Orpiment
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Mark Kucera
About Orpiment
Formula:
As2S3
Colour:
Orange-yellow to lemon-yellow
Lustre:
Pearly
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
3.49
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
From Latin "aurum", gold, and "pigmentum", pigment, in allusion to its color.
Isostructural with:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3021
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3021:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
121a5e6b-245e-4734-b58c-70ba3b873f48
IMA Classification of Orpiment
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Orpiment
2.FA.30
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
A : With As, (Sb), S
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
A : With As, (Sb), S
2.11.1.1
2 : SULFIDES
11 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:3
2 : SULFIDES
11 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:3
3.7.8
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Orp | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Orp | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185β187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Orp | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Orpiment
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Orpiment
Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Orange-yellow to lemon-yellow
Streak:
Light lemon yellow
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Sectile
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect {010} imperfect {100}
Perfect {010} imperfect {100}
Density:
3.49 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.48 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Orpiment
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 2.400 nβ = 2.810 nγ = 3.020
2V:
Measured: 30° to 76°, Calculated: 62°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.620
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Anisotropism:
Barely observable because of strong internal reflections
Dispersion:
relatively strong r > v
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 33.0% | 36.5% |
| 420nm | 31.0% | 35.2% |
| 440nm | 28.9% | 33.9% |
| 460nm | 27.4% | 31.5% |
| 480nm | 26.0% | 30.3% |
| 500nm | 24.9% | 29.3% |
| 520nm | 24.0% | 28.4% |
| 540nm | 23.3% | 27.8% |
| 560nm | 22.8% | 27.3% |
| 580nm | 22.3% | 26.9% |
| 600nm | 22.0% | 26.5% |
| 620nm | 21.7% | 26.3% |
| 640nm | 21.5% | 26.0% |
| 660nm | 21.2% | 25.7% |
| 680nm | 21.0% | 25.5% |
| 700nm | 20.8% | 25.3% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 36.5%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White to pale grey
Internal Reflections:
Strong
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
white to grey-white with a reddish tint (reflected light)
Y=yellow, Z=greenish yellow (transmitted light)
Y=yellow, Z=greenish yellow (transmitted light)
Chemistry of Orpiment
Mindat Formula:
As2S3
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Hg,Ge,Sb
Crystallography of Orpiment
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.475(5) Å, b = 9.577(4) Å, c = 4.256(2) Å
β = 90.45(5)°
β = 90.45(5)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.198 : 1 : 0.444
Unit Cell V:
467.70 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Commonly in foliated columnar or fibrous aggregates, with cleavages as much as 60 cm across; may be reniform or botryoidal; also granular or powdery; rarely as prismatic crystals.
Twinning:
On {100}
Comment:
sp. gr. P21/n
Crystallographic forms of Orpiment
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
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Orpiment no.3 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Orpiment no.13 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Orpiment - Tabular {010}
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0010733 | Orpiment | Mullen D J E, Nowacki W (1972) Refinement of the crystal structures of realgar, AsS and orpiment, As2S3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 136 48-65 |  | 1972 | Lengenbach quarry, Binnatal, Switzerland | 0 | 293 |
| 0014411 | Orpiment | Morimoto N (1954) The crystal structure of orpiment (As2S3) refined Mineralogical Journal 1 160-169 | | 1954 | Saimoku, Japan | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.85 Γ | (100) |
| 4.02 Γ | (50) |
| 3.22 Γ | (30) |
| 2.79 Γ | (30) |
| 2.72 Γ | (30) |
| 2.47 Γ | (40) |
| 1.755 Γ | (40) |
Comments:
Baia Sprie (FelsΕbΓ‘nya), Romania.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earthβs earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 11 : Volcanic fumarole minerals; reduced phases (see also #45) | |
| Stage 3b: Earthβs earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
| 14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals | |
| High-π alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
In low-temperature hydrothermal veins, hot springs and fumaroles; also commonly as an alteration product of arsenic minerals, especially realgar.
Synonyms of Orpiment
Other Language Names for Orpiment
Catalan:Orpiment
Dutch:Orpiment
Estonian:Auripigment
French:Orpiment
Arsenic Jaune
Arsenic Jaune
Irish Gaelic:Γirpimint
Italian:Orpimento
Japanese:η³ι»
Lithuanian:Orpimentas
Polish:Aurypigment
Portuguese:Auripigmento
Russian:ΠΡΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ
Simplified Chinese:ιι»
Slovak:Auripigment
Spanish:Orpimente
Ukrainian:ΠΡΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 538 photos of Orpiment associated with Realgar | As4S4 |
| 289 photos of Orpiment associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 193 photos of Orpiment associated with Hutchinsonite | TlPbAs5S9 |
| 118 photos of Orpiment associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 109 photos of Orpiment associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 97 photos of Orpiment associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 81 photos of Orpiment associated with Getchellite | AsSbS3 |
| 76 photos of Orpiment associated with Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
| 33 photos of Orpiment associated with LorΓ‘ndite | TlAsS2 |
| 32 photos of Orpiment associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.FA. | Anorpiment | As2S3 |
| 2.FA. | Bonazziite | As4S4 |
| 2.FA. | Paradimorphite | As4S3 |
| 2.FA.05 | Duranusite | As4S |
| 2.FA.10 | Dimorphite | As4S3 |
| 2.FA.15b | Pararealgar | As4S4 |
| 2.FA.15a | Realgar | As4S4 |
| 2.FA.15d | UM1970-18-S:As | As4S4 |
| 2.FA.20 | AlacrΓ‘nite | As8S9 |
| 2.FA.25 | Uzonite | As4S5 |
| 2.FA.30 | Laphamite | As2Se3 |
| 2.FA.35 | Getchellite | AsSbS3 |
| 2.FA.40 | Wakabayashilite | [(As,Sb)6S9][As4S5] |
| 2.FA.40 | Kalgoorlieite | As2Te3 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube it fuses, volatizes and gives a dark yellow sublimate.
Notes:
Soluble in aqua regia and caustic alkalies.
Health Risks:
Contains arsenic - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest.
Internet Links for Orpiment
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3021.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Orpiment
Localities for Orpiment
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| inferences on processes of formation. The Canadian Mineralogist (April 2003) +1 other reference |
| inferences on processes of formation. The Canadian Mineralogist (April 2003) +1 other reference | |
| inferences on processes of formation. The Canadian Mineralogist (April 2003) +1 other reference | |
| inferences on processes of formation. The Canadian Mineralogist (April 2003) +1 other reference | |
| inferences on processes of formation. The Canadian Mineralogis t (April 2003) +1 other reference | |
| inferences on processes of formation. The Canadian Mineralogist (April 2003) +1 other reference |
Antarctica | |
| Petersen et al. (2004) |
Argentina | |
| Juan Carlos Lodovichi |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +1 other reference |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +1 other reference |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +2 other references | |
| YAMANA GOLD INC. ANNUAL INFORMATION ... |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
Armenia | |
| Kukulyan (1988) |
Australia | |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| H. Meixner: Der Karinthin 11:255-257 (1950) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr (2011) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| J.Metzger (2012) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Meixner (1950) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Habel (2005) |
| E. Fugger: "Die Mineralien des Herzogthumes Salzburg" (1878) | |
| F.Bernhard (2012) |
| K.A.Redlich (1908) |
| Postl et al. (2006) |
| Bojar et al. (1994) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Strasser (2006) |
| SpΓΆtl (1989) |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) | |
| Arlt et al. (1994) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Exel (1982) |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov et al. (2006) |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975. |
| Arce Burgoa | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| BariΔ et al. (1948.-1950.) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| MINFILE NUMBER: 104B 008 |
| Ray et al. (2002) |
| MINFILE No 092F 117 |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| MINFILE No 092GNW003 |
| Econ Geol (1980) | |
| Hudgins (1967) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Ontario Ministry of Northern ... |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +2 other references |
| Kuhns et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Ontario MDI Number: MDI42C12NW00002 +1 other reference | |
| Proceedings 30th Intl Geol Cong Vol 16 ... +2 other references | |
| Econ Geol (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Mine Development Associates (2018) |
| Kovacs et al. (2014) | |
Chile | |
| Inostroza et al. (2020) |
| Samples analysed by Tony Kampf of LAC ... |
| Inostroza et al. (2020) |
| GrΓΆpper et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
| Thompson et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Sample in the Maurizio Dini collection | |
| Popova et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Maurizio Dini collection |
