Duftite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Duftite
Formula:
PbCu(AsO4)(OH)
Colour:
Olive-green, grey-green
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Dull
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
6.12
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Otto Pufahl in 1920 for Gustav Bernhard Duft [b. 1859 Clausthal, Germany - 1924?], second General Manager of the Tsumcor Mine (Tsumeb Mine), Namibia (~1906), but Duft was active in Namibia as early as 1892. Guillemin (1956) distinguished two kinds of duftite: "duftite-α" = duftite (space group Pnam) and (Ca-bearing) "duftite-β" = duftite (space group P212121).
Adelite-Descloizite Group. Conichalcite-Duftite Series. Duftite-Mottramite Series.
Duftite-alpha is possibly a variety of Duftite isostructural with descloizite (for literature see duftite). Modern studies needed.
Duftite-β was found to be a compositional intermediate in the conichalcite-duftite series, which has a modulated structure based on the intergrowth of the two structures in domains of approximately 50 Å (Kharisun et al., 1998).
Originally described from Tsumeb Mine (Tsumcorp Mine), Tsumeb, Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region, Namibia.
Duftite-alpha is possibly a variety of Duftite isostructural with descloizite (for literature see duftite). Modern studies needed.
Duftite-β was found to be a compositional intermediate in the conichalcite-duftite series, which has a modulated structure based on the intergrowth of the two structures in domains of approximately 50 Å (Kharisun et al., 1998).
Originally described from Tsumeb Mine (Tsumcorp Mine), Tsumeb, Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region, Namibia.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1325
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1325:9
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
f1984c6d-9307-453a-b789-29ab6ec9e832
IMA Classification of Duftite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1920
Classification of Duftite
8.BH.35
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
41.5.1.4
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
5 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
5 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
20.5.3
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Dft | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Duftite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Debbie Woolf | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Duftite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Dull
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Lustre vitreous on fracture surfaces; dull on crystal faces.
Colour:
Olive-green, grey-green
Comment:
Light apple-green in transmitted light.
Streak:
Pale green, white
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Usually unobservable in botryoidal aggregates.
Usually unobservable in botryoidal aggregates.
Fracture:
Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
6.12 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.602 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Duftite-α D=6.57
Optical Data of Duftite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 2.030 - 2.040 nβ = 2.060 - 2.080 nγ = 2.080 - 2.100
Birefringence:
0.055
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.050 - 0.060
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
r > v perceptible
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Duftite
Mindat Formula:
PbCu(AsO4)(OH)
Crystallography of Duftite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
2 2 2 - Disphenoidal
Space Group:
P21 21 21
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.749(1) Å, b = 9.36(1) Å, c = 5.91(1) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.828 : 1 : 0.631
Unit Cell V:
428.66 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Usually botryoidal, rare tiny crystals elongated [001] with curved and rough faces aggregated into crusts. Pseudo-octahedral.
Comment:
For P212121; UCD for Pnam a 7.788, b 9.223, c 6.001
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014532 | Duftite | Kharisun, Taylor M R, Bevan D J M, Pring A (1998) The crystal chemistry of duftite, PbCuAsO4(OH) and the beta-duftite problem Mineralogical Magazine 62 121-130 |  | 1998 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020488 | Duftite | Sokolova E V, Egorov-Tismenko Y K (1982) Study of crystalline structures of rare arsenates: duftite and mimetite Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta Geologiya 37 50-56 | 1982 | Cassiterite-sulfide field, Festivalnyi, East Siberia, Russia | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.18 Å | (70) |
| 3.17 Å | (100) |
| 2.91 Å | (80) |
| 2.63 Å | (90) |
| 2.26 Å | (90) |
| 1.868 Å | (50) |
| 1.750 Å | (50) |
| 1.637 Å | (70) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
Uncommon mineral in the oxidized zone of some polymetallic sulfide deposits.
Type Occurrence of Duftite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized zone of a polymetallic deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Pufahl, O. (1920) Mitteilungen über mineralien und erze von Südwestafrika, besonders solche von Tsumeb. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie: 1920: 289-296.
