Log InRegister
Quick Links : The Mindat ManualThe Rock H. Currier Digital LibraryMindat Newsletter [Free Download]
Home PageAbout MindatThe Mindat ManualHistory of MindatCopyright StatusWho We AreContact UsAdvertise on Mindat
Donate to MindatCorporate SponsorshipSponsor a PageSponsored PagesMindat AdvertisersAdvertise on Mindat
Learning CenterWhat is a mineral?The most common minerals on earthInformation for EducatorsMindat ArticlesThe ElementsThe Rock H. Currier Digital LibraryGeologic Time
Minerals by PropertiesMinerals by ChemistryAdvanced Locality SearchRandom MineralRandom LocalitySearch by minIDLocalities Near MeSearch ArticlesSearch GlossaryMore Search Options
Search For:
Mineral Name:
Locality Name:
Keyword(s):
 
The Mindat ManualAdd a New PhotoRate PhotosLocality Edit ReportCoordinate Completion ReportAdd Glossary Item
Mining CompaniesStatisticsUsersMineral MuseumsClubs & OrganizationsMineral Shows & EventsThe Mindat DirectoryDevice SettingsThe Mineral Quiz
Photo SearchPhoto GalleriesSearch by ColorNew Photos TodayNew Photos YesterdayMembers' Photo GalleriesPast Photo of the Day GalleryPhotography

Caryinite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
Hide all sections | Show all sections

About CaryiniteHide

Formula:
(Na,Pb)(Ca,Na)CaMn2+2(AsO4)3
Colour:
Brown to yellowish brown; light yellow-brown in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Resinous, Greasy
Hardness:
4
Specific Gravity:
4.29
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named by C. Lundström in 1874 from the Greek ÎșÎżÏÏÎčÎœÎżÏ‚ meaning "in error", not from ÎșαρύÎčÎœÎżÏ‚ meaning "nut-brown coloured" in allusion to its colour. The original spelling was changed by Edward Dana in 1892.
Alluaudite Group.

Chemically very similar to manganberzeliite.
Compare also the chemically similar piccoliite.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
912
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:912:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
5b98f2f0-d709-4846-bd21-456239bd309f

IMA Classification of CaryiniteHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
NaCaCaMn2(AsO4)3

Classification of CaryiniteHide

8.AC.10

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
38.2.2.1

38 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, AND VANADATES
2 : (AB)5(XO4)3
20.5.9

20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference
CynIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of CaryiniteHide

Resinous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Brown to yellowish brown; light yellow-brown in transmitted light.
Streak:
Light brown
Hardness:
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {110} and {010}; (110) ^ (110) ~49°15'.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
4.29 g/cm3 (Measured)    4.486 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of CaryiniteHide

Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.776(5) nβ = 1.780(5) nγ = 1.805(5)
2V:
Measured: 38° to 44°, Calculated: 46°
Birefringence:
0.029
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.029
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
r > v slight
Optical Extinction:
XYZ = cab
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic

Chemistry of CaryiniteHide

Mindat Formula:
(Na,Pb)(Ca,Na)CaMn2+2(AsO4)3

Crystallography of CaryiniteHide

Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.855(2) Å, b = 13.147(3) Å, c = 11.479(4) Å
β = 98.97(2)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.521 : 1 : 0.873
Unit Cell V:
1,021.87 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Cleavable masses, fine grained massive and veins to 10cm.
Comment:
Non-standard space-group setting I2/a.

Crystal StructureHide

Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File    Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0014503CaryiniteErcit T S (1993) Caryinite revisited Mineralogical Magazine 57 721-7271993Langban, Sweden0293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
6.52 Å(40)
4.13 Å(40)
3.27 Å(40)
2.99 Å(50)
2.83 Å(100)
2.79 Å(40)
2.68 Å(60)
1.69 Å(50)
Comments:
ICDD 20-224

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism
32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits

Type Occurrence of CaryiniteHide

Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden 221444
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Veinlets in a skarn in a Mn-Fe metamorphosed orebody.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Other Language Names for CaryiniteHide

Relationship of Caryinite to other SpeciesHide

Other Members of this group:
Alluaudite(Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Alluaudite-Caâ–Ąâ—»4Ca4Mn2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Alluaudite-Naâ–Ąâ—»4Na4Mn2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12Mon. 2/m : B2/b
ArseniopleiteNaCaMnMn2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m
BadaloviteNa2Mg2Fe(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
BradaczekiteNaCu4(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
CalciohatertiteNaNaCa(CaFe3+)(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
CalciojohilleriteNaCaMg3(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
CamanchacaiteNaCaMg2[AsO4][AsO3(OH)]2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
CanutiteNaMn3[AsO4][AsO3(OH)]2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
ErikapohliteCu3(Zn,Cu,Mg)4Ca2(AsO4)6 · 2H2O Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Ferroalluaudite(Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Ferroalluaudite-NaNaNa4Na4Fe2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12Mon. 2/m : B2/m
FerrohagendorfiteNaCaFe2+Fe2+2(PO4)3Mon.
GroatiteNaCaMn2(PO4)[PO3(OH)]2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
HagendorfiteNaCaMn2+Fe2+2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Hagendorfite-NaNaNaNaFe2+(Mn2+,Mn3+)(PO4)3 (?)Mon. 2/m : B2/b
HatertiteNa2(Ca,Na)(Fe3+,Cu)2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
JohilleriteNa(Mg,Zn)3Cu(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
KeyiteCu2+3Zn4Cd2(AsO4)6 · 2H2OMon. 2/m
KhrenoviteNa3Fe3+2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Maghagendorfite(Na,◻)MgMn2+(Fe2+,Fe3+)2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m
MagnesiocanutiteNaMnMg2[AsO4]2[AsO2(OH)2]Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Magnesiohatertite(Na,Ca)2Ca(Mg,Fe3+)2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
NickenichiteNa0.8Ca0.4Cu0.4(Mg,Fe)3(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
O'DanieliteNa(Zn,Mg)3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
ParaberzeliiteNaCa2Mg2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Unnamed (Na-Mg Arsenate Hydroxyarsenate)NaMg3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Unnamed (Na-Zn-H Arsenate Hydrxyarsenate)Na(Na0.6Zn0.4)Zn2(H0.6AsO4)(AsO3OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
VaruliteNaCaMn2+Mn2+2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
YazganiteNaFe3+2(Mg,Mn2+)(AsO4)3 · H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
ZhanghuifeniteNa3Mn4Mg2Al(PO4)6Mon. 2/m
ZincobradaczekiteNaZn2Cu2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
5 photos of Caryinite associated with CalciteCaCO3
3 photos of Caryinite associated with Berzeliite(NaCa2)Mg2(AsO4)3
3 photos of Caryinite associated with Magnetoplumbite(Pb,Mn)(Fe,Mn)12O19
3 photos of Caryinite associated with Manganberzeliite(NaCa2)Mn2+2(AsO4)3
2 photos of Caryinite associated with SvabiteCa5(AsO4)3F
1 photo of Caryinite associated with HausmanniteMn2+Mn3+2O4
1 photo of Caryinite associated with TephroiteMn2+2SiO4
1 photo of Caryinite associated with MagnetiteFe2+Fe3+2O4
1 photo of Caryinite associated with RhodoniteCaMn3Mn[Si5O15]

