,Fe
2+
 
)[Sn(OH)
 
6
]
7.11.12Ferronigerite-2N1S
Sn(Fe,Mg)Al
 
6
O
 
11
(OH)
7.11.13Magnesionigerite
7.11.14Argutite
GeO
 
2
7.11.15Brunogeierite
(Ge,Fe)Fe
 
2
O
 
4
7.11.16Stottite
Fe
2+
 
[Ge
4+
 
(OH)
 
6
]
7.11.17Carboirite
FeAl
 
2
GeO
 
5
(OH)
 
2
7.11.18Otjisumeite
PbGe
 
4
O
 
9
7.11.19Bartelkeite
PbFe
2+
 
Ge
 
3
O
 
8
7.11.20Massicot
PbO
7.11.21Litharge
PbO
7.11.22Minium
Pb
 
3
O
 
4
7.11.23Plattnerite
PbO
 
2
7.11.24Scrutinyite
alpha-PbO
 
2
7.11.25Murdochite
PbCu
 
6
O
 
8-x
(Cl,Br)
 
2x
 x<=0.5
7.11.26Macedonite
PbTiO
 
3
7.11.27Cesàrolite
PbH
 
2
Mn
 
3
O
 
8
7.11.29Quenselite
PbMnO
 
2
(OH)
7.11.30Plumboferrite
Pb
 
2
Fe
3+
11-x
Mn
2+
x
O
 
19-2x
, x = 1/3
7.11.31Magnetoplumbite
(Pb,Mn)(Fe,Mn)
 
12
O
 
19
7.11.32Senaite
Pb(Ti,Fe,Mn)
 
21
O
 
38

Other Names for Coronadite

Other Languages:
German:Coronadit
Russian:Коронадит
Spanish:Coronadita

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:Manganese ore

References for Coronadite

Reference List:Lindgren and Hillebrand (1904), American Journal of Science: 1: 448.

Lindgren and Hillebrand (1905), USGS Bulletin 262: 42.

Lindgren and Hillebrand (1907), Zs. Kr.: 43: 380.

Lindgren (1933), American Mineralogist: 18: 548.

Frondel, C. and Heinrich (1942), American Mineralogist: 27: 48.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 742-743.

Hewett, Donnel Foster (1971): Coronadite – modes of occurrence and origin: Economic Geology: 66: 164-177.

American Mineralogist (1989): 74: 913-917.

Internet Links for Coronadite

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    Localities for Coronadite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Bligh Co.
    		Ashley, P.M., and Willott, B.R. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 16-33.
      • Durham Co.
        • Moonan Brook
          • Moonan
    		Geochemical, mineralogical and biogeochemical characterisation of abandoned metalliferous mine sites, Southern New England Orogen. In Flood P.G (ed.) Regional Geology, tectonics and metallogenesis, New England Orogen 1-3 Forum, 1999, Department of Earth Science U.N.E. Australia.
      • Robinson Co.
        • Cobar
          • Booroondarra
    		L.B. Gilligan and J.G. Byrnes Cobar Metallogenic Map 1:250 000
          • Kaloogleguy
    		L.B. Gilligan and J.G. Byrnes Cobar Metallogenic Map 1:250 000
      • Yancowinna Co.
        • Broken Hill
    		Australian Min. 3:1 (1997)
    No reference listed
    Minerals of Broken Hill, Australian Mining and Smelting Ltd, 1982 ISBN 0 909221189 p78
    Australian Mineralogist (1997): 3: 1.
          • MMM Mine
    		Birch & van der Hayden 1997. AJM 3(1)
    • Northern Territory
      • Grove Hill
    		No reference listed
    • Queensland
    		[MinRec 19 p469-490 - "Sielecki, R: The Mount Isa-Cloncurry mineral field"]
    • South Australia
      • Flinders Ranges
        • North Flinders Ranges
          • Leigh Creek South
    		Econ. Geol. 67: 1146-1167(1972); Journ. Geol. Soc. Aust. 18, 165-171 (1971)
          • Mt Babbage area (Inlier)
    		PA Wulser personal data
          • Puttapa
    		Elliott, P. (1991): Minerals from the Beltana mine, Puttapa, South Australia. Mineral. Rec. 22, 449-456.
      • Mt Lofty Ranges
        • South Mt Lofty Ranges
          • Clarendon
    		Kolitsch, U. and Elliott, P. (1999): Mineralogy of the Mount Malvern Mine near Clarendon, South Australia. Australian J. Mineral. 5, 3-17.
    • Tasmania
      • Zeehan District
        • Dundas mineral field
    		N.R. Kemp and R.S. Bottrill : "Crocoite : mine is from which mine", 5th International Conference "Mineralogy & Museums", Paris, Sept. 5-8th 2004, Bull. de Liaison de la Soc. Franç. de Minéralogie et Cristallographie, 2004, Vol 16, N°2.
    No reference listed
    • Western Australia
      • Pilbara Region
        • Ashburton Shire
    		[MinRec 24:203]
    Min. Record 24,203-218(1993)
    Mineralogical Record 24,203-216,218.
      • Southern Cross Province
        • Mukinbudin
    		Lead, Zinc and Silver Deposits of Western Australia, 1999
      • Yandal Homestead
    		International Geological Congress (2008) MRD-04 Magellan nonsulfide Pb and polymetallic Abra: Two stratabound giant deposits
    Austria
     
