Paratacamite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Paratacamite
Formula:
Cu3(Cu,Zn)(OH)6Cl2
Colour:
Green to greenish-black.
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
3.72 - 3.74
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named for its relationship to atacamite.
Atacamite Group.
A secondary copper mineral. Easily confused with the closely related Clinoatacamite.
Derivatives are paratacamite-(Mg) and paratacamite-(Ni).
Also closely related to Herbertsmithite and Gillardite (both have halved a-axes by comparison to paratacamite).
On heating paratacamite reversibly transforms into herbertsmithite between 353 and 393 K (Welch et al., 2014).
Paratacamite contains essential zinc; therefore it is not a polymorph of atacamite.
"Ni-bearing paratacamite": compare Gillardite.
A secondary copper mineral. Easily confused with the closely related Clinoatacamite.
Derivatives are paratacamite-(Mg) and paratacamite-(Ni).
Also closely related to Herbertsmithite and Gillardite (both have halved a-axes by comparison to paratacamite).
On heating paratacamite reversibly transforms into herbertsmithite between 353 and 393 K (Welch et al., 2014).
Paratacamite contains essential zinc; therefore it is not a polymorph of atacamite.
"Ni-bearing paratacamite": compare Gillardite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3115
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3115:4
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
76d711d3-2047-4fce-aa89-6623757203c3
IMA Classification of Paratacamite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu3(Cu,Zn)Cl2(OH)6
Classification of Paratacamite
3.DA.10c
3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
A : With Cu, etc., without Pb
3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
A : With Cu, etc., without Pb
Dana 7th ed.:
10.1.2.1
10.1.2.1
10 : OXYHALIDES AND HYDROXYHALIDES
1 : A2(O,OH)3Xq
10 : OXYHALIDES AND HYDROXYHALIDES
1 : A2(O,OH)3Xq
8.2.5
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
2 : Halides of Cu
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
2 : Halides of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Pata | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Paratacamite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Paratacamite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Green to greenish-black.
Streak:
Green
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {1011}
Good on {1011}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
3.72 - 3.74 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.75 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Paratacamite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.833 - 1.837 nε = 1.826 - 1.830
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.007
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
O > E; green to blue-green
Comments:
may be anomalously B(-), with 2V° < 10°
Chemistry of Paratacamite
Mindat Formula:
Cu3(Cu,Zn)(OH)6Cl2
Common Impurities:
Zn
Crystallography of Paratacamite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3 - Rhombohedral
Space Group:
R3
Cell Parameters:
a = 13.654(5) Å, c = 14.041(6) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.028
Unit Cell V:
2,266.98 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
24
Morphology:
Rhombohedral. Granular massive.
Twinning:
On {1011} common; polysynthetic at times.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0009525 | Paratacamite | Fleet M E (1975) The crystal structure of paratacamite, Cu2(OH)3Cl Acta Crystallographica B31 183-187 | 1975 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009526 | Paratacamite | Fleet M E (1975) The crystal structure of paratacamite, Cu2(OH)3Cl Acta Crystallographica B31 183-187 | 1975 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009527 | Paratacamite | Fleet M E (1975) The crystal structure of paratacamite, Cu2(OH)3Cl Acta Crystallographica B31 183-187 | 1975 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
5.46 Å | (100) |
2.750 Å | (80) |
2.258 Å | (60) |
1.704 Å | (45) |
1.813 Å | (35) |
2.888 Å | (30) |
4.67 Å | (25) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
47g : [Halogen-bearing surface weathering minerals] | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) |
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zones of copper deposits, especially in arid climates.
Type Occurrence of Paratacamite
Co-Type Localities:
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 86958; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 95146.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Smith, G.F.H. and Prior, G.T. (1906) Paratacamite, a new oxychloride of copper. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 14, n° 65, 170-177.