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

8.AC.AngarfiteNaFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)4 · 4H2O Orth. 2 2 2 : C2 2 21
8.AC.WopmayiteCa6Na3◻Mn(PO4)3(PO3OH)4 Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.XDyrnaesite-(La)Na8Ce4+(La,REE)2(PO4)6Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
8.AC.EdtolliteK2NaCu5Fe3+O2(AsO4)4Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.AlumoedtolliteK2NaCu5AlO2(AsO4)4Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.CrocobeloniteCaFe3+2O(PO4)2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
8.AC.ManganobadaloviteNaNaMn(MgFe3+)(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.BeershevaiteCaFe3+3(PO4)3OMon. 2/m : P21/m
8.AC.CalciohatertiteNaNaCa(CaFe3+)(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.KabaloviteFe2+3Fe3+4(PO4)6Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.Nazarchukite Ca2NiFe3+2(PO4)4Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca
8.AC.Changesite–(Y)(Ca8Y)◻Fe2+(PO4)7Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.Crocobelonite-1MCaFe3+2O(PO4)2Mon. 2/m : P21/m
8.AC.Ebnerite(NH4)Zn(PO4)Hex. 6 : P63
8.AC.MagnesioqingheiiteNa2Mg(MgAl)(PO4)3Mon. 2/m
8.AC.Epiebnerite(NH4)Zn(PO4)Mon. 2 : P21
8.AC.02GrigorieviteCu3Fe3+2Al2(VO4)6Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.02KoksharoviteCaMg2Fe3+4(VO4)6Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.02ZiminaiteFe3+ 6 (VO4)6Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.05CalciojohilleriteNaCaMg3(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05HowardevansiteNaCuFe2(VO4)3Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.05O'DanieliteNa(Zn,Mg)3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05 vaAlluaudite-Naâ–Ąâ—»4Na4Mn2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05 vaAlluaudite-Caâ–Ąâ—»4Ca4Mn2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05 vaFerroalluaudite-NaNaNa4Na4Fe2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12Mon. 2/m : B2/m
8.AC.05Hagendorfite-NaNaNaNaFe2+(Mn2+,Mn3+)(PO4)3 (?)Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05ErikapohliteCu3(Zn,Cu,Mg)4Ca2(AsO4)6 · 2H2O Mon. 2/m : B2/m
8.AC.05HatertiteNa2(Ca,Na)(Fe3+,Cu)2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05Unnamed (Na-Mg Arsenate Hydroxyarsenate)NaMg3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05Unnamed (Na-Zn-H Arsenate Hydrxyarsenate)Na(Na0.6Zn0.4)Zn2(H0.6AsO4)(AsO3OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05ZincobradaczekiteNaZn2Cu2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05BadaloviteNa2Mg2Fe(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05MagnesiocanutiteNaMnMg2[AsO4]2[AsO2(OH)2]Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05Magnesiohatertite(Na,Ca)2Ca(Mg,Fe3+)2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05KhrenoviteNa3Fe3+2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05ParaberzeliiteNaCa2Mg2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05CamanchacaiteNaCaMg2[AsO4][AsO3(OH)]2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05ManganohatertiteNaNaCa(MnFe3+)(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.07ZhanghuifeniteNa3Mn4Mg2Al(PO4)6Mon. 2/m
8.AC.07FerrobobfergusoniteNa2Fe2+5Fe3+Al(PO4)6Mon.
8.AC.10Alluaudite(Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.10ArseniopleiteNaCaMnMn2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m
8.AC.10Ferroalluaudite(Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.10HagendorfiteNaCaMn2+Fe2+2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.10JohilleriteNa(Mg,Zn)3Cu(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.10Maghagendorfite(Na,◻)MgMn2+(Fe2+,Fe3+)2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m
8.AC.10NickenichiteNa0.8Ca0.4Cu0.4(Mg,Fe)3(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.10VaruliteNaCaMn2+Mn2+2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.10FerrohagendorfiteNaCaFe2+Fe2+2(PO4)3Mon.
8.AC.10BradaczekiteNaCu4(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.10GroatiteNaCaMn2(PO4)[PO3(OH)]2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.15BobfergusoniteNa2Mn5FeAl(PO4)6Mon. 2/m : P2/b
8.AC.15Ferrowyllieite(Na,Ca,Mn)(Fe,Mn)(Fe,Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : P21/b
8.AC.15QingheiiteNaNaMn2+(MgAl)(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : P21/b
8.AC.15Rosemaryite(Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Mg)Al(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : P21/b
8.AC.15Wyllieite(Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3Mon. 2/m
8.AC.15Ferrorosemaryite◻NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3Mon. 2/m
8.AC.15FerroqingheiiteNaNaFe2+(MgAl)(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : P21/m
8.AC.17CzochralskiiteNa4Ca3Mg(PO4)4Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
8.AC.18ManitobaiteNa16Mn2+ 25Al8(PO4)30Mon. m : Pb
8.AC.20MarićiteNaFe2+(PO4)Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna
8.AC.25Berzeliite(NaCa2)Mg2(AsO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
8.AC.25Manganberzeliite(NaCa2)Mn2+2(AsO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
8.AC.25Palenzonaite(NaCa2)Mn2+2(VO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
8.AC.25SchÀferite(NaCa2)Mg2(VO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
8.AC.25Hedegaardite(Ca,Na)9(Ca,Na)Mg(PO4)6(PO3OH)Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.25MatyhiteCa18(Ca,◻)2Fe2+2(PO4)14Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.30BrianiteNa2CaMg(PO4)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
8.AC.35Vitusite-(Ce)Na3(Ce,La,Nd)(PO4)2Orth. mm2 : Pca21
8.AC.40Olgite(Sr,Ba)(Na,Sr,REE)2Na(PO4)2Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
8.AC.40Bario-olgite(Ba,Sr)(Na,Sr,REE)2Na(PO4)2 · Trig. 3 : P3
8.AC.45StrontiowhitlockiteSr9Mg(PO4)6(PO3OH)Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.45WhitlockiteCa9Mg(PO4)6(PO3OH)Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.45MerrilliteCa9NaMg(PO4)7Trig. 3m : R3m
8.AC.45TuiteCa3(PO4)2Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
8.AC.45FerromerrilliteCa9NaFe2+(PO4)7Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.47IwateiteNa2BaMn(PO4)2Trig. 3 : P3
8.AC.47YurmariniteNa7(Fe3+,Mg,Cu)4(AsO4)6Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
8.AC.47OzerovaiteNa2KAl3(AsO4)4Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmca
8.AC.47AnatolyiteNa6(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe3+)3Al(AsO4)6Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
8.AC.47PansneriteK3Na3(Fe3+,Al)6(AsO4)8Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
8.AC.50ChladniiteNa3CaMg11(PO4)9Trig. 3 : R3
8.AC.50FillowiteNa3CaMn2+11(PO4)9Trig. 3 : R3
8.AC.50JohnsomervilleiteNa3CaFe11(PO4)9Trig. 3 : R3
8.AC.50GalileiiteNa3Fe2+Fe2+11(PO4)9Trig. 3 : R3
8.AC.50XenophylliteNa4Fe2+7(PO4)6Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.50UdinaiteNaMg4(VO4)3Tet. 4 2m : I4 2d
8.AC.50ArsenudinaiteNaMg4(AsO4)3Tet. 4 2m : I4 2d
8.AC.52Lasnierite(Ca,Sr)(Mg,Fe2+)2Al(P[O,F]4)3Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
8.AC.55PharmazinciteKZnAsO4Hex. 6 : P63
8.AC.57ZubkovaiteCa3Cu3(AsO4)4Mon. 2 : B2
8.AC.60KosnariteKZr2(PO4)3Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
8.AC.65Panethite(Na,Ca)2(Mg,Fe2+)2(PO4)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
8.AC.70StanfielditeCa4Mg5(PO4)6Mon.
8.AC.75RonneburgiteK2MnV4O12Mon. 2/m
8.AC.80TillmannsiteAg3Hg[(V,As)O4]Tet. 4 : I4
8.AC.85FilatoviteK(Al,Zn)2(As,Si)2O8Mon. 2/m

Fluorescence of CaryiniteHide

Not fluorescent.

Other InformationHide

Notes:
Soluble in HNO3.

Alters to Berzeliite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for CaryiniteHide

References for CaryiniteHide

Localities for CaryiniteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Italy
 
  • Piedmont
    • Cuneo Province
      • Canosio
        • Vallone della Valletta
CĂĄmara et al. (2014)
Sweden
 
  • Örebro County
    • HĂ€llefors
      • Grythyttan
Moore (1972)
  • VĂ€rmland County
    • Filipstad
      • LĂ„ngban Ore District
GFF (1874) +2 other references
Adolfsson (1979)
Switzerland
 
  • Grisons
    • Viamala Region
      • Ferrera
        • Ausserferrera
Brugger J. (1996)
 
Mineral and/or Locality  
Mindat Discussions Facebook Logo Instagram Logo Discord Logo
Mindat.org is an outreach project of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization.
Copyright © mindat.org and the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy 1993-2024, except where stated. Most political location boundaries are © OpenStreetMap contributors. Mindat.org relies on the contributions of thousands of members and supporters. Founded in 2000 by Jolyon Ralph.
Privacy Policy - Terms & Conditions - Contact Us / DMCA issues - Report a bug/vulnerability Current server date and time: May 1, 2024 21:55:02
Go to top of page