    • Tyrol
      • East Tyrol
        • Kals valley
          • Ködnitz valley
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    Bolivia
     
    • Potosí Department
      • Antonio Quijarro Province
    		[MinRec 21:133]
    Brazil
     
    • Northeast Region
      • Rio Grande do Norte
        • Borborema mineral province
          • Parelhas
    		[MinRec 29:196]
    Bulgaria
     
    • Smolyan Oblast
      • Rhodope Mts
        • Madan ore field
    		Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Annual Report No. 13, 43-45.
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • Antofagasta Province
    		Econ Geol (1991) 86:1222-1237
      • El Loa Province
        • Escondida
    		Arancibia, G., Matthews, S.J., Cornejo, P., Pérez de Arce, C., Zuluaga, J.I., and Kasaneva, S. (2006): Mineralium Deposita 41, 505-516.
      • Tocopilla Province
        • Sierra Gorda District
          • Caracoles
    		Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter (Hamburg University), Germany.
    China
     
    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
      • Hulunbuir (Hulunbei'er) League
        • Xin Barag Right Banner
          • Altan Emel
    		http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of03-220/DATABASE/lode_deposits.txt
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Ostrov
    		Lapis 2002(7/8), 63-65
      • Liberec Region
    		Scharm, B.: Přehled minerálů nalezených v oblasti uranových koncentrací v severočeské křídě. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1995, roč. 3, s. 169-172.
    France
     
    • Alsace
      • Haut-Rhin
    		Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997
    • Auvergne
      • Allier
        • Ébreuil
          • Échassières
    		Le Règne Minéral, (33), 5-25.
      • Cantal
        • Aurillac
          • Maurs
      • Haute-Loire
        • La Chaise-Dieu
          • Saint-Pal-de-Senouire
    		P.G. Pélisson : "Etude Minéralogique et Métallogénique du District Filonien Polytype de Paulhaguet (Haute-Loire, Massif Central Français)", Doctorate Thesis, Orléans, France, 1989
        • Paulhaguet
          • Mazerat-Aurouze
            • Aurouze
    		P.G. Pélisson : "Etude Minéralogique et Métallogénique du District Filonien Polytype de Paulhaguet (Haute-Loire, Massif Central Français)", Doctorate Thesis, Orléans, France, 1989
    P.G. Pélisson : "Etude Minéralogique et Métallogénique du District Filonien Polytype de Paulhaguet (Haute-Loire, Massif Central Français)", Doctorate Thesis, Orléans, France, 1989
      • Puy-de-Dôme
        • Puy-Guillaume
          • Lachaux
    J. Chervet, G. Branche : "Contribution à l'étude des minéraux secondaires d'uranium français", ENSP Nancy, 1955
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Gengenbach
          • Haigerach valley
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
        • Titisee-Neustadt
          • Eisenbach
    		K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992
        • Wolfach
          • Oberwolfach
            • Rankach valley
    		WALENTA, K. (1995): Neue Mineralfunde von der Grube Clara. 6. Folge, 1. Teil. - Lapis 20 (5), 33-38.
      • Kraichgau
        • Bruchsal
          • Rollenberg railway tunnel
    		S. Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Bavaria
      • Upper Palatinate
        • Grafenwöhr
          • Freihung
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Bergisches Land
        • Engelskirchen
          • Loope
    		Habel, B. & Linder, R. (2009): Die Grube \"Castor\" bei Loope und ihre Mineralien. Mineralien-Welt 20 (3), 10-23
      • Siegerland
        • Neunkirchen
          • Salchendorf
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Lahn valley
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
          • Frücht
    		Der Aufschluss Vol.55, March/April 2004
      • Westerwald
        • Wied Iron Spar District
          • Neuwied
            • Dernbach
    		Mineralien-Welt, 4 (5), 41-48
    • Saxony
      • Glauchau
        • Callenberg
    		Lapis, 16 (9), 13-26.
    Greece
     
    • Aegean Islands (Aiyaíon) Department
      • Kykládes Prefecture
        • Cyclade Islands (Cyclades; Kikladhes; Nomos Kikladhon)
          • Milos Island (Melos)
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
        • Lavrion District Mines
          • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium)
            • Lavrion Mines
          • Plaka
            • Plaka Mines
    		No reference listed
    Hungary
     
    • Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Co.
      • Rudabányai Mts.
        • Rudabánya
    		Szakáll,2008
    India
     
    • Karnataka
      • Bellary-Hospet iron belt
        • Sandur
    		Rao, J. S. R. K., Naidu, B. V. & Rao, K. V. (1979): Ore microscopic, x-ray and trace elemental data on manganese ores from Sandur, Karnataka, India. Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica 24, 91-97.
    Iran
     
    • South Khorasan Province
      • Birjand
    		Vachik Hairapetian collection
    Ireland
     
    • Co. Tipperary
      • Silvermines District
    		No reference listed
    • Co. Wicklow
      • Glendasan
    		XRD & electron probe analysis by Drs Green & Tindle.
    Italy
     
    • Piedmont
      • Torino Province
        • Canavese District
          • Chiusella Valley
            • Traversella
    		SEM/EDS 18/09/2001 MNHN-Paris
    • Sardinia
      • Nuoro Province
        • Gadoni
    		Stara, P., Rizzo, R., Sabelli, C., Ibba, A. (1999): I minerali di Funtana Raminosa. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 1/1999, 10-27.
    Japan
     
    • Hokkaido Island
    		Tanida et al. (1983) Koubutsu-Gakkai Kou'en-Youshi, 1.
      • Oshima peninsula
        • Kaminokuni
    		Nambu et al. (1981) Ganseki-Koubutsu-Koshogaku Zasshi, 76, 132.
    Kosovo
     
    • Kosovska Mitrovica
      • Trepča valley
        • Trepča complex
    		Féraud J. (1979) - La mine " Stari-Trg " (Trepca, Yougoslavie) et ses richesses minéralogiques. Avec la collaboration de Mari D. et G. (1979) Minéraux et Fossiles, n° 59-60, p. 19-28
    Mexico
     
    • Michoacan
      • Mun. de Coalcomám
    • Sonora
      • Mun. de Moctezuma
    		Lapis 2001(1), 11-40
    Morocco
     
    • Souss-Massa-Draâ Region
      • Ouarzazate Province
        • Imini area
    		Econ Geol (1986) 81:65-79
    Econ Geol (1988) 83:93-117
    Namibia
     
    • Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region
      • Tsumeb
    		No reference listed
    Norway
     
    • Oppland
      • Lunner
        • Grua Mining District
    		Harald Folvik (2005): Mineralene på Skjerpemyr. STEIN 32 (1), 4-9 (in norwegian)
    Portugal
     
    • Aveiro District
      • Castelo de Paiva
        • Raiva
    		self-find Nuno Afonso
    • Guarda District
      • Sabugal
    		Schnorrer-Köhler (1991), Mineral Occurrences.
    Russia
     
    • Urals Region
      • Southern Urals
        • Bashkortostan (Bashkiria) Republic
          • Uchaly
            • Il'insky ore field
    		Belogub, E.V., Novoselov, K.A., Kotlyarov, V.A., Fadina, I.B. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(7), 583-589.
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Southern Low Tatra Mts
        • Brezno
    		Ozdín D., 2003: Mineralógia a genéza sideritovej mineralizácie Ďumbierskych Nízkych Tatier. Manuscript (Dissertation thesis), Archive of Dpt. of Mineralogy and Petrology, Fac. of Natural Sc., Bratislava, 1-194.
    South Africa
     
    • Northwest Province
      • Marico District
    		Minerals of South Africa; Econ Geol (1990) 85:1172-1185
      • Western Bushveld Complex
        • Rustenburg District
          • Pilansberg Complex
    		The Canadian Mineralogist, V 42, 2004, pp. 1169-1178.
    Spain
     
    • Andalusia
      • Almería
        • Níjar
    		A. Arribas, F. Hernández, M. A. Fernández Périz, J. Gröbner, G. Leal (2005): Rodalquilar - El oro del capo del ágata. BOCAMINA 15, 12-88.
    G. Leal, Antonio Arribas, Miguel A. Fernandez, Joachim Grobner, Francisco Hernandez (2005): Rodalquilar : El oro del Cabo del Agata. Bocamina, 15, 14-79.
    • Asturias
    		- Calvo, M. (2009): Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. IV, Óxidos e Hidróxidos. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas de Madrid - Fundación Gómez Pardo. 752 pp.
    • Castile and Leon
      • León
        • Sobrado
    		Calvo, M., Tornos, F. and García, G. (2002). Toral de los Vados. Flores de cinc en la mina "Antonina". Bocamina, (10), 46-73
    • Galicia
      • Pontevedra
        • Porriño
    		Calvo, M., Viñals, J. and Vila, F. (2009) Mineralogy of the pegmatites and miarolitic cavities in the granitic batholit of Porriño, Pontevedra, galicia, Spain. Mineral Up, (2009-1), 6-23
    UK
     
    • England
      • Co. Durham
        • North Pennines
          • Weardale
            • Cowshill
    		B Young,, E K Hyslop and R A Fairbairn . Journal of the Russell Soc 6(2), 97 (1996)
      • Cumbria
        • North and Western Region (Cumberland)
          • Caldbeck Fells
    		No reference listed
            • Roughton Gill
    		Journal of The Russell Society, Volume11, 2008
    No reference listed
      • Somerset
        • Cranmore
    		Turner, R. (2006): A mechanism for the formation of the mineralized Mn deposits at Merehead Quarry, Cranmore, Somerset, England. Mineralogical Magazine 70, 629-653.
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Cochise Co.
        • Dragoon Mts
          • Turquoise District (Courtland-Gleeson District)
            • Gleeson
              • Costello Mine group (Costello claims)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 188; Knudson, H.P. (1983), The Silver Bill Mine, Gleeson, AZ, Min.Rec.: 14: 127-131.
        • Mule Mts
          • Warren District
    		[MinRec 24:421]
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 312.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 188.
      • Greenlee Co.
        • Shannon Mts
          • Copper Mountain District (Clifton-Morenci District)
            • Copper Plate Gulch
              • Coronado vein
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 188; Lindgren, W. & Hillebrand (1904); Lindgren (1905); Guild, (1910), The Mineralogy of Arizona, The Chemical Publishing Co., Easton, PA; Fairbanks, E.E. (1923), Mineragraphic notes on manganese minerals, Am.Min.: 8: 209; Frondel, C. & E.W. Heinrich (1942), New data on hetaerolite, hydrohetaerolite, coronadite and hollandite, Am.Min.: 27: 48-56; Fleischer, M. & W.E. Richmond (1943), The manganese oxide minerals: A preliminary report, Econ.Geol.: 38: 269-286; Hewett, D.F. & M. Fleischer (1960), Deposits of the manganese oxides, Econ.Geol.: 55: 1-55; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 40.
    AmMin.: 27 (1942): 48; AmMin.: 74 (1989): 913; Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3 (1997).
      • Maricopa Co.
        • Big Horn Mts
          • Osborn District
            • Tonopah
              • Belmont Mountain
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 188; Allen, G.B. & W. Hunt (1988), The Tonopah-Belmont Mine, Maricopa Co., AZ, Min.Rec.: 19(3): 139-144.
      • Mohave Co.
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of AZ, 3rd. ed.: 188; Mouat, M.M. (1962), Mn Oxides from the Artillery Mts area, AZ, Am.Min.: 47: 744-757.
          • Artillery Peak
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 252, 279.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd. ed.: 252, 351.
      • Pinal Co.
        • Mineral Mountain District
          • Superior area
            • Reymert Canyon
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 165, 188, 252.
        • Pinal Mts
          • Pioneer District
            • Superior
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 188; Barnes, R. & M. Hay (1983), Famous mineral localities: The Magma Mine, Min.Rec.: 14: 72-82; Short, M.N., et al (1943), Geology and ore deposits of the Superior mining area, AZ, AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 151; Fleischer, M. & W.E. Richmond (1943), The manganese oxide minerals: A preliminary report, Econ.Geol.: 38: 269-286; Hewett, D.F. & M. Fleischer (1960), Deposits of the manganese oxides, Econ.Geol.: 55: 1-55; Hewett, D.F., et al (1963), Deposits of the manganese oxides: supplement, Econ.Geol.: 58: 1-51; Wilson, E.D., et al (1950), Arizona zinc and lead deposits, part I, AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 156: 94.
      • Santa Cruz Co.
        • Santa Rita Mts
          • Tyndall District
            • Cottonwood Canyon
              • Amado
                • Devil's Cash Box ridge
                  • Glove Mine group (Zombie & Zeco claims; Festiago-Franklin; Blacksmith adit)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 189; Min.Rec.: 14: 299-306.
    • California
      • Inyo Co.
    		California Division of Mines and geology SR125 "Mines and Mineral Resources of Death Valley National Monument, California"
        • Argus Mts (Argus Range)
          • Lookout District (Modoc District)
            • Panamint Valley
    		Hall, Wayne Everett & Hal G. Stephens (1963), Economic geology of the Panamint Butte quadrangle and Modoc district, Inyo County, California: California Division of Mines & Geology Special Report 73: 24, 26; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 160; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 168.
    Hall, Wayne Everett & Hal G. Stephens (1963), Economic geology of the Panamint Butte quadrangle and Modoc district, Inyo County, California: California Division of Mines & Geology Special Report 73: 24-36; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 168.
    Fleischer, M. & W.E. Richmond, Jr. (1943), The manganese oxide minerals; a preliminary report: Economic Geology: 38: 283; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 160.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
        • Surprise Valley District
      • Santa Cruz Co.
        • Santa Cruz
    		Mineralogical Record: 17:315
    • Colorado
      • El Paso Co.
        • Cheyenne District (St. Peters Dome District)
    		Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data, Dean Allum specimen
      • Saguache Co.
        • Crystal Hill District
          • La Garita
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Rocks & Minerals (July-August, 2002)
    • Michigan
      • Baraga Co.
        • Huron River
    		Rocks & Minerals 82:298-308
    • Montana
      • Granite Co.
        • Philipsburg District (Flint Creek District)
    		Geology and Ore Deposits of the Philipsburg District, Granite Co., Montana; William C. Prinz, 1967
    • Nevada
      • Clark Co.
        • Las Vegas District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Douglas Co.
        • Wellington District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Mineral Co.
        • Candelaria District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Nye Co.
        • Lodi District
          • Quartz Mountain camp
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Hampshire
      • Carroll Co.
        • Wakefield
    		Rocks & Min. 80:256 (2005)
    • New Mexico
      • Luna Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Santa Fe Co.
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996
    R & J DeMark Minerals of the Carnahan Mine, Santa Fe County New Mexico 10th New Mexico Mineral Symposium 1989
      • Sierra Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Socorro Co.
    		[www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com]
        • Hansonburg District
          • Bingham
    		[MinRecord 30:337]
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553; NMBMMR OFR 186
    USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    • Utah
      • Juab Co.
        • East Tintic Mts
          • Tintic District
    		R&M 68:6 p406-416
      • Utah Co.
        • East Tintic Mts
          • East Tintic District
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    • Virginia
      • Craig Co.
    		Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    Uzbekistan
     
    • Tashkent (Toshkent) Viloyati
    		Belogub, E.V., Novoselov, K.A., Kotlyarov, V.A., Fadina, I.B. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(7), 583-589.
    Zambia
     
    • Central Province
      • Serenje
    		Handbook of Mineralogy Vol II p399
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