Other Language Names for Duftite
Varieties of Duftite
| Calcio-duftite | Ca-bearing variety of duftite (solid solution between duftite and conichalcite). |
| Duftite-β | Duftite-beta was found to be a compositional intermediate in the duftite–conichalcite series, which has a modulated structure based on the intergrowth of the two structures in domains of approximately 50 Å: Kharisun, 1998. The duftite “story” - an... |
Relationship of Duftite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Adelite | CaMg(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Arsendescloizite | PbZn(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Austinite | CaZn(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Čechite | PbFe2+(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Cobaltaustinite | CaCo(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Duftite-alpha | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) | |
| Gottlobite | CaMg(VO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Hermannroseite | CaCu(PO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Mottramite | PbCu(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Nickelaustinite | CaNi(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Pyrobelonite | PbMn2+(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Tangeite | CaCu(VO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Unnamed (Pb-analogue of Nickelaustinite) | PbNi(AsO4)(OH) | |
| Vuagnatite | CaAl(SiO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 666 photos of Duftite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 243 photos of Duftite associated with Dioptase | CuSiO3 · H2O |
| 165 photos of Duftite associated with Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 141 photos of Duftite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 102 photos of Duftite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 87 photos of Duftite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 63 photos of Duftite associated with Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
| 62 photos of Duftite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 48 photos of Duftite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 38 photos of Duftite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BH. | Crimsonite | PbFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH. | Reznitskyite | CaMg(VO4)F |
| 8.BH. | Cuprozheshengite | Pb4CuZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH. | Zheshengite | Pb4ZnZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH. | Peterchinite | Zn3Zn2(OH)6As[O3(OH)3] |
| 8.BH.05 | Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 8.BH.10 | Durangite | NaAl(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Isokite | CaMg(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Lacroixite | NaAl(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Maxwellite | NaFe3+(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Panasqueiraite | CaMg(PO4)(OH,F) |
| 8.BH.10 | Kononovite | NaMg(SO4)F |
| 8.BH.10 | Arsenatrotitanite | NaTi(AsO4)O |
| 8.BH.15 | Drugmanite | Pb2(Fe3+,Al)(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Cirrolite | Ca3Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 (?) |
| 8.BH.20 | Kulanite | Ba(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2(Al,Fe3+)2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Penikisite | Ba(Mg,Fe2+,Ca)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Perloffite | Ba(Mn2+,Fe2+)2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Johntomaite | BaFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite Group | |
| 8.BH.20 | Strontioperloffite | SrMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.20 | Plumboperloffite | PbMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BH.25 | Bertossaite | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
| 8.BH.25 | Palermoite | (Li,Na)2(Sr,Ca)Al4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.25 | Natropalermoite | Na2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.30 | Carminite | PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.30 | Sewardite | CaFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.35 | Adelite | CaMg(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Arsendescloizite | PbZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Austinite | CaZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Cobaltaustinite | CaCo(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Gabrielsonite | PbFe3+(As3+O3)O |
| 8.BH.35 | Nickelaustinite | CaNi(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Tangeite | CaCu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Duftite-alpha | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Gottlobite | CaMg(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.35 | Hermannroseite | CaCu(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Čechite | PbFe2+(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Mottramite | PbCu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Pyrobelonite | PbMn2+(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.40 | Khorixasite | (Bi0.67◻0.33)Cu(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BH.45 | Bayldonite | PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.45 | Vésigniéite | BaCu3(VO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.50 | Paganoite | NiBi(AsO4)O |
| 8.BH.55 | Harrisonite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)6(PO4)2(SiO4)2 |
| 8.BH.55 | Jagowerite | BaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BH.60 | Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
| 8.BH.65 | Leningradite | PbCu3(VO4)2Cl |
| 8.BH.70 | Katiarsite | KTiO(AsO4) |
| 8.BH.70 | Yurgensonite | K2SnTiO2(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BH.75 | Melanarsite | K3Cu7Fe3+O4(AsO4)4 |
| 8.BH.80 | Moraskoite | Na2Mg(PO4)F |
| 8.BH.80 | Evseevite | Na2Mg(AsO4)F |
| 8.BH.85 | Piccoliite | NaCaMn3+2(AsO4)2O(OH) |
Fluorescence of Duftite
Not Fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Duftite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1325.html
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References for Duftite
Reference List:
Richmond, Wallace E. (1940) Crystal chemistry of the phosphates, arsenates and vanadates of the type A2XO4(Z) American Mineralogist, 25 (7) 441-479 p.458
Claringbull, G. F. (1951) New occurrences of duftite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 29 (213) 609-614 doi:10.1180/minmag.1951.029.213.07
Guillemin, Claude (1956) Contribution à la minéralogie des arséniates, phosphates et vanadates de cuivre. I. — Arséniates de cuivre. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 79 (1) 7-95 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1956.5049esp. pg. 70–80
Jambor, J. L., Owens, D. R., Dutrizac, J. E. (1980) Solid solution in the adelite group of arsenates. The Canadian Mineralogist, 18 (2) 191-195
Kharisun, Taylor, Max R., Bevan, D. J. M., Pring, Allan (1998) The crystal chemistry of duftite, PbCuAsO4(OH) and the β-duftite problem. Mineralogical Magazine, 62 (1) 121-130 doi:10.1180/002646198547413
Markl, Gregor, Keim, Maximilian F., Bayerl, Richard (2019) Unusual Mineral Diversity in a Hydrothermal Vein-type Deposit: the Clara Mine, SW Germany, as a Type Example. The Canadian Mineralogist, 57 (4) 427-456 doi:10.3749/canmin.1900003
Localities for Duftite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Sureda (1978) |
Australia | |
| Leverett et al. (2003) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| England et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Stuart Mills |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Australian Mineralogist (5) |