Synonyms of Paratacamite
Other Language Names for Paratacamite
German:Atelit
Paratacamit
Paratacamit
Italian:Atelina
Russian:Паратакамит
Simplified Chinese:副氯铜矿
Spanish:Atelita
Paratacamita
Paratacamita
Relationship of Paratacamite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Atacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
Botallackite | Cu2(OH)3Cl | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Clinoatacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl | Mon. 2/m |
Gillardite | Cu3Ni(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Haydeeite | Cu3Mg(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Herbertsmithite | Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Hibbingite | Fe2+2(OH)3Cl | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
Iyoite | MnCuCl(OH)3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Kapellasite | Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Kempite | Mn2+2(OH)3Cl | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
Leverettite | Cu3Co(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Misakiite | Cu3Mn(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Paratacamite-(Mg) | Cu3(Mg,Cu)(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Paratacamite-(Ni) | Cu3(Ni,Cu)(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Tondiite | Cu3Mg(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Unnamed (Cu-Zn Chloride Hydroxide) | CuZnCl(OH)3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
60 photos of Paratacamite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
34 photos of Paratacamite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
31 photos of Paratacamite associated with Boleite | KPb26Ag9Cu24(OH)48Cl62 |
28 photos of Paratacamite associated with Atacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
24 photos of Paratacamite associated with Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
12 photos of Paratacamite associated with Pseudoboleite | Pb31Cu24Cl62(OH)48 |
11 photos of Paratacamite associated with Chalcocite | Cu2S |
10 photos of Paratacamite associated with Botallackite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
10 photos of Paratacamite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
9 photos of Paratacamite associated with Tenorite | CuO |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
3.DA. | Centennialite | CaCu3Cl2(OH)6 · nH2O (n ~ 0.7) |
3.DA. | Muonionalustaite | Ni3(OH)4Cl2 · 4H2O |
3.DA. | Parahibbingite | Fe2(OH)3Cl |
3.DA. | Bounahasite | Cu+Cu2+2(OH)3Cl2 |
3.DA.05 | Melanothallite | Cu2Cl2O |
3.DA.10a | Atacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
3.DA.10b | Botallackite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
3.DA.10b | Clinoatacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
3.DA.10a | Hibbingite | Fe2+2(OH)3Cl |
3.DA.10a | Kempite | Mn2+2(OH)3Cl |
3.DA.10c | Kuliginite | Fe3Mg(OH)6Cl2 |
3.DA.10b | Belloite | Cu(OH)Cl |
3.DA.10c | Herbertsmithite | Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2 |
3.DA.10c | Kapellasite | Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2 |
3.DA.10c | Gillardite | Cu3Ni(OH)6Cl2 |
3.DA.10c | Haydeeite | Cu3Mg(OH)6Cl2 |
3.DA.10c | Leverettite | Cu3Co(OH)6Cl2 |
3.DA.10c | Paratacamite-(Ni) | Cu3(Ni,Cu)(OH)6Cl2 |
3.DA.10c | Tondiite | Cu3Mg(OH)6Cl2 |
3.DA.10c | Misakiite | Cu3Mn(OH)6Cl2 |
3.DA.10b | Iyoite | MnCuCl(OH)3 |
3.DA.10b | Unnamed (Cu-Zn Chloride Hydroxide) | CuZnCl(OH)3 |
3.DA.15 | Claringbullite | Cu4ClF(OH)6 |
3.DA.15 | Barlowite | Cu4BrF(OH)6 |
3.DA.20 | Simonkolleite | Zn5Cl2(OH)8 · H2O |
3.DA.25 | Buttgenbachite | Cu19(NO3)2(OH)32Cl4 · 2H2O |
3.DA.25 | Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
3.DA.30 | Abhurite | Sn21Cl16(OH)14O6 |
3.DA.35 | Ponomarevite | K4Cu4Cl10O |
3.DA.40 | Anthonyite | Cu(OH,Cl)2 · 3H2O |
3.DA.40 | Calumetite | CaCu4(OH)8Cl2 · 3.5H2O |
3.DA.45 | Khaidarkanite | Cu4Al3(OH)14F3 · 2H2O |
3.DA.50 | Bobkingite | Cu5Cl2(OH)8 · 2H2O |
3.DA.55 | Avdoninite | K2Cu5(OH)4Cl8 · H2O |
3.DA.60 | Droninoite | Ni6Fe3+2(OH)16Cl2 · 4H2O |
3.DA.70 | Chrysothallite | K6Cu6Tl3+Cl17(OH)4 · H2O |
3.DA.70 | Dioskouriite | CaCu4Cl6(OH)4 · 4H2O |