China | |
| Mingan Wu (2007) |
| Chuanzhi Luo (1991) |
| Chuanzhi Luo (1991) |
| Shenghao Yan et al. (2000) |
| Guanghong Wang et al. (2009) | |
| Chuanzhi Luo (1991) +1 other reference |
| Peng Zhang (2009) |
| Rongsheng Yang et al. (2006) |
| Xiaodong Mao et al. (2007) |
| Lin Niu (1994) |
| Gao et al. (2021) +1 other reference | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Zhiping Li (1998) |
| Zhiping Li (1998) | |
| Zhiping Li (1998) | |
| Gao et al. (2021) |
| Shihua Qi et al. (2000) |
| Jian Liu et al. (2008) | |
| Baogui Zhang (1985) |
| Jiaming Tan (1988) |
| Maozhong Min and Xiangyun Wang (1994) |
| Guanqing Lu (1994) |
| Xianxiao Xiong (2000) |
| Wenhui Qiu (1985) |
| Zhiwei Bao (2001) |
| Zhiping Li (1998) | |
| Zhiping Li (1998) |
| brightrich.com (2009) | |
| Xiaoqing Zhu and Zhonggang Wang (2002) | |
| Wei +5 other references |
| Chen et al. (2021) |
| Zhiping Li (1998) |
| Zhiping Li (1998) |
| Tangfuo Xiao et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Zhiping Li (1998) | |
| Jianzhong Liu et al. (2010) | |
| Gu et al. (2023) +2 other references | |
| Zhiping Li (1998) |
| Tan et al. (2019) |
| Hu et al. (2017) | |
| Wenchao Su et al. (2007) +3 other references | |
| Zhiwei Bao and Jayanta Guha (2007) +3 other references | |
| Xianxiao Xiong (2000) |
| Xianxiao Xiong (2000) +1 other reference |
| Yonghong Zhu et al. (2012) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Shangquan Wu (1984) +3 other references |
| Xianxiao Xiong (2000) +1 other reference |
| Zichao Zhao (1987) |
| Jingqu Yao (1981) |
| Han et al. (2020) |
| Liangshui Zhong (1991) +3 other references | |
| Guanglong Shu et al. (2007) | |
| Guanglong Shu et al. (2007) | |
| Yunfeng Ke (1993) +2 other references |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Zhang Baogui (1996) +1 other reference |
| Yansong Tan (1980) +2 other references |
| Zheng et al. (2022) |
| Ottens (2007) |
| Shoufu Wu (1983) |
| Maozhong Min and Xiangyun Wang (1994) |
| Hart et al. (2002) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) +1 other reference |
| Xilin Liu (1991) |
| Shuhuan Hou and Jianjun Jiang (2005) |
| Han Zhong et al. (1981) |
| Cunjie Dong et al. (2010) |
| Cunjie Dong et al. (2010) | |
| Cunjie Dong et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Caisheng Zhao et al. (2009) |
| Rui Xia et al. (2013) | |
| Xianxiao Xiong (1999) +1 other reference |
| Junzhi Dai et al. (2011) |
| Vielreicher et al. (2003) |
| Pang Jiangli (1999) +2 other references |
| Caifu Xie et al. (2004) |
| USGS Open-File Report 98-466 |
| Yingchuan Lu et al. (2012) |
| Zengqian Hou et al. (2007) |
| Xiaoming Qu et al. (2001) | |
| Yuanfu Xiao et al. (2010) |
| Yongjun Gao et al. (2011) |
| www.ruegg.co.uk (n.d.) |
| www.idm.gov.vn (n.d.) | |
| Shaohong Fu et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Xianxiao Xiong (2000) |
| Peters (2002) | |
| Peters (2002) | |
| Peters (2002) | |
| Su Sun (1993) |
| Zhiping Li (1998) | |
| De'an Zhu (1995) | |
| De'an Zhu (1995) | |
| LENG et al. (2014) |
| Xianxiao Xiong (2000) |
| Yao Tan et al. (2011) |
| Xing et al. (2022) |
| Bingyu Zhu et al. (2010) |
| Xianxiao Xiong (1999) +1 other reference |
| Zhang Zhong et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Zengqian Hou et al. (2007) |
| Jiajun Liu et al. (2010) |
| Xiaohu Wang et al. (2011) |
| Xiaohu Wang et al. (2011) | |
| Khin Zaw et al. (2007) |
| Wen Yan and Chaoyang Li (1992) |
| Song et al. (2022) |
Czech Republic | |
| Ε½Γ‘Δek et al. (1998) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Beran +3 other references |
| Scharm B. |
| Roman GrambliΔka collection |
Ethiopia | |
| Cook et al. (2000) |
France | |
| Gonnard F. (1906) |
| Laurent (1995) |
| Laurent (1995) |
| |
| Meisser (1993) |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2005) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2012) |
| P. Devismes : "Atlas photographique des ... |
| Rocks & Minerals (xxxx) +1 other reference |
| P&T NΒ°23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin) |
| Wittern +1 other reference |
| Bari (1982) | |
| This mine worked the same vein as Gabe ... +2 other references | |
| Dana 7:I:547. |
| Jean-Pierre Bourgarel collection |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Belot (1978) |
| |
| Bariand et al. (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Mantienne (1974) +1 other reference |
Georgia | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) |
| A. G. Zhabin et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
Germany | |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Lapis (4) |
| Kaiser (1983) +2 other references |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Klaus SchΓ€fer collection (identified by Raman spectroscopy) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2013) |
| undefined +2 other references |
| P. Ramdohr +1 other reference | |
| see locality page |
| |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| E Lackner and John Sobolewski ... |
Greece | |
| |
| Fritz Schreiber collection | |
| Lazaridis G. et al. (2011) |
| Kilias et al. (2013) |
Hungary | |
| SzakΓ‘ll - Gatter: Minerals of Hungary |
| |
Indonesia | |
| 216.239.53.104 (n.d.) |
| Turner et al. (1994) |
| Collection of Alex Earl |
| Yuningsih et al. (2014) |
Iran | |
| M. A. Mallakpour (1992) |
| Maanijou et al. (2001, August) |
| Keshavarzi et al. (2012) |
| Keshavarzi et al. (2012) | |
| Rafiei et al. (2010) |
| Richards (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Daliran (2008) |
| Asadi +5 other references | |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Russo et al. (2017) |
| Russo |
| Pelloux (1927) +2 other references | |
| Barrese et al. (1994) |
| Sella (1877) |
| 415. +1 other reference |
| Antofilli et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| AA.VV. |
| Mattias et al. (2008) |
| Bruno Marello et al. (2023) |
| Bruno Marello find & collection | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| AA.VV. | |
| Jervis G. (1873) +2 other references | |
| Ambrino et al. (2008) |
| Barresi (2005) +2 other references |
| D'Agnolo (1968) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Barresi (1999) |
| D'Agnolo (1968) +1 other reference |
| D'Agnolo (1966) +1 other reference | |
| D'Agnolo (1968) +1 other reference |
| Biste (1977) +1 other reference |
| DEVILLE SAINTE CLAIRE C. (1856) |
| Baccos (1966) +2 other references |
| AA.VV. |
| Brizzi G. et al. (Casal di Pari-GR) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (GR) |
| Arisi Rota et al. (1971) +2 other references |
| Giuliano bettini collection |
| Orlandi et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| D'Achiardi (1899) +8 other references |
| DβAchiardi (1905) +2 other references |
| Morino et al. (2016) | |
| DβAchiardi (1905) +4 other references | |
| Anthony et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Mariani P. et al. (1975) |
| Meli R. |
| Menchetti et al. (2015) |
| Baccos (1967) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Kagaya (1962) |
| Εhashi (1920) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Takeo Kato et al. (1934) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) +2 other references | |
| Shimizu et al. (1999) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Shun Nakano and Nobuo Geshi (2008) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Narita (1963) |
| Narita (1963) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Suzuki et al. (2008) |
| Dekov et al. (2022) | |
| Ii (2006) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Dill (1999) |
| Kopchenova et al. (1962) +2 other references |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
| Cook (2000) +1 other reference |
Laos | |
| Guo et al. (2018) |
Malaysia | |
| Yajima (1960) |
| Breward et al. (1994) | |
| Wolfram Dieter Schuh (1993) | |
| Kim (1994) | |
| Breward et al. (1994) | |
| Wolfram Dieter Schuh (1993) | |
Mexico | |
| Prescott |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| stratigraphy et al. (4) +1 other reference |
| Verley et al. (2011) | |
Morocco | |
| S. WeiΓ: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
New Zealand | |
| J Robertson (1999) |
| en.wikipedia.org (n.d.) |
| R. Martin (NZ) |
| Aurora Minerals +1 other reference | |
| Rod Martin personal collection |
| An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing ... +1 other reference |
| Krupp et al. (1987) |
| Kerr et al. (2018) |
| Kerr et al. (2018) | |
North Macedonia | |
| Percival et al. (1994) +2 other references |
| Nuclear Instruments and Methods in ... +5 other references | |
| Boev et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Hiessleitner (1934) +3 other references |
Pakistan | |
| Ikram Mineralogy |
| Ikram Mineralogy (Wholly owned & manage by Ikram Nature Exploration ) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Gemmell et al. (2004) |
Peru | |
| HyrΕ‘l (2009) |
| Longo et al. (2005) |
| PΓ©rez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) |
| Crowley et al. (1997) | |
| B. Duval | |
| Lewis Jr (1964) |
| Hyrsl et al. (2006) +2 other references | |
| PΓ©rez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) |
| Wise et al. (2005) |
| thediggings.com (n.d.) |
| Hyrsl et al. (2003) |
| Mineralogical Record (1997) |
| studies of structure et al. (7) +1 other reference |
| Min.Rec. 28 (1997) |
| Johnson et al. (1955) | |
Poland | |
| GAWEΕ A. (Middle Carpathians) |
| Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica +2 other references | |
Portugal | |
| Collected by Pierre Rosseel in October ... |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| SzakΓ‘ll (2002) | |
| Ed.:SzakΓ‘ll S.-KristΓ‘ly ... |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| Grancea et al. (2002) |
| Minerals of Carpathians | |
| Εukasz Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF analysis ... |
| Grancea et al. (2002) |
| SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of Carpathian Reg. | |
| KovΓ‘cs et al. (2020) |
Russia | |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Okrugin |
| ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π° |
| Migdisov et al. (1998) |
| Moore (2002) +1 other reference |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) | |
| Evseev (1973) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| American Mineralogist +16 other references |
| Redin et al. (2015) |
| Redin et al. (2015) | |
| Redin et al. (2015) | |
| Yurgenson et al. (2011) |
Serbia | |
| Slobodan A. RadosavljeviΔ et al. (2013) | |
| Slobodan A. RadosavljeviΔ +4 other references |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| ΔuΔa R. +1 other reference |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Cook (2000) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| RojkoviΔovΓ‘ |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| ΔuΔa (1993) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| BaΔo |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
| ΔuΔa R. (2001) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) +1 other reference |
Slovenia | |
| Bancroft et al. (1991) |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Mendoza et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| LΓ³pez (n.d.) |
| Luque C.and GutiΓ©rrez. Manuel (2006) |
| Luque et al. (2006) | |
| LΓ³pez (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| GutiΓ©rrez Villarias (nordeste de Leon) |
Sweden | |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) |
Switzerland | |
| Graeser et al. (1987) |
Taiwan | |
| |
| Journal of the Chemical Society |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Turkey | |
| Ali R. ΓolakoΔlu et al. (2011) |
| Yigit (2012) +1 other reference |
| Lucas Etienne collection | |
| Lucas Etienne collection | |
| |
| Imer et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +2 other references |
| Erik Vercammen collection | |
| Erik Vercammen collection and field observations (1988) | |
| Akçay et al. (2006) |
| erik vercammen field observations and ... |
| Sarp et al. (2005) |
| J. GarcΓa-Veigas et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +6 other references |
| American Mineralogist +4 other references | |
| Γzen et al. (2013) |
| Arik (2012) |
| MiΔraΓ§ AkΓ§ay (1995) |
| MiΔraΓ§ AkΓ§ay (1995) | |
| YaylalΔ±-Abanuz et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Richard De Nul |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Rollinson et al. (2017) |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
Ukraine | |
| Shnykov E.F. at al. (1971) |
| [World of Stones 12:20] |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Burton et al. (2011) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| USGS OFR 2003-404 (Hudson,2003) +1 other reference | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| Galbraith (1947) +1 other reference |
| |
| Pemberton et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| [micromounts@yahoogroups.com] |
| Skinner et al. (1964) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 132. +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Bradley (1942) +1 other reference | |
| Wright (1925) +4 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 132. +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Integrated Methods for Discovery: ... |
| Anthony A. Longo et al. (2002) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Hastings (2008) |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report ... +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Min.Rec.:20:469. +2 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Jerry W. Mohling (2002) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| John W. Norby and Michael J.T. Orobona (2002) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| evidence for Cretaceous and Tertiary gold mineralization. Economic Geology (5) +8 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| GETCHELL DEPOSIT +5 other references | |
| Osterberg (1990) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Econ Geol (1997) +1 other reference | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Blamey (2000) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| From the labelled Byron Weissberg PhD ... |
| Tony Nikischer specimen |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| John et al. (1989) | |
| NBMG files No. 29600051 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 16:22. +3 other references | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| mrdata.usgs.gov (n.d.) |
| Ilchik (1990) +2 other references | |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp234-241 +1 other reference |
| NJ Geol. Survey Bull. #64 et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Jensen (1978) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 12663 | |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 969 |
| - (2005) | |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... +1 other reference |
| USGS OFR 99-666 |
| Microprobe |
| Lapham et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 300 p295 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Collection of Philip Bluemner |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:3 pp194-196 |
| Collected by Gerry Austin | |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection |
| Econ Geol (1996) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Carl L. Ege (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Wilson et al. (1993) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 12:277. +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Wilson et al. (1991) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 12:277. |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
| Dana 7:I:293 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals (2001) |
| - (2005) |
Vanuatu | |
| Schmidt et al. (2017) |
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Quiruvilca Mine, Quiruvilca District, Santiago de Chuco Province, La Libertad, Peru