Coronadite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Coronadite
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
Formula:
Pb(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16
Colour:
Dark gray, black
Lustre:
Metallic, Sub-Metallic, Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
4½ - 5
Specific Gravity:
5.246 - 5.505
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1905 by Waldemar Lindgren in recognition of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510, Salamanca, Spain - September 22, 1554, Mexico City, Mexico), a Spanish conquistador and explorer of the American southwest.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Mn3+ analogue of (the much rarer) ferricoronadite.
Chemically related to (the Pb-richer) cesàrolite. Many manganese oxides are better identified using infra-red spectroscopy than by x-ray diffraction because of issues of crystal size, disorder, etc. (Potter and Rossman, 1979).
A possible precursor mineral is known: 'Unnamed (Amorphous Pb-Mn Hydroxide)'.
Chemically related to (the Pb-richer) cesàrolite. Many manganese oxides are better identified using infra-red spectroscopy than by x-ray diffraction because of issues of crystal size, disorder, etc. (Potter and Rossman, 1979).
A possible precursor mineral is known: 'Unnamed (Amorphous Pb-Mn Hydroxide)'.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1134
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1134:7
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
125f941b-c895-4c95-94a8-260af99010bb
IMA Classification of Coronadite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1904
Type description reference:
Classification of Coronadite
4.DK.05a
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
K : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; tunnel structures
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
K : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; tunnel structures
7.9.1.4
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
9 : AB8X16
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
9 : AB8X16
7.11.28
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
11 : Oxides of Sn and Pb
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
11 : Oxides of Sn and Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cor | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Cor | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Cor | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Coronadite
Metallic, Sub-Metallic, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Dark gray, black
Streak:
Brown-black
Hardness:
4½ - 5 on Mohs scale
Density:
5.246 - 5.505 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.45 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Coronadite
Type:
Biaxial
Anisotropism:
Strong
Dispersion:
r > v strong
Colour in reflected light:
Nearly galena-white
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
Dark brown to gray
Chemistry of Coronadite
Mindat Formula:
Pb(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Al,H2O
Crystallography of Coronadite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.938(1) Å, b = 2.8678(5) Å, c = 9.834(2) Å
β = 90.39(2)°
β = 90.39(2)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 3.465 : 1 : 3.429
Unit Cell V:
280.26 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Massive. Botryoidal crusts with a fibrous structure.
Comment:
Space Group: I2/m.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0001262 | Coronadite | Post J E, Bish D L (1989) Rietveld refinement of the coronadite structure sample from Morocco American Mineralogist 74 913-917 |  | 1989 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001263 | Coronadite | Post J E, Bish D L (1989) Rietveld refinement of the coronadite structure sample from Broken Hill American Mineralogist 74 913-917 | | 1989 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.466 Å | (60) |
| 3.104 Å | (100) |
| 2.400 Å | (40) |
| 2.205 Å | (40) |
| 2.155 Å | (20) |
| 2.001 Å | (10) |
| 1.960 Å | (10) |
| 1.919 Å | (10) |
| 1.836 Å | (20) |
| 1.742 Å | (10) |
| 1.691 Å | (10) |
| 1.642 Å | (20) |
| 1.591 Å | (10) |
| 1.542 Å | (50) |
| 1.432 Å | (10) |
| 1.400 Å | (10) |
| 1.374 Å | (20) |
| 1.356 Å | (20) |
| 1.298 Å | (10) |
| 1.237 Å | (10) |
| 1.218 Å | (10) |
| 1.148 Å | (10) |
| 1.116 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 7-361. Very similar to cryptomelane.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals | |
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Geological Setting:
In hydrothermal veins or hot springs, as a weathering product in manganese deposits, bedded sedimentary deposits.
Type Occurrence of Coronadite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Black, metallic, delicately fibrous.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), Washington, D.C., USA numbers R2012 and 86040.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
West end of the Coronado vein, coatings and cement on and in quartz.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Lindgren and Hillebrand(1904), American Journal of Science: 1: 448
Other Language Names for Coronadite
Relationship of Coronadite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Cryptomelane | K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 | Mon. 2/m |
| Ferricoronadite | Pb(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16 | Tet. 4/m : I4/m |
| Ferrihollandite | Ba(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16 | Mon. 2/m |
| Hollandite | Ba(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 | Mon. 2/m |
| Manjiroite | Na(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 | Tet. 4/m : I4/m |
| Strontiomelane | Sr(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Thalliomelane | Tl(Mn4+7.5Cu2+0.5)O16 | Tet. 4/m : I4/m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 149 photos of Coronadite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 33 photos of Coronadite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 33 photos of Coronadite associated with Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
| 26 photos of Coronadite associated with Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| 25 photos of Coronadite associated with Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| 21 photos of Coronadite associated with Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
| 19 photos of Coronadite associated with Plumbogummite | PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 19 photos of Coronadite associated with Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 18 photos of Coronadite associated with Bromian Chlorargyrite | Ag(Cl,Br) |
| 17 photos of Coronadite associated with Mottramite | PbCu(VO4)(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DK. | Ferrihollandite | Ba(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.K | Thalliomelane | Tl(Mn4+7.5Cu2+0.5)O16 |
| 4.DK.4.DK. | Ferricoronadite | Pb(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.05 | Akaganeite | (Fe3+,Ni2+)8(OH,O)16Cl1.25 · nH2O |
| 4.DK.05a | Cryptomelane | K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 |
| 4.DK.05a | Hollandite | Ba(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.05a | Manjiroite | Na(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 |
| 4.DK.05b | Mannardite | Ba(Ti4+6V3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.05b | Priderite | K(Ti4+7Fe3+)O16 |
| 4.DK.05b | Redledgeite | Ba(Ti4+6Cr3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.05b | Henrymeyerite | Ba(Ti4+7Fe2+)O16 |
| 4.DK.05a | Strontiomelane | Sr(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.10 | Romanèchite | (Ba,H2O)2(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O10 |
| 4.DK.10 | Todorokite | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Manganese ore
Internet Links for Coronadite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1134.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Coronadite
Reference List:
Frondel, Clifford, Heinrich, E. Wm. (1942) New data on hetaerolite, hydrohetaerolite, coronadite and hollandite. American Mineralogist, 27 (1) 48-56
Ramdohr, Paul (1969) The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10027-xp.1174
Potter, Russell M., Rossman, George R (1979) The tetravalent manganese oxides: identification, hydration, and structural relationships by infrared spectroscopy. American Mineralogist, 64 (11-12) 1199-1218
Biagioni, Cristian, Capalbo, Carmen, Pasero, Marco (2013) Nomenclature tunings in the hollandite supergroup. European Journal of Mineralogy, 25 (1) 85-90 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2013/0025-2255
Post, Jeffrey E., McKeown, David A., Heaney, Peter J. (2020) Raman spectroscopy study of manganese oxides: Tunnel structures. American Mineralogist, 105 (8) 1175-1190 doi:10.2138/am-2020-7390
Localities for Coronadite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Ronald G. Simpson (2017) |
Australia | |
| Ashley et al. (1997) |
| Brown et al. (1992) |
| Geochemical et al. (ed.) +1 other reference |
| Davidson (2012) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Worner et al. (et al) | |
| Worner et al. (et al) | |
| DSW collection | |
| Birch et al. (1997) +2 other references | |
| Birch & van der Hayden 1997. AJM 3 (1) |
| Minerals of Broken Hill |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) |
| England et al. (1988) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Sielecki (1988) | |
| Raymond (1992) |
| Miningdataonline +1 other reference |
| Grubb (1971) +1 other reference |
| Muller (1972) +1 other reference | |
| SARIG database - deposit No. 4310. |
| PA Wulser personal data |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| N.R. Kemp and R.S. Bottrill : ... |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Mineralogical Record 24 | |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... +5 other references |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... +4 other references | |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... +7 other references | |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... +4 other references | |
| Jones et al. (2013) | |
| Nickel (1982) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| International Geological Congress (2008) | |
| a new category within the class of ... +1 other reference |
| Downes et al. (2011) |
| Le Gleuher M. (2008) |
Austria | |
| abstract in Mitt. Österr. Mineral. ... +1 other reference |
| Ertl et al. (1998) |
| Neinaveie (1979) |
Belgium | |
| Michel BLONDIEAU et al. (2018) |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1990) |
Brazil | |
| Robinson et al. (1998) |
Bulgaria | |
| Dobrev et al. (2004) |
| Chavdarova et al. (2022) |
| Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Annual ... |
| Radonova et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Watson et al. (1996) |
Chile | |
| Arfè et al. (2016) |
| Arancibia et al. (2006) |
| Camus et al. (1991) | |
| Pincheira et al. (1990) |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
| collected and analysed by french ... | |
| SEM-EDS and XRD by Joy Desor |
| SEM-EDS +1 other reference |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... |
China | |
| Nanlai Zheng et al. (1986) +2 other references |
| Liangkai Gu (1986) |
| Liangkai Gu (1986) |
| Liangkai Gu (1986) |
| Guicheng Huang et al. (2001) |
| Field collected by Christopher Chui. XRF shows only significant Mn and Pb. (Other Mn-Pb oxides could be possible, but less likely in this environment.) |
| Junping Dong (1992) |
| Zhao et al. (2024) |
| Zhicheng Lü et al. (2002) |
| Wang Chen et al. (2006) |
| Tiegen Liu et al. (1996) |
| Nianqiang Yang et al. (1981) |
| Peng et al. (2022) |
| Liyan Zhang and Xihui Yang (1986) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliš et al. (2022) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Dolníček et al. (2023) |
| VÍŠKOVÁ et al. (2022) |
Egypt | |
| Alekseev et al. (2023) |
| Alekseev et al. (2023) | |
France | |
| Gert Schöneborn collection (to be analysed) |
| Cuchet et al. (2000) | |
| R. Pierrot |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Chollet et al. (2013) |
| Poughon A. (1962) |
| |
| Chollet Pascal Collection | |
| J. Chervet | |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Boisson et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
Germany | |
| Boisson et al. (2014) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1995) |
| ... |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Joachim Gröbner (2019) |
| Gröbner et al. (2009) |
| Matthias Reinhardt (2011) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Reinhardt et al. (2016) | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Habel et al. (2009) |
| Henrich et al. (2019) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| www.mineralienfreunde-der-pfalz.de (2020) |
| Thomas Straub Collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Mineralien-Welt (5) +1 other reference |
| message from R. Junker |
| Leonhardt et al. (1991) |
Greece | |
| Wendel et al. (1999) |
| NHM Vienna collection (Uwe Kolitsch SEM-EDS analysis) +1 other reference |
| Möckel (2000) |
| Michalis Fitros. collection |
| Hanke (1998) |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Vasilatos et al. (Greece) |
| Stouraiti C et al. (2022) | |
| Kilias +6 other references |
Honduras | |
| Mattioli et al. (2014) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll |
India | |
| Rao et al. (1979) |
Indonesia | |
| Nur et al. (2012) |
Iran | |
| Jörg Reichert |
| Vachik Hairapetian collection |
Ireland | |
| XRD & electron probe analysis by Drs ... |
| |
Israel | |
| Segev et al. (1992) |
Italy | |
| Stoppa et al. (2019) |
| Vergani et al. (2021) |
| Parola et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Marco E. Ciriotti - Athos Callegari SCXRD (2012) |
| SEM/EDS 18/09/2001 MNHN-Paris |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| AMI UK Service |
| Biagioni C. et al. (2016) |
Japan | |
| Nambu et al. (1981) |
| Tanida et al. (1983) | |
Jordan | |
| Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 21:101-117. |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) |
Kosovo | |
| Féraud J. (1979) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw |
| Ref.: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas et al. (2000) |
| Lapis 2001 (1) |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2009) |
Morocco | |
| Jahn et al. (2003) +2 other references |
| Jahn et al. (2003) |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| Econ Geol (1988) | |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
| XRD confirmed by Maria Atanasova |
| Cairncross et al. (2012) |
Norway | |
| Raade (1993) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Pieczka et al. (2013) |
Portugal | |
| self-find Nuno Afonso |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... | |
| F. Noronha et al. (1998) |
| Noronha +4 other references |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
Romania | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Pekov et al. (2011) |
| Belogub et al. (2007) |
| Pekov et al. (2016) |
| Kassandrov et al. (2009) |
| Kassandrov et al. (2009) | |
| Silyanov et al. (2021) |
| Filimonova et al. (2010) |
| Igor.V. Pekov (2008) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| Ozdín D. (Dissertation thesis) |
| Vlasáč et al. (2021) |
South Africa | |
| Mitchell et al. (2004) |
| Econ Geol (1990) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Valladares et al. (2021) |
| Georges Favreau collection | |
| Dr. César Menor analysis |
| A. Arribas et al. (2005) | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Cesar Menor-Salvan | |
| G. Leal et al. (2005) | |
| Carmona Ruiz +2 other references |
| Carmona Ruiz +3 other references | |
| Colectivo Arrayanes et al. (2008) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Borja Sainz de Baranda et al. (2004) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2022) +1 other reference | |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Menor (2010) |
| Menor (2010) |
| Menor (2010) | |
| Calvo et al. (2002) |
| Joan Rosell. RosellMinerals (2021) |
| Joan Rosell et al. (2022) |
| Rodríguez +4 other references |
| Abella i Creus (2018) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Rosell et al. (2017) |
| Calvo et al. (2009) |
| Rewitzer et al. (2018) |
Switzerland | |
| EDS by Th. Raber (2014) |
Togo | |
| Mémoire No 2 +1 other reference |
Turkey | |
| TEKER et al. (2006) |
| Nikiforov et al. (2014) |
UK | |
| Young et al. (1996) |
| Hartley (1959) +4 other references |
| Bridges et al. (2011) |
| Green et al. (2008) | |
| Bridges et al. (2011) | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Turner (2006) |
Ukraine | |
| Kowalski et al. (1983) |
| O.K.Babynin et al. (2006) |
USA | |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Peter Cristofono collection |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| X ray and XRF by John Attard. In the ... |
| Knudson (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Lindgren (1904) +8 other references |
| AmMin.: 27 (1942) +2 other references | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Allen et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Mouat (1962) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Wilson (1984) +1 other reference |
| Short et al. (1943) +7 other references |
| Min.Rec.: 14: 299-306. +1 other reference |
| Brian Beck Collected |
| Brian Beck collected | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 168 +4 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 168. +3 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 168. +2 other references | |
| a preliminary report: Economic Geology: ... +2 other references | |
| California Division of Mines and ... |
| Hall (1963) +1 other reference |
| Dr Robert Housley using SEM-EDS |
| EDS confirmed by Bob Housley. |
| Mineralogical Record: 17:315 |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Minerals (July-August, 2002) | |
| Carlson et al. (2007) |
| Collection of J. Dagenais |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Geology and Ore Deposits of the ... +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals (2010) | |
| Carlos et al. (1993) | |
| Rocks & Min. 80:256 (2005) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| R & J DeMark Minerals of the Carnahan ... | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| [Mineralogical Record 30:337] |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Betts (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553 +2 other references | |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553 | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Marty et al. (1993) |
| USGS Prof Paper 1024 +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Belogub et al. (2007) |
Yemen | |
| Santoro (2015) |
Zambia | |
| Handbook of Mineralogy Vol II p399 |
| Vrána et al. (1978) | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Frei (2005) |
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Rosh Pinah Mine, Rosh Pinah, Oranjemund Constituency, ǁKaras Region, Namibia