3.DA.75 | Feodosiyite | Cu11Mg2Cl18(OH)8 · 16H2O |
3.DA.80 | Romanorlovite | K8Cu6Cl17(OH)3 |
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Paratacamite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3115.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Paratacamite
Reference List:
Frondel, Clifford (1950) On paratacamite and some related copper chlorides. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 29 (208) 34-45 doi:10.1180/minmag.1950.029.208.06
Sharkey, J. B., Lewin, S. Z. (1971) Conditions governing the formation of atacamite and paratacamite. American Mineralogist, 56 (1-2) 179-192
Fleet, M. E. (1975) The crystal structure of paratacamite, Cu2(OH)3Cl. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 31 (1) 183-187 doi:10.1107/s0567740875002324
Pollard, A. M., Thomas, R. G., Williams, P. A. (1989) Synthesis and stabilities of the basic copper(II) chlorides atacamite, paratacamite and botallackite. Mineralogical Magazine, 53 (373) 557-563 doi:10.1180/minmag.1989.053.373.06
Localities for Paratacamite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Vennum +1 other reference |
Arctic Ocean | |
| Kravchishina et al. (2023) |
Argentina | |
| de Brodtkorb +2 other references |
| American Mineralogist (1978) +1 other reference |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Gablina et al. (2006) |
Maslennikov et al. (2023) | |
Gablina et al. (2018) | |
Fouquet et al. (1993) | |
Milinovic +6 other references | |
Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26 (1988) | |
Gablina et al. (2017) | |
| Meng et al. (2021) |
Australia | |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Ryan (1961) |
| Teale (1995) |
| |
| |
| Wilson (2019) |
| Pring (1988) |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Personal Collection of Mark Willoughby |
| John G G Morton Collection |
| Pring et al. (2000) |
| Noble R.J. +1 other reference |
| Pring et al. (1987) |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Birch (1988) |
| |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
Min. Record 24 (1993) | |
Nickel et al. (1993) | |
Grice et al. (1991) | |
Min. Record 24 (1993) | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Colchester et al. +1 other reference |
Nickel et al. (1977) | |
| MacLeod (1991) |
| Sue Koepke collection via Jiri Just |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... | |
| Government Chemical Laboratories. In: ... +1 other reference |
| Pryce et al. (1974) +2 other references |
| Government Chemical Laboratories. In: ... +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr (1997) |
Canada | |
| Sabina (2015) +1 other reference |
| Boyle (1972) |
| Sabina (1965) |
| Sabina (2000) |
| Sabina (1965) |
| Crook III et al. (1979) |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Tarassoff et al. (2006) |
Cayman Islands | |
| Webber et al. (2015) |
Chile | |
| Cameron et al. (2007) |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
| Smith et al. (1906) +1 other reference |
Camus et al. (1991) | |
| SEM-EDS and Raman Spectroscopy by Joy ... |
Pieczonka et al. (2017) | |
| Smith et al. (1906) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (1906) +1 other reference |
Neues Jahrbuch Min. Mon.: 1996:188-192. (much of it here is zincian) | |
| Knut Eldjarn specimen |
"Identified as paratacamite by PXRD at AMNH (1985) +1 other reference | |
M.Dini & A.Molina collections-analysed ... | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Maurizio Dini collection (analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter) |
Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) | |
| SEM-EDS and Raman Spectroscopy by Joy ... |
| Maurizio Dini (sample analysed by Tony Kampf, senior curator of NHM of LAC, California) |
| Collected by Skip Szenics. In the ... |
| Maurizio Dini collection |
Bob Jenkins & M. Dini collections | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn and ... |
samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... | |
| Min. Magazine +2 other references |
| samples analysed by Anthony Kampf |
| SEM-EDS and Raman Spectroscopy by Joy ... |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
