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Abhurite

A valid IMA mineral species

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Abhurite

SS Cheerful wreck site, Cornwall, England, UK

Abhurite

Wreck site, Hidra, Flekkefjord, Agder, Norway

Abhurite

SS Cheerful wreck site, Cornwall, England, UK

Abhurite

SS Cheerful wreck site, Cornwall, England, UK

Abhurite

Wreck site, Hidra, Flekkefjord, Agder, Norway

Abhurite

SS Cheerful wreck site, Cornwall, England, UK

Abhurite

SS Cheerful wreck site, Cornwall, England, UK

Abhurite

Wreck site, Hidra, Flekkefjord, Agder, Norway

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About AbhuriteHide

Abhur Bay

Formula:

Sn₂₁Cl₁₆(OH)₁₄O₆

Colour:

Colourless

Hardness:

Specific Gravity:

4.42

Crystal System:

Trigonal

Name:

Named as a new mineral by Matzko et al. (1985), after its discovery locality, in the Sharm Abhur Cove, Jiddah (Jeddah), Red Sea, Mintaqat Makkah, Saudi Arabia. However, the mineral was first described by Griffin et al. (1977) as a new basic tin chloride found on pewter plates from a shipwreck off Hidra island, Norway. It was published, but not formally admitted to the IMA.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Sharm Abhur Cove, Jiddah (Jeddah), Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia

A tin hydroxychloride mineral.
This mineral is formed from the reaction of pure tin with sea water, and has exclusively been associated with tin ingots from shipwrecks. If discovered today it would be unlikely this would be accepted as a true mineral.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:4:2

GUID
(UUID V4):

7b925f9e-322d-4ad2-9689-03849f7ea289

Classification of AbhuriteHide

IMA status:

Approved

Approval year:

1983

First published:

1977

Type description reference:

Matzko, John J., Evans, Howard T. Jr., Mrose, Mary E., Aruscavage, Philip (1985) Abhurite, a new tin hydroychloride mineral, and a comparative study with basic tin chloride. The Canadian Mineralogist, 23. 233-240

Strunz-mindat (2023):

3.DA.30

3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
A : With Cu, etc., without Pb

Dana 8th ed.:

10.5.9.1

10 : OXYHALIDES AND HYDROXYHALIDES
5 : A_m(O,OH)_pX_q

Hey's CIM Ref.:

8.8.1

8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
8 : Halides of Pb

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Symbol	Source	Reference
Abh	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of AbhuriteHide

Transparency:

Transparent

Comment:

opalescent

Colour:

Colourless

Streak:

White

Hardness:

2 on Mohs scale

Hardness Data:

Measured

Tenacity:

Fragile

Cleavage:

None Observed

Fracture:

Hackly

Density:

4.42 g/cm³ (Measured) 4.417 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of AbhuriteHide

Type:

Uniaxial (+)

RI values:

n_ω = 2.060 n_ε = 2.110

Max Birefringence:

δ = 0.050

Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.

Surface Relief:

Very High

Chemical Properties of AbhuriteHide

Formula:

Sn₂₁Cl₁₆(OH)₁₄O₆

IMA Formula:

Sn²⁺₂₁O₆(OH)₁₄Cl₁₆

Elements listed:

Cl, H, O, Sn - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Chemical AnalysisHide

wt%

	1	2
Sn	74.6 %	73.4 %
Cl	14.9 %	15.7 %
O	10.1 %	11.0 %
H	0.4 %	0.4 %
Total:	100 %	100.5 %

Sample references:

ID	Type	Locality	Reference	Notes
1	Theoretical	Sharm Abhur Cove, Jiddah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia	Matzko, J.J., Evans, H.T., Jr., Mrose, M.E., Aruscavage, P. (1985) Abhurite, a new tin hydroxychloride mineral, and a comparative study with a synthetic basic tin chloride. The Canadian Mineralogist: 23: 233-240
2	Type Specimen	" "	Matzko J J, Evans H T, Mrose M E, Aruscavage P (1985) Abhurite, a new tin hydroxychloride mineral, and a comparative study with a synthetic basic tin chloride. The Canadian Mineralogist 23, 233-240	Sn content measured by wet chemical analysis, Cl content with an ion-selective electrode, H content with a CHN analyzer, O content by neutron activation analysis.

Crystallography of AbhuriteHide

Crystal System:

Trigonal

Class (H-M):

3 2 - Trapezohedral

Space Group:

R3 2

Cell Parameters:

a = 10.0175 Å, c = 44.014 Å

Ratio:

a:c = 1 : 4.394

Unit Cell V:

3,825.08 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Thin, six-sided crystals, platy to tabular on (0001), showing {0115} and {0001}. As cryptocrystalline crusts.