| Muller (1972) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| [Mandarino +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Record 24 | |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Nickel et al. (1994) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| G.Indra 1997 |
| G.Blaß | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2011) |
| C.Auer (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Kirchner et al. (2007) |
| Schachinger et al. (2015) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| Offenbacher (1991) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| Lapis 29 (9) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2007) | |
| Der Aufschluß (2006) | |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer et al. (2007) |
Bulgaria | |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) | |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) | |
Chile | |
| maurizio dini - analysed material |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
| maurizio dini & bob jenkins collection ... | |
| Yang et al. (2011) |
| maurizio dini collection - quantitative ... | |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter et al. (Salzburg Department of Mineralogy) |
China | |
| Lairen Lai and Yi Li (1990) +2 other references |
| Hercule Shen |
| Hercule Shen | |
Czech Republic | |
| [Lapis 1995 |
| J.Hyrsl (1992) | |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) | |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Pauliš et al. (2023) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
Egypt | |
| Afify et al. (2022) |
France | |
| Coueille (1988) |
| EDS-analysed by Vincent Bourgoin |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| [var: Calcio-duftite] Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
| Clark (1993) | |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection. |
| Nicolas Meisser September 2009 analysis |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Le Cahier des micromonteurs |
| Leydet (1998) |
| R. Pierrot |
| [var: Calcio-duftite] Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Pöllmann et al. (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Hock et al. (1992) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| |
| D Schläfli collection | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Lapis 25 (2) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Belendorff et al. (1987) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Emser Hefte 1988 (1) +1 other reference |
| Gerhard Möhn collection |
| Legner et al. (2022) |
| P Haas collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| J. Gröbner: Neufunde aus den Bergbaurevieren St. Andreasberg et al. (2007) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Lapis (1) |
| Habel et al. (2009) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Heckmann et al. (1990) | |
| Lapis (5) |
| Lapis (5) | |
| Markl et al. (1990) |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Müller et al. (2021) |
| Lapis (4) | |
| Gröbner J. et al. (2006) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| 81-82. +1 other reference |
| J. Gröbner (7/8) | |
| Witzke (2012) |
Greece | |
| Schnorrer et al. (1999) |
| |
| Rieck (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
Italy | |
| EDX analysis by Italo Campostrini +1 other reference |
| Carnia (Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Guastoni et al. (2020) |
| Simone Ferrero collection |
| Guastoni et al. (2006) +2 other references |
| Guastoni A. et al. (2006) +2 other references | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Conedera M. et al. (2016) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2021) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Paolo Gasparetto et al. (2014) | |
| SEM/EDS analysis by AMI SIUK | |
| Fabio Tosato +3 other references | |
| A.Costantini (2015) |
| Orlandi et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| pers. comm. Kotaro Watanabe +1 other reference |
| Uehara et al. (2014) | |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
Mexico | |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:247. +2 other references |
Morocco | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Georges FAVREAU collection + EDS ... |
| Barral (2023) | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
Namibia (TL) | |
| Pufahl (1920) +2 other references |
| Dunn (1991) |
| Markham (1959) | |
Norway | |
| Husdal (2019) |
Poland | |
| SiudaR. et al. (La) |
Portugal | |
| |
Republic of the Congo | |
| EDXS analyses by P. Roth |
| www.spiriferminerals.com (2020) |
Russia | |
| webmineral.ru (2020) |
| Nenasheva et al. (2011) |
| Cook (2007) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Slovakia | |
| Števko et al. (2016) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
Spain | |
| |
| Viñals et al. (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Dr. Cesar Menor Salván |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Jean Claude Dol collection | |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Borja Sainz de Baranda (2007) |
| Joan Rosell |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
Switzerland | |
| |
| Malcherek et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Meisser (1999) | |
| 29-56. +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| EDXS analyses |
UK | |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references |
| Cooper et al. (1990) | |
| - (2006) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| [var: Calcio-duftite] Claringbull (1951) +2 other references |
| - (2006) |
| Turner et al. (2010) |
| Livingstone (2002) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| Raman identification by Dr. Yang |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Robert Jenkins Raman Spectroscopy |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Randy Ernst Collecton |
| Williams (1968) +1 other reference |
| |
| Williams (1968) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Murdoch (1966) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 323. +1 other reference | |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... +1 other reference |
| Mineral News Vol 16-5 Adams +2 other references |
| Adams (2001) |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018 |
| Bulletin of the Mineralogical Society ... +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 323 +3 other references |
| Rocks & Minerals: Sept |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Waisman (1992) +1 other reference |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Gobla (2012) | |
| Gobla (2012) | |
| Hayes et al. (2008) |
| Smith et al. (2013) |
| USGS Open-File Report 76-56 | |
| USGS Open-File Report 76-56 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Minerals |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals | |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| The Minerals of Rhyolite Pass |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals (2010) | |
| Jenkins (2) +1 other reference |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| R&M 71:1 p66-68 +1 other reference |
| Walstrom 2006 New Mexico Mineral ... |
| Eckhard D. Stuart collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Roberts et al. (1997) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
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Cap Garonne Mine, Le Pradet, Toulon, Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France