M.Dini & A.Molina collection | |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
China | |
| Kaiyin Bai and Zhaoxin Han (2007) |
Egypt | |
| Ismail (2017) +1 other reference |
France | |
| R.PIERROT et al. (1973) |
| |
Favreau et al. (2024) | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| www.mg-mineralien-fossilien.info (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Blaß et al. (1999) | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Greece | |
| Gröbner et al. (2002) |
| Hanke (1998) |
Lapis et al. (1999) +2 other references | |
40 (in German) +2 other references | |
Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
ko Jansen. +1 other reference | |
Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Alfieris et al. (2005) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
Indian Ocean | |
| Wang et al. (2018) |
| Wang et al. (2014) |
Iran | |
| Michal Filippi (2002) |
| S. Weiß: Lapis 29 (12) |
Israel | |
| Shlomovitch et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Bartura et al. (1974) | |
Italy | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Ragone et al. (1997) |
Pelloux (1927) +2 other references | |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (Avril/Juin) |
| analysed by Dr. Anthony Kampf |
| Orlandi et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Da Pelo et al. (2000) |
| Marco Bonifazi collection +1 other reference |
| |
Garavelli (1955) | |
| Franzini et al. (1992) +2 other references |
| AA. VV. |
Japan | |
| ... |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) +1 other reference |
Jordan | |
| Kim et al. (2021) |
Mexico | |
| Moore (1998) |
| Bariand et al. (1998) |
Morocco | |
| Lykova et al. (2023) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
New Zealand | |
| Rod Martin et al. (NZ) |
Nicaragua | |
| www.excaliburmineral.com |
Norway | |
| Larsen (2016) |
Peru | |
| Yuming Chen and Kaitian Wang (2008) |
| Hyrsl et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Łukasz Kruszewski PXRD & EPMA data (2018) |
Portugal | |
| |
Romania | |
| Onac et al. (2002) |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| N. V. Chukanov et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Surour (2015) |
South Africa | |
| Meyer et al. (1986) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| VIÑALS et al. (2004) |
| Castro et al. (2019) |
| Christiane & Jean-Robert Eytier ... |
| gr-mulhacen.foroactivo.com (n.d.) |
| Rewitzer et al. (part2) |
| A. Carmona & I. Ramos Collection. |
| Rewitzer et al. (2018) |
| Casanova Honrubia +2 other references |
Switzerland | |
| Ansermet et al. (2021) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Turkmenistan | |
| Lebedev et al. (1983) |
UK | |
| BMS Newsletter 79 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html) |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
Bannister et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Bannister et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
P Haas | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
| P Haas |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
Ukraine | |
| Geologiya SSSR. Poleznye iskopaemye (The geology of USSR. Commercial mineral) |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| - (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Graeme (1993) +2 other references |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
Robert Bowell and Rolf Luetcke | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Am.Min.: 81: 244-248. |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| Bideaux (1980) +1 other reference |
| Robert M. Housley (2005) |
| Marek Chorazewicz (2022) |
Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
XRD analyzed by Tony Kampf. | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Henderson et al. (1967) |
| Rocks & Minerals Vol. 70 |
Goldstein (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Hayes et al. (2008) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Pullman |
| |
Chamberlain et al. (2023) | |
| - (1994) |
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Amelia Mine, Arroyo de la Soledad, Boleo District, Santa Rosalía, Mulegé Municipality, Baja California Sur, Mexico