Twinning:

on {0001}

Comment:

Space group from synthetic material (Von Schnering et al., 1981).

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0015835	Abhurite	Schnering H G, Nesper R, Pelshenke H (1981) Sn21Cl16(OH)14O6, das sogenannte basische zinn(II)-clorid Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung B36 1551-1560		1981	synthetic	0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Abhurite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Schnering H G'
'Nesper R'
'Pelshenke H'
_journal_name_full 'Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung'
_journal_volume B36 
_journal_year 1981
_journal_page_first 1551
_journal_page_last 1560
_publ_section_title
;
 Sn21Cl16(OH)14O6, das sogenannte basische zinn(II)-clorid
;
_database_code_amcsd 0015835
_chemical_compound_source 'Synthetic'
_chemical_formula_sum 'Sn21 Cl16 O20 H14'
_cell_length_a 10.018
_cell_length_b 10.018
_cell_length_c 44.03
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 120
_cell_volume 3826.849
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      4.418
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'R 3 2'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '2/3+x,1/3+y,1/3+z'
  '1/3+x,2/3+y,2/3+z'
  '-x,-x+y,-z'
  '2/3-x,1/3-x+y,1/3-z'
  '1/3-x,2/3-x+y,2/3-z'
  'y,x,-z'
  '2/3+y,1/3+x,1/3-z'
  '1/3+y,2/3+x,2/3-z'
  'x-y,-y,-z'
  '2/3+x-y,1/3-y,1/3-z'
  '1/3+x-y,2/3-y,2/3-z'
  '-y,x-y,z'
  '2/3-y,1/3+x-y,1/3+z'
  '1/3-y,2/3+x-y,2/3+z'
  '-x+y,-x,z'
  '2/3-x+y,1/3-x,1/3+z'
  '1/3-x+y,2/3-x,2/3+z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Sn1   0.00000   0.00000   0.30310   0.01450
Sn2   0.00000   0.00000   0.06860   0.01510
Sn3   0.00000   0.00000   0.59110   0.01510
Sn4   0.73340   0.00000   0.00000   0.02600
Sn5   0.59260   0.66880   0.90500   0.01550
Sn6   0.22230   0.18400   0.86960   0.02220
Cl1   0.00000   0.00000   0.50000   0.03360
Cl2   0.36800   0.00000   0.50000   0.02250
Cl3   0.33200   0.00400   0.95950   0.01600
Cl4   0.32800   0.33000   0.93400   0.02010
O1   0.00000   0.00000   0.15500   0.02310
O2   0.17000   0.02000   0.10310   0.02330
O3   0.83300   0.33100   0.89240   0.01630
O4   0.16700   0.66100   0.00050   0.02150
H1   0.00000   0.00000   0.19000   0.04000
H2   0.82000   0.45000   0.98000   0.04000
H3   0.84000   0.40000   0.87000   0.04000
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
_atom_site_aniso_U_12
_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
Sn1 0.01950 0.01950 0.00850 0.00975 0.00000 0.00000
Sn2 0.02260 0.02260 0.00640 0.01130 0.00000 0.00000
Sn3 0.02000 0.02000 0.00860 0.01000 0.00000 0.00000
Sn4 0.01510 0.01830 0.04200 0.00755 -0.00140 -0.00280
Sn5 0.01200 0.01890 0.01850 0.00760 -0.00080 0.00170
Sn6 0.02520 0.01900 0.02260 0.00990 0.01090 0.01000
Cl1 0.04300 0.04300 0.01420 0.02150 0.00000 0.00000
Cl2 0.02480 0.02980 0.01860 0.01490 0.00640 0.01280
Cl3 0.01180 0.01090 0.01700 0.00410 -0.00250 0.00070
Cl4 0.01650 0.01770 0.02350 0.01010 -0.00630 -0.00730

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.5313 Å	(100)
2.8175 Å	(50)
2.8915 Å	(70)
3.244 Å	(35)
3.271 Å	(35)
3.404 Å	(50)
4.139 Å	(50)

Comments:

Recorded on type material

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event	<2.4
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals]
47g : [Halogen-bearing surface weathering minerals]
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals]
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals	<10 Ka
57 : Other minerals formed by human processes

Geological Setting:

On tin ingots corroded by sea-water

Type Occurrence of AbhuriteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Sharm Abhur Cove, Jiddah (Jeddah), Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia

General Appearance of Type Material:

Blister-like protuberances.

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada
National Museum of National History, Washington, DC, USA

Geological Setting of Type Material:

On the surface of a tin ingot recovered from a ship wrecked possibly 100 years ago.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Romarchite

Kutnohorite

Aragonite

Reference:

Matzko J J, Evans H T, Mrose M E, Aruscavage P (1985) Abhurite, a new tin hydroxychloride mineral, and a comparative study with a synthetic basic tin chloride. The Canadian Mineralogist 23, 233-240

Download:

http://rruff.info/rruff_1.0/uploads/CM23_233.pdf

Synonyms of AbhuriteHide

IMA1983-061

Other Language Names for AbhuriteHide

Dutch:Abhuriet

German:Abhurit

Italian:Abhurite

Latvian:Abhurīts

Portuguese:Abhurite

Russian:Абхурит

Spanish:Abhurita

Common AssociatesHide

Aragonite	CaCO₃
Kutnohorite	CaMn²⁺(CO₃)₂
Romarchite	SnO

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

1 photo of Abhurite associated with Atacamite Group

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

3.DA.	Centennialite	CaCu₃Cl₂(OH)₆ · nH₂O (n ~ 0.7)	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
3.DA.	Muonionalustaite	Ni₃(OH)₄Cl₂ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
3.DA.	Parahibbingite	Fe₂(OH)₃Cl	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
3.DA.	Bounahasite	Cu⁺Cu²⁺₂(OH)₃Cl₂	Mon. 2/m
3.DA.05	Melanothallite	Cu₂Cl₂O	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Fddd
3.DA.10a	Atacamite	Cu₂(OH)₃Cl	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
3.DA.10b	Botallackite	Cu₂(OH)₃Cl	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
3.DA.10b	Clinoatacamite	Cu₂(OH)₃Cl	Mon. 2/m
3.DA.10a	Hibbingite	Fe²⁺₂(OH)₃Cl	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
3.DA.10a	Kempite	Mn²⁺₂(OH)₃Cl	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
3.DA.10c	Kuliginite	Fe₃Mg(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3 : R3
3.DA.10c	Paratacamite	Cu₃(Cu,Zn)(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3 : R3
3.DA.10b	Belloite	Cu(OH)Cl	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
3.DA.10c	Herbertsmithite	Cu₃Zn(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
3.DA.10c	Kapellasite	Cu₃Zn(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
3.DA.10c	Gillardite	Cu₃Ni(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
3.DA.10c	Haydeeite	Cu₃Mg(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
3.DA.10c	Leverettite	Cu₃Co(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3 : R3
3.DA.10c	Paratacamite-(Ni)	Cu₃(Ni,Cu)(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3 : R3
3.DA.10c	Tondiite	Cu₃Mg(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
3.DA.10c	Misakiite	Cu₃Mn(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
3.DA.10b	Iyoite	MnCuCl(OH)₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
3.DA.10b	Unnamed (Cu-Zn Chloride Hydroxide)	CuZnCl(OH)₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
3.DA.15	Claringbullite	Cu₄ClF(OH)₆	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
3.DA.15	Barlowite	Cu₄BrF(OH)₆	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
3.DA.20	Simonkolleite	Zn₅Cl₂(OH)₈ · H₂O	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
3.DA.25	Buttgenbachite	Cu₁₉(NO₃)₂(OH)₃₂Cl₄ · 2H₂O	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
3.DA.25	Connellite	Cu₁₉(SO₄)(OH)₃₂Cl₄ · 3H₂O	Hex. 6 m2 : P6₂c
3.DA.35	Ponomarevite	K₄Cu₄Cl₁₀O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
3.DA.40	Anthonyite	Cu(OH,Cl)₂ · 3H₂O	Mon. 2/m
3.DA.40	Calumetite	CaCu₄(OH)₈Cl₂ · 3.5H₂O	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm
3.DA.45	Khaidarkanite	Cu₄Al₃(OH)₁₄F₃ · 2H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
3.DA.50	Bobkingite	Cu₅Cl₂(OH)₈ · 2H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
3.DA.55	Avdoninite	K₂Cu₅(OH)₄Cl₈ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
3.DA.60	Droninoite	Ni₆Fe³⁺₂(OH)₁₆Cl₂ · 4H₂O	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
3.DA.70	Chrysothallite	K₆Cu₆Tl³⁺Cl₁₇(OH)₄ · H₂O	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mmm
3.DA.70	Dioskouriite	CaCu₄Cl₆(OH)₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
3.DA.75	Feodosiyite	Cu₁₁Mg₂Cl₁₈(OH)₈ · 16H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
3.DA.80	Romanorlovite	K₈Cu₆Cl₁₇(OH)₃	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mmm

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Industrial Uses:

none

Internet Links for AbhuriteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-4.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

Search Engines:

Look for Abhurite on Google

Look for Abhurite images on Google

External Links:

Look for Abhurite on Webmineral

Look for Abhurite on Wikipedia

Look for Abhurite on Mineralien Atlas

Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

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References for AbhuriteHide

Reference List:

W. L. Griffin, Brenda Nilsen, B. B. Jensen (1977) Mineralogiske undersøkelser av tinntallerkener fra Hidra-vraket. Norsk Sjøfartsmuseums Årsberetning, 1976. 111-114

Schnering, Hans Georg von, Nesper, Reinhard, Pelshenke, Hermann (1981) Sn21Cl16(OH)14O6, das sogenannte basische Zinn(II)-chlorid [1] / Sn21Cl16(OH)14O6, the So-called Basic Tin(II) Chloride. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, 36. 1551-1560 doi:10.1515/znb-1981-1214

Jambor, John L., Puziewicz, Jacek (1989) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 74 (3-4) Mineralogical Society of America. 500-504

Edwards, R., Gillard, R. D., Williams, P. A. (1992) The stabilities of secondary tin minerals: abhurite and its relationships to Sn(II) and Sn(IV) oxides and oxyhydroxides. Mineralogical Magazine, 56 (383) 221-226 doi:10.1180/minmag.1992.056.383.08

Jambor, L., Grew, Edward S. (1993) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 78 (1-2) Mineralogical Society of America. 233-238

Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. - Ed. (1997) Handbook of Mineralogy Vol. 3 - Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona. p.1-682.p.1

Dunkle, S. E. (2002) Romarchite and Other Corrosion Phases on Metal Artifacts from the Queen Anne’s Revenge (1718) Master Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 1-56

Dunkle, S. E., Craig, J. R., Rimstidt, J. D., Lusardi, W. R. (2003) Romarchite, hydroromarchite and abhurite formed during the corrosion of pewter artifacts from the Queen Anne's Revenge (1718) The Canadian Mineralogist, 41 (3) 659-669 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.3.659

Localities for AbhuriteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Jamaica
Kingston Parish ⓘ Port Royal	*Dunkle, S. E. (2002) Romarchite and Other Corrosion Phases on Metal Artifacts from the Queen Anne’s Revenge (1718)* Master Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 1-56**

Norway
Agder Flekkefjord Hidra ⓘ Wreck site	*W. L. Griffin, Brenda Nilsen, B. B. Jensen (1977) Mineralogiske undersøkelser av tinntallerkener fra Hidra-vraket. Norsk Sjøfartsmuseums Årsberetning, 1976. 111-114* Raade, Gunnar (1988) Keiviitt-(Y) og abhuritt, to mineraler som aldri ble originalbeskrevet fra norske forekomster. Mineralogisk-Geologisk Museum - Universitetet i Oslo- Interne notater, Geologisk Museums venner. 139-140

Saudi Arabia (TL)
Mecca Region Jiddah (Jeddah) ⓘ Sharm Abhur Cove (TL)	Matzko, John J., Evans, Howard T. Jr., Mrose, Mary E., Aruscavage, Philip (1985) Abhurite, a new tin hydroychloride mineral, and a comparative study with basic tin chloride. The Canadian Mineralogist, 23. 233-240

UK
England Cornwall ⓘ SS Cheerful wreck site	*Golley, Peter, Williams, Richard (1995) Cornish Mineral Reference Manual. Endsleigh Book Co., Truro. 71pp.*
Wales Isle of Anglesey ⓘ SS Liverpool wreck site	National Museum of Wales collection.

USA
Florida Monroe County ⓘ San Jose wreck site	*Dunkle, S. E. (2002) Romarchite and Other Corrosion Phases on Metal Artifacts from the Queen Anne’s Revenge (1718)* Master Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 1-56**
North Carolina Carteret County Beaufort ⓘ Queen Anne's Revenge wreck site	Canadian Mineralogist 41:659-669 *Dunkle, S. E. (2002) Romarchite and Other Corrosion Phases on Metal Artifacts from the Queen Anne’s Revenge (1718)* Master Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 1-56**

Abhurite

About AbhuriteHide

Unique IdentifiersHide

Classification of AbhuriteHide

Mineral SymbolsHide

Physical Properties of AbhuriteHide

Optical Data of AbhuriteHide

Chemical Properties of AbhuriteHide

Chemical AnalysisHide

Crystallography of AbhuriteHide

Crystal StructureHide

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Geological EnvironmentHide

Type Occurrence of AbhuriteHide

Synonyms of AbhuriteHide

Other Language Names for AbhuriteHide

Common AssociatesHide

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

Other InformationHide

Internet Links for AbhuriteHide

References for AbhuriteHide

Localities for AbhuriteHide

Locality ListHide

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide